中国内生矿床成矿作用与机制

在成矿过程中由于控矿构造的级别、规模及序次的不同,导致对成矿的条级系统控制。工业矿体、矿柱或富矿包常产出于特定的构造部位,很显然是有利的构造部位控制了矿化的局部富集。构造对金属内生成矿演化更重要和直接的控制表现在成矿期构造的脉动对成矿多阶段演化方面。根据矿化形成环境,又可以分为碰撞造山期成矿、松弛期（伸展）成矿、走滑拉分盆地成矿和剪切带扩容成矿。通过对我国内生矿床与地质演化、内生矿床构造、成矿机理和成矿作用的分析,初步厘定出内生矿床的成矿模式,并建立了圈定成矿有利区的标志。     

甘肃省矿床成矿系列研究

通过对省内矿床的形成时代、成矿环境、地质成矿作用及矿床"自然组合"的研究认识,认为矿床是地质环境中的组成部分,成矿作用是形成地质环境的地质作用中的一个组成部分;在各个地质历史阶段的地质构造环境(单元)中的矿床与一定的地质成矿作用有关。利用在一定的地质历史时期或构造运动阶段,在一定的地质构造单元及构造部位,与一定的地质成矿作用有关,形成一组具有成因联系的矿床的自然组合这一成矿系列概念,基本确定了甘肃省内成矿系列序次,重点是对成矿系列进行了划分和鉴别,提出全省有11个成矿系列类型、39个成矿系列的新认识。论证了成矿系列的产出特征,确定出各系列的矿床式。     

隐爆角砾岩型金矿研究述评

隐爆角砾岩型金矿是国内外一种具有重要经济价值的矿床类型。不同类型隐爆角砾岩是该类金矿最主要的容矿围岩。造成隐爆作用发生最直接的因素是受热的多源流体或气体，岩浆隐蔽爆破主要作用方式是气爆和浆爆，其次是热液注入。通常气爆发生于早期，浆爆较晚，而热液注入最晚。浅成－超浅成中酸性斑岩体是隐爆角砾岩形成的决定性因素，气液的隐蔽爆破作用是隐爆角砾岩有角砾岩型金－多金属矿床形成的原因，成岩与成矿是同一地质过程不同阶段产物。不同级别的构造对该类型金矿档的产出空间、矿化类型和矿体形态等具有分级控制作用，矿化、蚀变存在明显的垂向分带及其空间套叠。该类型金矿可划分为Au-Ag和Au-Cu系列，矿床系列、矿床规模有富矿部位可通过一系列指标进行判别。     

三论矿床的成矿系列问题

矿床的成矿系列(简称成矿系列)是矿床地质科学中研究区域成矿规律的一种学术思想(概念),用系统论、活动论观点研究在地质历史发展各阶段、各特定地质构造环境中的成矿作用过程及形成的矿床组合自然体。成矿系列亦是一种矿床的自然分类。成矿系列分出五个序次,矿床成矿系列为基本序次,是核心组成,由其组成成矿系列的三类第一序次矿床成矿系列组合、矿床成矿系列类型和矿床成矿系列组;矿床成矿系列为第二序次,由其分解成第三、四、五序次,即矿床成矿亚系列、矿床式、矿床。成矿系列与成矿系统在研究内容上有共性,但亦有区别。成矿系列研究具有重要的理论意义及找矿的实用价值。成矿系列的研究尚属初步阶段,有待于进一步深化。     

湘东北万古地区金矿床成矿构造特征的初步研究

万古地区金矿床的成矿作用受到区域构造成矿的控制,矿区的断裂构造已经成为燕山中晚期金矿的定位构造.矿区北西西向断裂大部分是控矿、容矿构造,北东向断裂构造对矿脉的破坏作用有一定的影响,属成矿期后断裂构造.勘探线剖面图揭示了万古地区金矿床构造成矿具有金矿体侧伏特征、金矿体等距产出特征、金矿构造成矿作用多期性特征.冷家溪群是金的矿源层,万古金矿区的构造成矿作用是主要成矿作用,金矿化是剪切带长期活动的结果.从万古金矿、鲁源洞金矿、大洞金矿矿脉在走向和倾向的产出形态可以看出,富矿体都产出在构造张性扩容空间内.控矿层间破碎带中不同类型构造重叠部位是最有利的赋矿构造.     

