云南姚安2009年7月9日Ms 6.0级地震震源过程和灾害特点

通过对构造、震源机制解、前震、余震和地震调查记录的全面分析,总结了地震震源物理过程,认为2009年云南姚安Ms6.0级地震是2000年Ms6.5级地震过程的延续,是2000年地震的10km深度余震层北边缘应力集中导致岩石＂粉碎性＂破裂产生的。根据及时的实地调查并结合有关文献记载,认为这次地震的震害比2000年Ms6.5级地震的严重,很重要的原因是这次地震震源浅且以水平晃动为主,地震灾害主要是地震引起的地面变形和房屋破坏,这2个方面都与地质环境密切相关,房屋破坏还与房屋结构及地基条件密切相关,房屋破坏具有方向性。灾后恢复重建应尽量避免本次地震及余震震中构成的矩形范围,要加强农村建房的地质灾害危险性评估工作,加强地基勘查和地基处理工作,提高建筑质量,加强抗震设防,注意进一步查找和治理建筑区和建筑物内隐藏的灾害。     

云南姚安2009年7月9日Ms 6.0级地震震源过程和灾害特点

通过对构造、震源机制解、前震、余震和地震调查记录的全面分析,总结了地震震源物理过程,认为2009年云南姚安Ms6.0级地震是2000年Ms6.5级地震过程的延续,是2000年地震的10km深度余震层北边缘应力集中导致岩石“粉碎性”破裂产生的。根据及时的实地调查并结合有关文献记载,认为这次地震的震害比2000年Ms6.5级地震的严重,很重要的原因是这次地震震源浅且以水平晃动为主,地震灾害主要是地震引起的地面变形和房屋破坏,这2个方面都与地质环境密切相关,房屋破坏还与房屋结构及地基条件密切相关,房屋破坏具有方向性。灾后恢复重建应尽量避免本次地震及余震震中构成的矩形范围,要加强农村建房的地质灾害危险性评估工作,加强地基勘查和地基处理工作,提高建筑质量,加强抗震设防,注意进一步查找和治理建筑区和建筑物内隐藏的灾害。     

2013年云南香格里拉、德钦-四川得荣交界5.9级地震灾害及发震构造

2013年8月28日、31日, 云南迪庆藏族自治州香格里拉县、德钦县、四川省甘孜藏族自治州得荣县交界地区连续发生5.1级、5.9级地震.为了查明此次地震的影响破坏程度, 进行了地震现场建筑物震害考察并对震中附近断裂进行了野外构造地质剖面调查.两次地震在短时间内并在相近位置连续发生, 造成了此次云南香格里拉、德钦-四川得荣交界地震比以往同级地震的破坏程度要高, 地震烈度最高为Ⅷ级, 有感范围大, 5.9级地震宏观震中大致处在整个灾区破坏最严重的奔子栏镇争古村一带(28.20°N, 99.36°E), 距离地震微观震中约5.1km.等震线沿德钦-中甸断裂呈北西向分布, 近似为椭球状, 结合此次地震震中附近区域现场断裂调查、震源机制解数据以及地震余震空间分布特征, 初步推断此次地震的发震构造为德钦-中甸断层, 其主要表现为一次以正断为主兼有左旋走滑错动的地震事件.      

云南盈江2014年5·30M_s6.1地震的主要震害特征

通过实地考察,对2014年5月30日9时20分云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州发生的6.1级地震中的房屋震害特点及主要次生地质灾害特征进行了全面分析,并初步总结了各类房屋建筑及主要地质灾害的震害特征及其成因。研究结果表明,对于西南山区类似盈江的地震多发区带,城镇建设过程中在尽量选择高强度建筑材料且保证建筑材料合格的同时,还要充分重视科学选址,应尽量避开滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地震地质灾害易发地带;对稳定性较差的场地应通过必要的地基处理工程进行加固,以尽可能减小地震造成的破坏;在易发生地质灾害的道路周边还应采取适当的加固措施以避免地震来临时造成交通瘫痪,进而引发更大的生命财产损失。     

汶川8.0级地震液化震害及特征

通过现场详细地调查,归纳总结了汶川地震液化导致的工程震害的现象、分布、规律和特征。结果表明,此次地震液化震害现象显著,位于德阳地区的3个液化区域震害严重,都江堰地区、绵阳游仙区以及江油市区的3个液化区域震害中等,其他地区轻微,液化震害分布与液化分布有一定关系,但二者有所不同;液化场地上房屋均不同程度受损,其中结构性差的房屋会直接倒塌,设有圈梁、构造柱的房屋,液化也会导致其整体倾斜、下沉、开裂;学校液化震害具有典型性,部分校区大面积液化,地裂缝纵横,地基不均匀沉降严重,主体结构开裂、倾斜,功能丧失。这次液化震害具有3个显著特征:(1)只要液化出现的地方,震害均比周围重,没有减震现象;(2)Ⅵ度区不仅有液化现象,而且有明显的液化震害;(3)液化伴随地裂缝,是构成此次地震液化震害的主因。     

