提孜那甫河流域冰-草生态交错带MODZS动态特征

冰-草生态交错带是陆地生态交错带的重要组成部分,在全球气候变暖背景下,研究其环境特征对于保护该带脆弱的生态环境具有重要意义。以提孜那甫河流域山区特有的冰-草生态交错带为研究对象,利用MODIS产品,基于遥感技术对其环境特征进行定性、定量分析。结果表明:交错带常年低温,年平均温度为-4.79℃,5—9月气温0℃,是主要的融雪期,融雪水量为5.4×108m~3,占提孜那甫河总径流量的70.03%,是叶尔羌绿洲重要的水源补给来源,当年9月到次年5月气温均在0℃以下为主要的积雪期;处在发育初级阶段的寒冻土和寒漠土广泛分布于交错带内,冻融荒漠化普遍且严重,植被分布极为稀疏;交错带主要包含高山流石坡、高山倒石堆、高山稀疏垫状植被等三种极干旱的内陆高原荒漠景观类型。     

贡嘎山高山林线动态与生理形成机制

作为典型的生态交错带,高山林线因其特殊的结构、功能及对气候变化的高度敏感性,已成为全球气候变化研究的热点之一。本文分析了贡嘎山高山林线动态,林线峨眉冷杉径向生长与气候变化的关系;基于贡嘎山地区现有的峨眉冷杉、川西云杉、川滇高山栎3个林线树种非结构碳水化合物(NSC)测定,探讨了贡嘎山高山林线形成生理机制,贡嘎山地区林线树木可能遭受冬季碳限制,"碳源与碳汇"的平衡关系影响高山林线的位置与分布,生长在高山恶劣环境条件下林线树种的发育和幸存,不仅依赖于最小需求的NSC浓度,而且要求冬季高于3的可溶性糖:淀粉比率,以成功越冬和维持其正碳平衡;指出了今后应重点关注气候变化背景下区域尺度高山林线动态长期观测与模拟、高山林线树木对极端环境的生理生态适应机制、高山林线森林植被碳源-汇关系的长期监测等研究。     

太白山高山带环境特征

对比国内外关于高山带景观划分的多种观点，采用气候树线以上部分为高山带的划分方法，重点讨论太白山高山带自然环境，包括第四纪冰川遗迹和现代冰缘作用影响下的高山、亚高山地貌，研究区内主要气候要素的分布状、特别气温和降水的时空分配分布格局，土壤有机质的空间分异，以及在这种环境条件下高山带的植物区系和植被分布格局。太白山高山带的各种环境要素之间密切相关，是表现特殊的自然综合体。在全球气候变化背景下，其自然环境特点及变化值得密切关主。     

榆林地区脆弱生态环境的景观格局与演化研究

作为干旱半干旱区农牧交错带的典型代表,榆林地区在自然地理上有其独特的空间分布格局,在生态上具有显著的脆弱生境特征和演化规律。本文运用景观生态学的基本理论与方法,选取分维数、形状指数和景观优势度等指标,对该区脆弱环境的景观格局进行了分析,同时对诱发该区景观生态演化的因素进行了定量诊断,并对区域生态环境的景观过程进行了探讨。     

城市景观及其格局的生态效应研究进展

城市景观是深受人类活动影响的景观类型,同时城市生态系统也深深地刻上了人类影响的烙印。随着人类社会日益城市化,未来的景观将越来越强烈地受到人类经济、社会活动的改造。人类活动一方面可以直接作用于城市生态系统,另一方面,更广泛而深远的影响却是通过城市景观格局和土地利用方式改变区域物质能量流,进而影响区域生态过程,这种城市景观通过空间格局对生态系统特征和过程造成的影响,可以称之为城市景观的生态效应。本文考察了中外学者近年来就城市景观的生态效应所作的理论和实证研究,包括景观要素与格局及土地利用/土地覆被对城市动植物群落、气候、水文、土壤等造成的影响。作者通过评述近年来城市景观及其格局的生态效应研究进展,认为尽管目前对景观格局及其生态过程的结合尚未完善,但已经有越来越多的研究者注意到这个问题,并通过在不同尺度、不同切入点的实证研究,为建立城市景观格局与生态过程的有机结合提供基础。这些研究的结论及其所揭示的规律将作为城市空间规划与管理的依据,推动城市和人类-自然系统的可持续发展。     

