深厚饱和软土场地中透镜体对上部结构地震响应的影响

工程场地中透镜体对地震动具有明显的影响,且饱和场地与相应干土场地的地震响应具有明显的差别,而目前对于深厚饱和软土场地中透镜体对地震响应的影响还鲜有研究。采用有限元-间接边界元耦合法,建立饱和场地中非线性土-结构动力相互作用模型,对深厚饱和软土场地中透镜体的宽度、厚度和埋深对上部结构动力响应的影响进行了系统地分析,并着重讨论了土骨架-孔隙水耦合作用的影响。研究表明,深厚饱和软土场地中的透镜体可能会明显改变上部结构的动力响应;透镜体的宽度、厚度和埋深对上部结构动力响应有不同程度的影响,且与干土场地中规律存在明显差异;土骨架-孔隙水耦合作用对上部结构动力响应的影响显著。     

可液化土中地铁结构的地震响应

在饱和土耦合作用与土和结构相互作用理论基础上,以地铁车站为例,用有限元法研究地下结构在地震液化作用下的响应。所采用的软件为动力两相体非线性有限元软件Dyna-Swandyne-II,该软件可以应用先进的Pastor-Zienkiewicz III广义塑性模型模拟可液化土的动力特性,应用u-p形式的Biot方程,在有限元分析中充分考虑孔隙水与土之间的耦合,同时考虑地下结构与饱和土在动力作用下的非线性相互作用。分析了地铁车站的动力响应,包括地铁内力、加速度以及地铁位移。研究结果表明,地铁结构在地震液化作用下会产生较大的上浮,从而对结构造成比较严重的破坏;地铁结构在地震作用下的最大内力位于结构的交接处。因此,结构交接处的配筋应该格外小心。     

深厚砂质覆盖层土坝的弹塑性地震反应分析

由于可液化砂质土应力-应变特性模拟的复杂性及数值计算的不稳定性,深厚砂质覆盖层土坝的弹塑性地震反应分析是土坝抗震研究中的一个尚未完全解决的课题。采用u-p完全耦合的饱和多孔介质有限元分析方法和砂土多重机构弹塑性模型,对遭受M6.7级地震的国外某深厚砂质覆盖层土坝进行弹塑性地震反应分析,研究了坝体和地基的动力反应特性及其超静孔隙水压力产生、扩散和消散的变化规律。结果表明：计算得到的坝体加速度和永久变形与实测值存在一定的差异,但基本上反映了坝体加速度与永久变形的实际分布情况,从而说明采用的本构模型和计算方法具有一定的精度;由于坝体和坝基的超静孔隙水压力较小,且坝体永久变形不大,可以不对坝体和坝基进行加固处理;坝趾附近浅层地基的超静孔隙水压力较大,有可能发生液化,因此,须采取相应的抗液化加固措施。     

土体水热力耦合问题研究意义、现状及建议

基于浅层土体水分场、温度场、应力场和位移场的相互影响,对水热力耦合问题在黄土、冻土、膨胀土、土壤学等领域的研究意义进行了阐述,并对水热力耦合在上述领域研究现状作了回顾和总结。进一步分析了水热力耦合作用机理性研究的不足,指出：通过水热力耦合作用机理性研究确定水热力耦合参数及变量,应是现时进行水热力耦合研究的中心问题。     

热-水-力耦合作用下非饱和土变形特性的弹塑性模拟

在已有的非饱和土水-力耦合模型基础上,耦合考虑温度影响,建立了一个热-水-力耦合作用下非饱和土弹塑性本构模型。该模型以土骨架平均应力、修正吸力和温度为应力状态变量,以土骨架应变、饱和度和熵为应变状态变量。通过引入与温度相关的屈服面(LY、TY)以及相应的硬化规律来考虑温度对土体变形的影响。利用建立的模型,对文献中不同吸力和温度条件下的等向压缩和三轴排水剪切试验进行预测,预测结果表明,该模型能够较好地定量描述热-水-力耦合作用下非饱和土的变形特性。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡稳定分析

针对降雨入渗土坡的稳定问题,建立一个考虑水力渗透系数特征曲线、土-水特征曲线以及修正的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的非饱和土流固耦合有限元计算模型,进行雨水入渗下非饱和土边坡渗流场和应力场耦合的数值模拟,得到非饱和土边坡变形与应力的若干重要规律。研究成果为降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡的稳定分析提供了基础。     