台湾海峡7.3级地震灾害评估

一、前　　言1994年9月16日台湾海峡73级地震的发生,给福建南部及广东东部沿海地区的民房造成破坏,带来巨大的经济损失。因之,我们在地震烈度调查的基础上,依据《震害调查及地震损失评定工作指南》和《震害评估细则》的有关规定,在现场进行震灾损失的评定工作(福建部分)。二、地震基本参数和烈度分布1地震基本参数发震时间:1994年9月16日14时20分震中位置:北纬226度,东经1187度震级:73级2地震烈度分布震中位于远离陆地的海中,Ⅵ度以下的等震线在沿海呈北东向近平行展布。Ⅵ度区包括漳州市的芗城区、东山县的全部及诏安、云霄、漳浦、龙海四…     

中国地质科学院大陆构造与动力学国家重点实验室发布新疆于田地震(MS7.3)发震构造认识

正2014年2月12日下午17时19分,新疆和田地区于田县库牙克盆地南部地区发生强烈地震。据中国地震台网测定,震中位于36.1°N,82.5°E,震源深度12 km,震级MS7.3(CENC)。据美国地质调查局,震中位于35.922°N,82.549°E震源深度13.5 km,震级MW6.9(USGS)。该次强地震位于阿尔金断裂带西段,位于2008年3月21日于田MW7.2级地震震中的东侧约110 km处,它是自1924年阿尔金断裂发生7.2级左旋走滑型地震以来,过去90年里第一次阿尔金断裂发生7级左旋走滑型地震。据震后高精度卫星影像资料显示,这次地震造成长约10 km,NE走向的地表破裂带,左旋位移     

地震剥落——花岗岩地区的一种典型震害

1976年5月29日20点23分和22点00分在我国云南省龙陵地区连续发生了7.5、7.6级强烈地震。宏观震中分别为镇安、金竹坪、邦公以及平达一带,震中烈度为九度。震区花岗岩分布广泛,花岗岩风化壳表层的地震剥落破坏了稻田和地面各种设施,堵塞了公路和沟渠,成为这次地震的典型震害。分析这次地震剥落特点及其产生的地质条件,对类似地区未来的抗震防震及震害预测都是有实际意义的。     

江苏常熟—太仓5.1级地震概况及房屋震灾原因分析

1990年2月10日江苏常熟—太仓地区5.1级地震,震中烈度虽只六度,由于发生在人口稠密、经济发达地区,共造成26人受伤,十余万间房屋不同程度受损,经济损失约1.3亿元人民币。这在国内同级地震中是较为突出的震例之一。究其原因与该区房屋基础浅,房屋进深、层高过大,墙体承载能力低,施工周期短,质量粗糙,地基土差,地下水位高等有关。     

季节冻土层对房屋地震破坏的影响

冬期地面形成一坚硬的季节冻结层,从而在一定程度上改变了地基土的动力特性,也就改变了地表层的卓越周期．１９８６年黑龙江省德都地区冬、夏两次地震震害调查发现,冬期地震对较刚性房屋破坏严重,而夏期刚好相反,即相对柔性结构房屋地震破坏严重．通过实地观测与室内分析计算,进一步研究了这一问题．     

The Bhuj, India, earthquake: lessons learned for earthquake safety of dams on alluvium

The Bhuj, India, earthquake of 26 January 2001, M_s 7.9, caused dams built on alluvium to sustain damage ranging from cosmetic to severe. Major damage was caused almost entirely by soil liquefaction in the alluvium. The critical factor was the level of earthquake ground motion.

The Bhuj earthquake showed that peak horizontal accelerations (PHAs)≤0.2 g were generally safe. PHAs>0.2 g were hazardous, when unconsolidated granular foundation soils were water saturated. N values of <20 are indicative of susceptibility to soil liquefaction. The Bhuj experience showed that alluvial foundation soils, subject to a PHA>0.2 g, must be evaluated over the full area beneath a new dam and all soils deemed susceptible to liquefaction must be either removed or treated. For remediating an old dam, reliable options are removal and replacement of liquefiable alluvium beneath upstream and downstream portions of the dam, combined with building berms designed to provide stability for the dam should there be a strength loss in soils beneath the dam.     

Tectonics and earthquake mechanism of the shallow earthquake seismic belt,the Himalaya

The foci distribution of upper mantle earthquakes occurred between 1961 and 1972 in Himalayan, Tibetan and Hindukush regions, were studied and compared. The V-shaped pockets above a vertical plane have shown a relationship with the dip-slip type or normal faulting at the borders of the continental plates. The left-lateral and right-lateral displacements of Kirthar-Sulaiman shear zone and Brailly fault respectively found by the focal mechanism indicate a relative difference in motion between the Kashmir region and Nepal region and the uniform and right angle displacement of Tibetan Plateau has produced the Saradah depression. On the basis of seismic and geological evidences a simple tectonic model is proposed.     