骑田岭白腊水锡矿床成因探讨

白腊水锡矿是新近发现的一个超大型锡矿床,主要由矽卡岩化破碎带蚀变岩型、蚀变岩体型和斑岩型等类型的锡矿脉组成。通过矿床地质特征、矿物包裹体特征和同位素组成的研究认为:①锡矿的产出严格受断裂构造控制,其中高序次断裂控制着锡矿带的展布,低序次断裂控制着矿脉(体)的分布及其形态、产状等;②由均一法测温得出锡多金属成矿期有3个成矿温度区间;③同位素组成显示成矿物质为深部来源,成矿时代为燕山早期;④矿床应该属严格受断裂构造控制的中-高温热液矿床。     

纳米比亚达马拉造山带白岗岩型铀矿成矿规律及找矿思路

文章根据纳米比亚达马拉造山带白岗岩型铀矿成矿所处的位置、与侵入岩和地层的关系,以及后期蚀变特征,从基底隆起周边控制铀矿床分布,地层接触带和岩性变异部位控制矿床定位,大理岩层是矿床产出的有利层位,D、E型白岗岩脉发育直接控制矿化,构造热液蚀变是富矿形成的必要条件等几个方面,研究了白岗岩型铀矿的成矿规律。在此基础上,提出了从区域评价到钻探查证落实铀矿床的找矿技术思路。     

论矿床的自然分类——四论矿床的成矿系列问题

矿床的成矿系列概念是一种研究区域成矿规律的学术思想,亦是一种新的矿床分类——矿床的自然分类。矿床的自然分类,是以成矿的时代、成矿的地质构造环境、地质成矿作用与所形成的矿床组合自然体这4个因素作为划分原则的。以矿床成矿系列为基本单元,具有5级序次体系:第一序次为矿床成矿系列组合、矿床成矿系列组和矿床成矿系列类型,第二序次为矿床成矿系列,第三序次为矿床成矿亚系列,第四序次为矿床式,第五序次为矿床。矿床的自然分类着重强调矿床在四维时-空域中形成的完整的自然地质过程,恢复矿床在一定时-空域中存在的客观自然面貌。矿床的自然分类是一个既科学又具有实用价值的分类方案。     

华南重要成矿区带中生代构造变形及其控岩控矿机理

华南大陆中生代以来受华北板块、西南缘特提斯洋以及东部古太平洋板块会聚作用形成了多序次的构造变形及多期岩浆与成矿事件, 并造就了多个重要的多金属成矿区带。文章在梳理成矿区带典型矽卡岩型矿床矿化期次、矿体分布及成矿机理等关键科学问题的基础上, 利用构造变形序次及其控岩控矿的规律性完善了典型矿床成矿过程及成因机理。通过对闽西南铁多金属成矿带、赣东北塔前-赋春钨铜多金属成矿带以及滇东南老君山钨锡矿集区开展构造变形解析, 结合已有研究成果, 厘定出相对完整的印支期、中晚侏罗世及白垩纪3期变形序列, 但其作用时限、构造性质、规模强度及变形样式却表现不一。通过构造控岩分析并结合已有同位素年代学得出, 不同成矿区带都存在与变形序列相一致的岩浆或变质热事件, 进而利用变形序列与岩浆期次对应规律明确了与马坑式铁多金属矿床、朱溪钨铜矿床以及南秧田钨矿床相关的多期岩浆活动。在此基础上识别出多阶段矿化事件并提出3个典型矿床都存在多期叠加复合成矿的认识。从构造对矿床就位机制控制的角度分析了马坑式矿床分散多变矿体、朱溪矿床垂向大跨度矿化及深部巨型矿体、南秧田矿床层-脉叠加矿体分别受赋矿地层褶皱拆离、大规模双重逆冲以及2期构造变形复合控制的机理。文章最后探讨了不同阶段华南重要成矿区带构造变形及岩浆成矿的动力学背景。      

成矿溶液电导度和矿物热电性方法在矿床评价中的应用——以黑龙江省西吉诺山铅、锌、铜、金普查区为例

电导度是溶液导电能力的相对尺度，电导度的大小能直接反映出成矿溶液的高低.实验证明，成矿溶液相对高浓渡聚集区，往往也是矿床的主矿体或富矿体赋存处.用电导度场替代浓度场，进而建立起电导度与矿体之间的定量对应关系，可以用于表达矿体的贫富，评价矿脉的工业价值，指示找矿远景区等.用金属矿物或半导体矿物的热电性来指导找矿，是近年业兴起的一种新的找矿方法.矿物的热电性大小或热导电类型等在不同的成矿环境、部位中表现不同.因此用矿物的热电性质可以对矿床的侵蚀面水平和矿化地段的远景作出评价.在黑龙江省西吉诺山铅、锌、铜、金普查区采用了成矿溶液电导度和矿物热电性等新技术、新方法，对普查区成矿远景及成矿有利地段进行了分析与预测.结果表明，前人入大量勘查工作的440线至500线一带并不是矿化中心位置，西吉诺山谱查区矿化中心可能位于500线以东至花岗斑岩体之间.     