材料模型参数对自由场地震响应的影响

水平自由场地震响应分析是岩土地震工程近几十年的研究热点之一。利用完全耦合有限元程序SUMDES 2006和临界状态砂土本构模型,分析了15 m深的饱和砂土自由场在地震作用下的响应,包括加速度的传播、孔隙水压力的发展、侧向变形以及地面沉降。通过增大和减小10 %参数值,分析了材料本构模型中12个参数值的变化对土层地震响应的影响。分析结果表明,在这些参数中,临界状态应力比M和e - 平面中临界状态线在 轴上的截距 的影响比较显著,因而利用室内试验数据率定模型参数时,需保证其有足够的精度。分析结果也说明,用于自由场地震响应分析时,临界状态砂土本构模型仍然有进一步简化以减少参数个数的空间。     

土-结构动力相互作用体系阻尼及地震反应分析

通过全面考虑土-结构动力相互作用体系中上部结构阻尼、地基土黏滞材料阻尼以及地基基础平动与转动时的辐射阻尼,推导了土-结构相互作用体系的耦合阻尼比公式。结合国内外关于阻尼调整系数的研究成果,提出了基于加速度反应谱的阻尼影响因子概念,建立阻尼影响因子 与《规范》中地震影响系数 的关系式。通过耦合阻尼比公式以及提出的 与 的关系式,对土-结构相互作用体系地震作用加以研究。结果表明考虑土与上部结构的相互作用后能够增大体系的阻尼性能,并大大降低上部结构的地震作用,提高体系的整体抗震性能。其成果为未来抗震防灾研究与工程的抗震设计提供了理论依据。     

土石坝拟静力抗震稳定性分析与坝坡地震滑移量估算

单独采用拟静力抗震稳定性安全系数,并不能准确地评价土石坝的动力稳定性, Newmark等采用刚塑体滑移量或永久变形评价土石坝地震稳定性的建议得到了逐步认同,但土石坝地震永久变形或滑移量的估算尚缺乏合理方法。为此,将土石坝地震动力响应分析和拟静力极限平衡分析相结合,提出了合理地估算坝坡上潜在滑坡体地震滑移量的数值计算方法。首先,根据土石坝地震动力响应分析,针对圆弧滑动面和非圆弧光滑渐变曲面形式滑动面,分别采用简化Bishop法及改进的简化Bishop法计算坝坡上潜在滑动体的各个时刻拟静力安全系数。随后,对其中安全系数小于1的瞬时超载阶段,通过时间积分确定潜在滑动体的滑移量。最后,结合算例并通过具体数值计算与分析探讨了竖向地震动分量、滑坡体竖向地震响应、振动孔隙水压力等各种因素对土石坝地震位移及抗震性能的影响。     

不同接触面模型对评估地下结构震害的影响

对土 -结构之间相互脱离、滑移现象提供了一个有效的分析方法。在分析中 ,用二维有限元和无限元耦合对地铁隧道进行动力时程分析。同时 ,在分析中考虑了混凝土材料的塑性。研究比较地铁箱体结构在完全约束模型、经典库仑摩擦模型和 goodman单元三种不同的土 -结构相互作用方式下最大主应力、塑性铰的分布以及土 -结构之间的脱离、滑移程度。     

A fully implicit and consistent finite element framework for modeling reservoir compaction with large deformation and nonlinear flow model. Part I: theory and formulation

Reservoir depletion results in rock failure, wellbore instability, hydrocarbon production loss, oil sand production, and ground surface subsidence. Specifically, the compaction of carbonate reservoirs with soft rocks often induces large plastic deformation due to rock pore collapse. On the other hand, following the compaction of reservoirs and failure of rock formations, the porosity and permeability of formations will, in general, decrease. These bring a challenge for reservoir simulations because of high nonlinearity of coupled geomechanics and fluid flow fields. In this work, we present a fully implicit, fully coupled, and fully consistent finite element formulation for coupled geomechanics and fluid flow problems with finite deformation and nonlinear flow models. The Pelessone smooth cap plasticity model, an important material model to capture rock compaction behavior and a challenging material model for implicit numerical formulations, is incorporated in the proposed formulation. Furthermore, a stress-dependent permeability model is taken into account in the formulation. A co-rotational framework is adopted for finite deformation, and an implicit material integrator for cap plasticity models is consistently derived. Furthermore, the coupled field equations are consistently linearized including nonlinear flow models. The physical theories, nonlinear material and flow models, and numerical formulations are the focus of part I of this work. In part II, we verify the proposed numerical framework and demonstrate the performance of our numerical formulation using several numerical examples including a field reservoir with soft rocks undergoing serious compaction.     