East Canning Basin earthquake,March 1970

On 24 March 1970 an earthquake of magnitude ML 6.7 took place in the eastern Canning Basin. The earthquake was unusual because it occurred in a region where no previous earthquake had been reported and where there was no evidence of recent tectonic activity. First motion results indicate a thrusting type focal mechanism with the pressure axis approximately northeast‐southwest and dipping about 24° to the southwest. The main shock was followed, over the next two years, by many earthquakes in a zone covering 140 km by 20 km. The longitudinal axis of this zone is approximately parallel to the north‐northwest striking nodal plane determined from the first motion results, and to the trend of intrabasin faulting.

It is suggested that continental crust may be sensitive to small changes in stress pattern and consequently seismic activity may be interrelated over large distances.     

新构造、活动构造与地震地质

新构造、活动构造和地震地质研究都是开展地震危险性评价的重要基础性地质工作。在综述新构造、活动构造和地震地质的基本含义、相互联系与区别、主要工作内容及方法的基础上,简要回顾了国内外在相关研究领域的主要进展,提出了中国活动构造与地震地质工作中应注意的主要问题和对未来工作的几点建议。最后,重点介绍了青藏高原东南缘开展活动构造体系和玉树地区活动断裂与地震地质调查研究工作所取得的主要进展与成果。     

Short term earthquake forecasts at Koyna,India

Earthquake activity is monitored in real time at the Koyna reservoir in western India, beginning from August 2005 and successful short term forecasts have been made of M ∼ 4 earthquakes. The basis of these forecasts is the observation of nucleation that precedes such earthquakes. Here we report that a total of 29 earthquakes in the magnitude range of 3.5 to 5.1 occurred in the region during the period of August 2005 through May 2010. These earthquakes could broadly be put in three zones. Zone-A has been most active accounting for 18 earthquakes, while 5 earthquakes in Zone-B and 6 in Zone-C have occurred. Earthquakes in Zone-A are preceded by well defined nucleation, while it is not the case with zones B and C. This indicates the complexity of the earthquakes processes and the fact that even in a small seismically active area of only 20 km × 30 km earthquake forecast is difficult.     

沉积物的地震及古地震效应*

古地震是依据地层中保留的沉积物变形记录而确定的。系统归纳总结地震诱发沉积物变形将为古地震研究提供理论基础,也有助于野外调查辨认这些记录。作者提出了一个初步的、供讨论与补充修正的地震触发沉积物变形分类的方案。变形的成因机制是分类的基础。这些特殊沉积物变形主要与地震有关,但其中一些变形往往也受其他多种因素的影响,因此要确定地震成因变形必须详尽研究相关的区域地质背景构造。     

Landslides triggered by slipping-fault-generated earthquake on a plateau: an example of the 14 April 2010, Ms 7.1, Yushu, China earthquake

On 14 April 2010 at 07:49 (Beijing time), a catastrophic earthquake with Ms 7.1 struck Yushu County, Qinghai Province, China. A total of 2,036 landslides were interpreted from aerial photographs and satellite images, verified by selected field checking. These landslides cover about a total area of 1.194 km². The characteristics and failure mechanisms of these landslides are presented in this paper. The spatial distribution of the landslides is evidently strongly controlled by the locations of the main co-seismic surface fault ruptures. The landslides commonly occurred close together. Most of the landslides are small; there were only 275 individual landslide (13.5 % of the total number) surface areas larger than 1,000 m². The landslides are of various types. They are mainly shallow, disrupted landslides, but also include rock falls, deep-seated landslides, liquefaction-induced landslides, and compound landslides. Four types of factors are identified as contributing to failure along with the strong ground shaking: natural excavation of the toes of slopes, which mean erosion of the base of the slope, surface water infiltration into slopes, co-seismic fault slipping at landslide sites, and delayed occurrence of landslides due to snow melt or rainfall infiltration at sites where slopes were weakened by the co-seismic ground shaking. To analyze the spatial distribution of the landslides, the landslide area percentage (LAP) and landslide number density (LND) were compared with peak ground acceleration (PGA), distance from co-seismic main surface fault ruptures, elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, and lithology. The results show landslide occurrence is strongly controlled by proximity to the main surface fault ruptures, with most landslides occurring within 2.5 km of such ruptures. There is no evident correlation between landslide occurrences and PGA. Both LAP and LND have strongly positive correlations with slope gradient, and additionally, sites at elevations between 3,800 and 4,000 m are relatively susceptible to landslide occurrence; as are slopes with northeast, east, and southeast slope aspects. Q₄ al-pl, N, and T₃ kn ¹ have more concentrated landslide activity than others. This paper provides a detailed inventory map of landslides triggered by the 2010 Yushu earthquake for future seismic landslide hazard analysis and also provides a study case of characteristics, failure mechanisms, and spatial distribution of landslides triggered by slipping-fault generated earthquake on a plateau.