Flood Forecasting and Warning at the River Basin and at the European Scale

Application of recent advances in numerical weather prediction (NWP) has the potential of allowing delivery of flood warning to extend well beyond the typical lead times of operational flood warning at the river basin scale. A prototype system, a European Flood Forecasting System (EFFS) developed to deliver such pre-warnings, aiming at providing a pre-warning at lead times of between 5 and 10 days is described. Considerable uncertainty in the weather forecast at these lead times, however, means that resulting forecasts must be treated probabilistically, and although probabilistic forecasts may be easy to disseminate, these are difficult to understand. This paper explores the structure of operational flood warning, and shows that integration in the flood warning process is required if the pre-warning is to fulfil its potential. A simple method of summarising the information in the pre-warning is presented, and the system in hindcast mode is shown to give clear indication of an upcoming major event in the Rhine basin up to 10 days before the actual event. Finally recommendations on the use of data assimilation to embed the EFFS system within an operational environment are given.     

Genesis of cristobalite and tridymite at low temperatures

It is suggested that an explanation of the observed metastable formation of cristobalite and tridymite in the stability field of quartz lies in the topology of these silica polymorphs and the resulting energies at the time of formation.     

国内外对活断层的研究综述

从20世纪初提出活断层这一地质术语至今,一直被人们所研究。对活断层进行科学的评价和合理的分析对于工程建设和城市规划等有着重要的现实意义。本文就国内外活断层的研究现状进行了阐述,为活断层的进一步研究实现其定量化研究奠定基础。     

Petrology of Calc-Alkaline Lavas at Volcn Ollage and the Origin of Compositional Diversity at Central Andean Stratovolcanoes

Volcn Ollage (2117'S) is a large stratovolcano that liesslightly east of the main axis of Quaternary Volcanoes in theAndean Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ). Euptive products range frombasaltic andesite to dacite and define a high-K, calc-alkalinesuite. This compositional range is similar to the collectivecompositional range of the other stratovolcanoes in the CVZ,and it provides a record of both early and late-stage differentiationprocesses operating at the stratovolcanoes. The volumetrically dominant andesitic and dacitic lavas aredivided into four eruptive series on the basis of vent locationsand petrography. In ascending stratigraphic order they are:the Vinta Loma, Chasca Orkho, post-collapse, and La Celosa series.Whole-rock compositions of the lavas are remarkably similarregardless of eruptive series. Variations in phenocryst assemblagesand magmatic f_o2 however, suggest differences in subliquidusvolatile contents for magma chambers developed beneath the summitof the volcano versus those developed beneath the flanks. Basalticandesite magmas are principally preserved as quenched inclusionswithin the andesitic and dacitie lava flows. Large ranges inisotopic ratios over a narrow compositional range indicate thatthe basaltic andesites were derived by crystal fractionationcoupled with large amounts of crustal assimilation. IncreasingCe/Yb ratios with decreasing Yb contents further suggest thatthis initial stage of differentiation occurred at deep crustallevels where garnet was stable. Additional supporting evidencefor differentiation in the deep crust includes isotopic andtrace element compositions that indicate assimilation by thebasaltic andesite magmas of a crust different from upper-crustalrocks exposed at present in the region. Whole-rock major and trace element trends of the dacitic lavascan be simulated largely by fractional crystallization of parentalandesitic magma. The fractionating assemblages for the differenteruptive series are consistent with the observed modes of theparent magmas. Small increases in Sr isotope ratios with increasingRb contents indicate that the fractionating magmas also assimilatedsmall amounts of wall rocks similar in composition to the upper-crustalbasement to the volcano. Consideration of the chemical trends, mineral compositions,and eruptive history of Ollage rocks permits construction ofa model for the evolution of shallow crustal magma chambersbeneath the stratovolcanoes in the CVZ. At a relatively maturestage, the magma chambers may be compositionally, thermally,and density stratified. Temperatures estimated from Fe-Ti oxideand pyroxene thermometry for the chambers beneath Ollage rangefrom 1000 to 790C with increasing SiO₂ from 59 to 67 wt.% inthe upper reaches, and from 1150 to 1020C with increasing SiO₂from 53 to 59 wt.% in the lower reaches. The occurrence of basalticandesite magmatic inclusions within the intermediate lavas andthe repeated eruption of monotonous composition andesitic magmasindicate that the shallow chambers are periodically replenishedwith parental basaltic andesite magmas. Ubiquitous, reversely zoned plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrystsin the lavas at Ollage suggest that convective cooling of thebasaltic andesite releases buoyant derivative liquid that mixeswith the overlying intermediate-composition body of the chambers.Further crystallization and differentiation of the intermediatemagmas may take place in solidification zones at the boundariesof the magma chambers. If so, the return of residual liquidfrom the crystallizing margins and mixing with the interiorare highly efficient such that magma differentiation can bemodeled as a simple, homogeneous, fractional crystallizationprocess.     