A fully implicit and consistent finite element framework for modeling reservoir compaction with large deformation and nonlinear flow model. Part II: verification and numerical example

A fully implicit, fully coupled, and fully consistent finite element framework has been formulated in part I of this work for modeling reservoir compaction through linearizing coupled solid and flow field equations and constructing a local material integrator. In part II of this work, we focus on verification and performance analysis of our numerical formulation and computer implementation using several numerical examples. First, we design a cube problem in triaxial compression to verify our numerical formulation and computer code implementation especially for rock formation in compaction using cap plasticity models. The finite element prediction on stresses is compared with the analytical solution. The second problem we select is a strip footing problem popular in the geotechnical area where the evolution of soil consolidation degrees following the diffusion of pore pressure is the main interest. In this example, we demonstrate a good performance of the proposed numerical formulation on solving different shear and compaction-dominated deformation behaviors by varying the footing length. Importantly, an extremely sharp cap model based on real experimental data for Leda clays, a challenging cap model, is successfully applied in this footing problem. Our focus in this work is to model field reservoirs undergoing serious compaction. A reservoir with complex payzone geometries, multiple horizontal wells, and cap plasticity models with sharp cap surfaces has been successfully solved using our fully implicit formulation. The last example is to model a horizontal wellbore damage problem. Finally, the sensitivity of predicted subsidence to nonlinear flow model, cap hardening parameters, and Lode angles have been systemically investigated and documented in detail, which can provide a constructive guidance on how to successfully model field reservoir compaction problems with cap plasticity models.     

Nonlinear Analysis of Local Site Effects on Seismic Ground Response in the Bam Earthquake

The influence of local geologic and soil conditions on the intensity of ground shaking is addressed in this study. The amplification of the ground motion due to local site effects resulted in severe damage to dwellings in the Bam area during the 2003 Bam Earthquake. A unique set of strong motion acceleration recordings was obtained at the Bam accelerograph station. Although the highest peak ground acceleration recorded was the vertical component (nearly 1 g), the longitudinal component (fault-parallel motion) clearly had the largest maximum velocity as well as maximum ground displacement. Subsurface geotechnical and geophysical (down-hole) data in two different sites have been obtained and used to estimate the local site condition on earthquake ground motion in the area. The ground response analyses have been conducted considering the nonlinear behavior of the soil deposits using both equivalent linear and nonlinear approaches. The fully nonlinear method embodied in FLAC was used to evaluate the nonlinear soil properties on earthquake wave propagation through the soil layer, and compare with the response from the equivalent linear approach. It is shown that thick alluvium deposits amplified the ground motion and resulted in significant damage in residential buildings in the earthquake stricken region. The comparison of results indicated similar response spectra of the motions for both equivalent and nonlinear analyses, showing peaks in the period range of 0.3–1.5 s. However, the amplification levels of nonlinear analysis were less than the equivalent linear method especially in long periods. The observed response spectra are shown to be above the NEHRP building code design requirements, especially at high frequencies.     

A finite element solution of a fully coupled implicit formulation for reservoir simulation

An iterative method is presented for solving a fully coupled and implicit formulation of fluid flow in a porous medium. The mathematical model describes a set of fully coupled three-phase flow of compressible and immiscible fluids in a saturated oil reservoir. The finite element method is applied to obtain the simultaneous solution (SS) for the resulting highly non-linear partial differential equations where fluid pressures are the primary unknowns. The final discretized equations are solved iteratively by using a fully implicit numerical scheme. Several examples, illustrating the use of the present model, are described. The increased stability achieved with this scheme has permitted the use of larger time steps with smaller material balance errors.     