纵向岭谷区地表格局的生态效应及其区域分异

中国西南纵向高耸山岭与深切河谷并列排布的特殊地表格局对该区自然环境与生态地理区域分异的效应明显。利用纵向岭谷区1:5 万DEM数据、建站以来至2010 的气象观测数据、水文观测资料、MOD13 与MOD17 的NDVI与NPP产品以及1:100 万植被类型数据等,选取地表大气水汽含量、降水量、干湿指数、地表径流等水分指标,平均气温、年积温等温度指标以及太阳总辐射等热量指标,基于ANUSPLIN样条函数、GIS空间分析、小波分析、景观格局分析等方法,分析该区水热格局、生态系统结构与功能的地域分异特征及其主控因子,揭示地表格局对生态地理要素区域分异的效应。结果表明：受地表格局的影响,纵向岭谷区的水分、温度与热量都表现出明显的沿纬线方向间断式差异和经线方向连续式延伸的分布特征,纵向山系与河谷对地表主要自然物质和能量输送具有南北向通道作用和扩散效应以及东西向阻隔作用和屏障效应;特殊地表格局对植被景观多样性、生态系统结构与功能的空间格局产生重要影响,是植被景观多样性与生态系统空间分布的主要控制因子;小波方差分析反映了环境因子以及NDVI、NPP的空间各向异性,而小波一致性分析揭示了NDVI与NPP空间分布的控制因子,及其控制程度的定量关系。纵向岭谷特殊地表格局是该区生态地理区域分异的主要影响因素,在地带性规律与以“通道—阻隔”作用为主要特征的非地带性规律共同作用下,形成了纵向岭谷区生态地理区域系统的特殊空间特征。     

中国生态交错带（英文）

生态交错带（Ecotone）是指两个群落或两类生态系统之间的过度带,具有脆弱、敏感和易变等特性。20世纪70年代以来,在典型生态系统研究的基础上,生态交错带逐步成为生态学研究的重点。中国地域广阔,地质、气候、植被等生态类型复杂多变,蕴育了不同类型、不同尺度和不同规模的多种生态交错带,不仅为科学研究奠定了广阔空间,而且对我国经济、社会发展,以及文化多样性保护具有重要支撑作用。本文根据我国大尺度下生态交错带的地理分布及其生态环境特点,构建了以土地利用类型、自然气候特征和农业经济发展＂三位一体＂指标体系,并以此为依据对中国典型生态交错带进行了划分和空间分布范围的界定;在此基础上,分别对北方森林草原交错带、北方农牧交错带、西北荒漠绿洲交错带、西南川滇农林牧交错带和东部海陆交错带的动态变化、基本特征和存在问题进行了研究,对全面认识我国生态交错带自然演变规律,促进区域生态环境保护和优化经济发展具有重要意义。     

试论贺兰山植物多样性的若干特点

通过实地考察,对贺兰山植物多样性特点进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,贺兰山植物多样性主要表现为植物种类丰富多样、区系地理成分复杂多样、山地植被垂直带类型多样和形态、生理生态适应性多样等一系列鲜明特点：根据中国植被分类标准,山体植被带分为山麓荒漠草原带、旱生乔灌木带、油松山杨林带和高山灌丛带：不同植被带由不同的植被类型组成;植被类型除了受海拔梯度影响外,水分条件也成为影响植被坡向分异的关键因子,从山麓到山顶,阴坡的植被类型依次为荒漠、荒漠草原、典型草原、疏林灌丛、亚高山灌丛、高山灌丛草甸,而阳坡的植被类型依次为灌丛、湿性针叶林、寒温性针叶林、亚高山针叶林和高山灌丛草甸。该研究对于了解中国干旱区草原和荒漠过渡区的山地植被空间分布特征具有重大意义。     

景观格局与生态过程相互关系研究进展

景观格局的形成反映了不同的景观生态过程,与此同时景观格局又在一定程度上影响着景观的演变过程。空间格局、生态过程与尺度之间的相互关系是景观生态学研究的核心内容。本文对景观格局与生态过程的研究方法、景观格局与生态过程相互关系等方面的国内外研究进展进行了综述。最后分析了目前景观格局与生态过程相互关系研究中存在的问题与不足、未来的研究热点及发展趋势。     