Methanol radio emission at millimeter wavelengths: New masers at 1.3 and 2.8 millimeters

The results of a search for maser emission in the methanol lines 8_?1-7₀ E at 229.8 GHz, 3_?2-4_?1 E at 230.0 GHz, 0₀-1_?1 E at 108.9 GHz, and in the J ₁-J ₀ E series near 165 GHz in star-forming regions are reported. At least two masers and two candidates have been detected at 229.8 GHz. Thus, methanol masers have been detected in the 1-mm band for the first time. At 108.9 GHz, masers have been detected toward G345.01+1.79 and possibly toward M8E as well. Thermal emission was found toward 28 objects. The 229.8-GHz sources are class I masers, whereas the 108.9-GHz sources are class II masers. An analysis using a large velocity-gradient method shows that the 229.8-GHz masers can appear at densities of about 3×10⁴ cm^?3. The ratios of the flux densities in different class I lines toward DR 21(OH) and DR 21 West can be approximated in models with gas kinetic temperatures of about 50 K. Detection of the 108.9 GHz masers toward G345.01+1.79 and M8E may provide information about the geometry of these objects.     

Identification of the projectile at the Brent crater,and further considerations of projectile types at terrestrial craters

Impact melt samples from drill hole B1-59 at the 3.8 km diameter Brent crater (Ontario) have been analysed for siderophile trace elements indicative of meteoritic contamination. Samples from the basal melt zone at 823–857 m depth are enriched in Ir, Os, Pd, Ni, Co, Cr and Se over basement, with the abundance pattern suggesting a chondritic projectile for Brent. From a Ni-Cr correlation of 10 melt samples an L or LL chondrite is inferred. The contribution of an ultramafic country rock (alnoite) in the melt is too small to significantly influence its $\text{Ni}\text{Cr}$ ratio. Glass-rich breccias from the allochthonous breccias filling the crater also contain a meteoritic component. Interelement ratios (e.g. $\text{Ni}\text{Cr}$) are, however, fractionated relative to the melt zone samples. This, as well as the low Au content of all Brent samples, is probably a product of alteration.Additional data on impact melts from the 65 km diameter crater Manicouagan still did not reveal a meteoritic component, as also for the Mistastin crater (28 km diameter) where Cr analyses set an upper limit of 1% of an achondritic projectile component in the melt. Irghizites (tektite like glasses) from the Zhamanshin impact structure have been found to contain high Ni and Co concentrations, and our data show that Ir is also enriched. It is however not possible to define the projectile-type. Enrichment of an Ivory Coast tektite in Ir is confirmed. There are large differences in siderophile element concentrations among tektites, with otherwise similar chemical composition.There are now four known craters formed by chondrites (Clearwater East, Lapparjärvi, Wanapitei, and Brent), with Brent being the smallest of these. For smaller craters the projectiles appear to be limited to iron or stony-iron meteorites, because of atmospheric destruction of relatively small stony meteorites. It appears, however, that all major classes of meteorites are represented among the projectiles at terrestrial impact craters.     

Transformations of biotite and lepidomelane at high pressures and temperatures

Experimentally, at 66 kbar, biotite and lepidomelane are converted into associations of several minerals, at 1300–15000 and 900–1450°C, respectively, with the accompanying increase in the density; garnet is the densest product of both minerals; all of their original potassium passes into the low-density minerals during the conversion. The biotite and lepidomelane associations with garnet and other minerals are converted into biotite and lepidomelane above 1500° and 1450°C, respectively. Thus the range of instability of the micas, with its high pressures and relatively low temperatures, appears to be conducive to migration of potassium into upper horizons of the earth, e.g. by the gravitational differentation or by a fractionation in melting of the mantle substance. – V. P. Sokoloff.