Numerical analysis of the installation effect of diaphragm walls in saturated soft clay

The construction of diaphragm wall panels can cause the stress change and soil movements in adjacent ground. In this paper, the construction sequence of a typical diaphragm wall panel in saturated soft clay is simulated with a 3D finite element program. The soil is assumed to behave as an isotropic linear elastic/Mohr–Coulomb plastic material with a soil–water coupled consolidation response. Influence of the pore water pressure is concerned to consider the consolidation behavior of the saturated soft clay. The analysis shows that the changes in effective horizontal stress and pore water pressure during diaphragm wall installation depend on arching mechanism and permeability. The variation in stresses and movements of ground computed by the coupled consolidation analysis and the total stress analysis are compared. Influences of the permeability coefficient on the installation effects are discussed by parametric studies. Finally, a case study of a diaphragm wall construction in Shanghai, in which the ground settlements were monitored, is presented to illustrate the prediction procedure of coupled consolidation analysis.     

The effect of backfill cohesion on seismic response of cantilever retaining walls using fully dynamic analysis

The analyses of retaining walls in California showed many backfills are coarse material with some cohesion. In this investigation, seismic response of cantilever retaining walls, backfilled with dirty sandy materials with up to 30 kPa cohesion, is evaluated using fully dynamic analysis. The numerical simulation procedure is first validated using reported centrifuge test results. The validated methodology is then used to investigate the effects of three earthquake ground motions including Kobe, Loma Prieta, and Chi-Chi on seismic response of retaining walls. In addition, the input peak ground acceleration values are varied to consider a wide range of earthquake acceleration intensity.     

Elasto-plastic consolidation analysis for strutted excavation in clay

Ground movements and strut loads in strutted excavations in clay have been observed to change with time. In this paper, the time-dependent behaviour of excavation support system is studied by comparing the results of undrained and consolidation analyses with data from an instrumented excavation project. Dissipation of excess pore pressure is modelled using a fully coupled consolidation analysis while the soil is assumed to be an elastic-perfectly plastic material obeying the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion. The results of the study show that the undrained analysis underestimates the sheet pile wall movement and fail to reflect the progressive movement of the sheet pile. In contrast, these effects are well-predicted by the consolidation analysis, thereby indicating that dissipation of excess negative pore pressure can indeed account for much of the observed progressive ground movement and build-up of strut loads with time. The elasto-plastic consolidation model can also simulate excavation sequence including uneven excavation and time delays in excavation and strutting.     

A diametral deformation method forin situ stress and rock property measurement

Summary Failure deformation of a borehole boundary in response to hydraulic loading via a plastic cylinder is directly related to both the initial stress state and the material properties of the ground. These relationships are utilized for determination ofin situ stress states and material properties of complex geological formations, including fractured hard rock and soft ductile media, by directly measuring diametral deformation of the borehole in relation to the applied pressure. This new method was first developed by means of finite element simulation models, and later confirmed by laboratory model studies. This method was then field tested in an outcropping of homogeneous sandstone and later applied to three underground geological formations: highly stratified shale, rock salt, and fractured green schist. Some of the results of these field applications are presented here to illustrate the validity and usefulness of this method, especially for complex ground where the conventional methods of overcoring and hydrofracturing may be ineffective. The instrumentation of this method involves a borehole probe which utilizes electrically powered hydraulic pumping and computerized data acquisition for rapid measurement and on-site analysis. The significance of the new method is its ability to obtain input data ofin situ stress states and material properties for finite element analysis of earth structures in complex ground.     

Three‐dimensional finite element modeling of tire/ground interaction

Tire/ground interaction has been an important issue in terramechanics, transportation and pavement engineering. Characterization of tire/ground interaction has been majorly investigated based on empirical approaches and field tests. So far very few dynamic tire/ground interaction models have been presented. This paper presents a three‐dimensional finite element model for tire/ground interaction. The rubber material is modeled as nearly incompressible finite strain hyperelasticity instead of being modeled as a rigid wheel. The tire is also modeled as bias type and steel rebars are embedded within the tire structure. The tire model is combined with the ground model to form a tire/ground interaction model. Both single tire/ground interaction and four‐tire vehicle/pavement interaction models are presented, which allow us to investigate a lot of issues easily and accurately, such as compaction, pavement response and pavement damage. Numerous simulations are carried out to demonstrate that the dynamic tire/terrain interaction model can be used to predict the dynamic ground response due to moving vehicle. Different tire rolling conditions can be easily incorporated into the tire/ground interaction model, which further substantiates the broad application of the model in transportation and pavement engineering. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.