鄂尔多斯土地利用生态安全格局优化及方案评价

根据不同情景选择符合区域生态环境与社会经济特点的模型方法,已经成为区域土地利用生态安全格局构建的关键。本文以位于中国北方农牧交错带的鄂尔多斯市为研究区,基于自然地理数据、社会经济统计数据、土地利用/覆被数据,将最小累积阻力模型（MCR）引入土地利用生态安全格局的构建过程,并通过景观格局指数分析了基于MCR模型构建的安全格局与基于土地生态适宜性和多目标优化的安全格局的适用条件。结果显示：前者适宜于维持生态安全的情景,有利于降低土地系统中人类活动的生态风险;后者则适宜于维持生态适宜性的情景,有利于降低土地系统中自然因素的生态风险。研究结果对鄂尔多斯市土地资源的可持续利用具有重要的指导意义。     

The Role of Thresholds and Fine-Scale Processes in Driving Upper Treeline Dynamics in the Bighorn Mountains,Wyoming

This research investigates whether abrupt changes indicative of a threshold response occurred in the spatial and temporal patterns of tree establishment within upper treeline ecotones in the Bighorn Mountains of north-central Wyoming, with a particular focus on assessing whether treeline advance occurred. Dendroecological techniques were used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal patterns of tree establishment at multiple spatial scales (local and landscape). Increases in the elevational extent of treeline and tree density above timberline were reconstructed for each decade of the 20^th century. Regime-shift analysis was used to detect threshold changes in tree establishment. Marked increases in tree establishment and density occurred at local and landscape scales during the 20th century, particularly during the post-1970 period and in areas above timberline. Varying degrees of treeline advance occurred during this time, yet establishment upslope from timberline was often contingent on the availability of sheltered microsites in the lee of boulders. This highlights the importance of both broad-scale climate inputs and fine-scale site conditions in governing the rate and pattern of tree establishment in high-elevation treeline environments. Overall, the abrupt changes in tree establishment over time and space since 1970 suggest that bioclimatic thresholds can strongly influence ecotonal dynamics at upper treeline.     

湿地景观格局变化研究进展

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观,具有重要的生态功能。湿地景观格局是各种生态过程综合作用的结果,具有高度的景观异质性,对景观的功能和过程有着显著的影响。湿地生态系统是世界上受威胁最为严重的生态系统之一,在自然因素和人类活动的影响下发生了大面积的转化或丧失。本文从湿地景观格局研究方法、面积变化、景观类型转化、驱动力以及动态模型、湿地景观格局指数以及湿地景观格局与气候变化之间的关系等方面综述了湿地景观格局变化的研究进展,指出湿地景观格局变化及其生态效应和高原湿地景观格局变化与气候变化之间的关系是未来研究的重点领域。     

Dynamics of the Alpine Treeline Ecotone under Global Warming: A Review

The alpine treeline ecotone is defined as a forest-grassland or forest-tundra transition boundary either between subalpine forest and treeless grassland, or between subalpine forest and treeless tundra. The alpine treeline ecotone serves irreplaceable ecological functions and provides various ecosystem services. There are three lines associated with the alpine treeline ecotone, the tree species line (i.e., the highest elevational limit of individual tree establishment and growth), the treeline (i.e., the transition line between tree islands and isolated individual trees) and the timber line (i.e., the upper boundary of the closed subalpine forest). The alpine treeline ecotone is the belt region between the tree species line and the timber line of the closed forest. The treeline is very sensitive to climate change and is often used as an indicator for the response of vegetation to global warming. However, there is currently no comprehensive review in the field of alpine treeline advance under global warming. Therefore, this review summarizes the literature and discusses the theoretical bases and challenges in the study of alpine treeline dynamics from the following four aspects: (1) Ecological functions and issues of treeline dynamics; (2) Methodology for monitoring treeline dynamics; (3) Treeline shifts in different climate zones; (4) Driving factors for treeline upward shifting.     

农业景观格局演变及其生态效应研究进展

农业景观格局演变的驱动力及生态效应研究具有重要的意义, 目前研究主要集中在农业 景观格局及其组分的动态变化, 在驱动力和生态环境效应等方面的研究则是案例较多、归纳总结 和机制研究相对薄弱。分析了形成当前研究状况的原因并提出了今后研究的重点方向, 包括发展 能够反映生态过程的景观格局指数、归纳农业景观演变的驱动机制、农业景观格局变化的生态环 境效应机理研究、发展景观格局整体性指标和长期定位观测数据相结合研究方法、农业景观变化 所带来的生态恶化的恢复因子和恢复方法的研究、加强农业景观规划设计研究和实施、高效农田 景观结构设计机理研究。     

过程与格局的关系及其在区域景观生态规划中的应用

景观生态学基本原理被广泛应用于景观设计和区域生态规划中,生态过程与生态格局之间的关系是区域生态规划面对的重要问题。在回顾景观生态学生态过程与生态格局关系认识过程的基础上,提出二者之间"过程为体,格局为用"的哲学关系。"体"即根本和内在的东西,"用"为"体"的外在表现。面对具体的规划区域时,分析问题的切入点和解决问题的着眼点都是"格局",但是规划的根本出发点和目的都是"过程"。围绕二者关系主线,建立了一个基于生态过程的区域景观生态格局规划方法框架,主要包括3个阶段的研究工作:分析区域历史景观格局演变过程,确定面向生态过程需求的生态格局以及制定提升生态系统功能的对策措施。     

The Distribution Patterns of Timberline and Its Response to Climate Change in the Himalayas

Himalayan region represents the highest and most diverse treeline over the world. As one of the most conspicuous boundaries between montane forests and alpine vegetation, the alpine timberline attracted the interest of researchers for many decades. However, timberline in the Himalayas is understudied compared with European counterparts due to remoteness. Here we review the distribution pattern of timberline and its climatic condition, the carbon and nutrient supply mechanism for treeline formation, and treeline shift and treeline tree recruitment under climate change scenarios. Growth limitation, rather than carbon source limitation is the physiological cause of timberline under the low temperature condition. Nutrient limitation and water stress are not the direct cause of timberline formation. However, more clear local limitation factors are need to integrate in order to enable us to predict the potential impacts and changes caused by human activity and related global change in this sensitive region.     

Geomorphic Controls of Spatial Pattern and Process at Alpine Treeline*

This study examines the role of surface geomorphic features in tree establishment at the alpine treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana, through the presentation of a multiscale, conceptual model of biogeomorphic relationships at alpine treeline. Empirical observations gathered through a multiscale field methodology over three summers serve as a base for the model. The model highlights the importance of surface geomorphic features, specifically boulders and terrace risers, in creating favorable local site conditions, largely by protecting seedlings from wind. The sheltering effect of surface features enables initial seedling establishment, and in some cases survival, above current treeline locations, thereby initiating a positive feedback effect that encourages subsequent tree establishment. Geomorphic features are therefore important in linking scales of pattern and process at the alpine treeline ecotone.     

Wind as an Ecological Agent at Treelines in North America,the Alps,and the European Subarctic

The altitudinal treeline ecotone is a windy environment where wind velocities and directions are controlled by local mountain topography and also by the distribution pattern and structures of tree stands. Wind may override the role of heat deficiency in determining treeline position, spatial pattern, ecological conditions, and tree growth. Regular strong permanent winds restrict tree height and usually cause asymmetric and suppressed growth forms that are common in the treeline ecotone. Apart from direct physiological and mechanical effects on trees and ground vegetation, wind also disperses seeds, relocates snow, and locally erodes soils in the treeline ecotone. Wind effects must be considered an important factor that may delay or even preclude establishment of seedling trees on wind-swept terrain. Discussions of a potential climatically driven upward shift of the treeline at the landscape and smaller scales should give greater attention to the varying wind effects because warming cannot compensate for these other factors. The relative importance of microsite facilitation providing shelter from the wind will increase in parallel with the upslope migration of the tree limit into a much windier environment.     

‘WHY FAMILIES MOVE’: A RE-EXAMINATION

Abstract

This study examines the role of surface geomorphic features in tree establishment at the alpine treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana, through the presentation of a multiscale, conceptual model of biogeomorphic relationships at alpine treeline. Empirical observations gathered through a multiscale field methodology over three summers serve as a base for the model. The model highlights the importance of surface geomorphic features, specifically boulders and terrace risers, in creating favorable local site conditions, largely by protecting seedlings from wind. The sheltering effect of surface features enables initial seedling establishment, and in some cases survival, above current treeline locations, thereby initiating a positive feedback effect that encourages subsequent tree establishment. Geomorphic features are therefore important in linking scales of pattern and process at the alpine treeline ecotone.