边坡桩-土相互作用的土拱力学模型与桩间距问题

桩-土相互作用机制是边坡抗滑桩设计需要考虑的重要因素之一。基于抗滑桩在侧向荷载作用下的受力条件,通过土力学和弹性力学的基本理论,导出了桩-土作用下桩后土体任意点的应力解析解,建立了土拱的力学模型;获得了土拱应力的等值线分布,得出了双曲拱、扩肩拱、马鞍拱和圆弧拱4种土拱形态,分析了不同桩间距、桩宽、桩后距离及土体力学特性对土拱效应的影响及其变化规律,阐明了土拱的作用机制。以拱体内土体破坏时的极限平衡状态为依据,基于Mohr-Coulomb抗剪强度理论建立了最大桩间距控制方程,并给出了具体的工程实例,对桩-土相互作用机制和抗滑桩设计理论研究具有一定的参考价值。     

抗滑桩截面尺寸对土拱性状的影响

抗滑桩在高边坡的治理中应用广泛,土拱性状（包括土拱类型和土拱高度）对抗滑桩的设计有重要意义,而土拱性状会受抗滑桩截面尺寸的影响。本文首先采用数值模拟分析桩截面尺寸对土拱性状的影响;继而结合力学计算解释土拱类型及土拱高度变化的原因。结果表明,在桩间净距一定的情况下,随着桩截面尺寸的减小,土拱类型更易于从端承拱过渡到摩擦拱。对于端承拱,土拱高度主要受桩背宽度及桩背所受应力的影响,且随着桩背宽度的增大,土拱高度随之增大。对于摩擦拱,土拱高度主要受桩截面高度及桩截面高度所受应力的影响,且随着桩截面高度的增大,土拱高度也随之增大。     

基坑工程中土拱效应分析

针对基坑工程领域土拱理论,分析了几个值得探讨的问题,如土拱的存在形式和地下水对拱的破坏效应等,提出了初步见解,以期对土拱理论的发展和完善起到积极作用。     

桩承式路堤土拱形成及荷载传递机制离散元分析

土拱效应是桩承式路堤中影响荷载传递的关键因素。基于前人的室内模型试验,建立了桩承式路堤离散元（DEM）数值分析模型。基于路堤中应力偏转规律对土拱随桩土相对位移的形成规律进行了分析。在该基础上提出了合理拱轴线土拱模型,并引入荷载传递系数? 对土拱与土拱下方路堤填料间的荷载传递进行量化分析。模拟结果表明,桩土相对位移引起路堤中应力主方向发生偏转并形成虚拟土拱;土拱形态及高度随桩土相对位移的变化而变化,最大拱高约0.8倍桩净间距;? 随土拱高度的增加呈对数关系减小。     

长短桩组合路堤桩三维复合拱土拱效应分析

基于等长桩路堤桩土拱效应的Hewlett分析方法,提出均布荷载作用下长短桩组合路堤桩的三维复合拱土拱效应分析方法。采用有限元法形象描绘土拱效应形成的应力集中形态随长桩与短桩的桩长比不同时的变化,基于此提出三维复合拱的基本理论框架。引入土拱效应系数来表征土拱的强度状态,建立桩帽顶部平面的应力平衡微分方程,结合边界条件及土拱效应系数之间的关系计算长桩和短桩的桩-土应力比;当加筋体存在时,分区域对加筋体进行变形假设,建立考虑加筋体拉力的桩帽顶部应力平衡微分方程。与离心模型试验和现场实测结果及有限元方法的模拟结果进行比较,验证了此方法的合理性,进一步开展参数分析对主要影响因素进行等级评价。分析表明,加筋体的存在明显增大桩-土应力比,尤其当桩帽覆盖率比较小时效果更为明显。     

基于统一强度理论抗滑桩桩间距的计算

在已有抗滑桩桩间距研究的基础上,对桩间土拱进行受力分析.从侧阻力条件和土拱强度条件两个方面对抗滑桩桩间距进行了计算,将统一强度理论引入土拱强度的分析,藉此分别判断拱顶前缘、后缘及拱脚处土体是否处于临界状态,可得3个桩间距值,取相应的最小桩间距作为设计桩间距.此方法对于滑坡推力的矩形、三角形和梯形分布形式均适用,并可考虑...     

桩间土拱效应离心模型试验及数值模拟研究

抗滑桩的设计理念是采用非连续结构,利用土体自身强度形成的拱效应来达到支挡的目的。通过离心模型试验,对抗滑桩加固滑坡形成土拱效应的现象进行研究,再现了桩间土拱形成的现象及其破坏模式。根据试验现象提出两种典型的土拱破坏模式,即拱顶发生破坏和拱脚发生破坏,并提出改善拱脚受力,防止土拱拱脚发生破坏的工程措施。基于离心模型试验,采用二维颗粒流方法对桩间水平土拱的应力分布和破坏过程进行数值模拟分析,提出土拱破坏的判别标准为抗滑桩所承担的荷载发生急剧变化,此时土拱传递荷载的功能部分失效,并研究了桩间土拱承载力与桩间净距的关系。随着桩间净距的增大,土拱承载力变化的趋势并非线性的减小,当桩间净距增大到一定程度后,土拱承载力会急剧减小,由此可合理确定桩间距的范围。     

考虑滑体法向应力突变的阻滑桩成拱效应研究

依据阻滑桩的受力特点,研究了桩间土拱效应的传力机理,分析指出桩间土拱效应是法向应力和拱脚剪切力共同作用而产生的土颗粒挤压变形现象,提出采用突变效应替代常用的桩-土承载比衡量桩间土拱效应的强度及作用范围更为直接可靠.模型桩推力试验结果和三维有限元模型计算表明,桩间水平土拱具一定的纵向效应,据此对比分析了阻滑桩三维与二维计算结果之间的异同,指出桩间土拱效应不仅受桩-土相对位移的影响,同时也受滑体自重应力和滑面摩擦效应的制约.运用二维模型重点研究了桩-土相对位移、桩间净距、推力荷载、土体抗剪强度对桩间土拱效应的影响,将所得规律与已有文献作了进一步地对比,继而总结了上述因素对拱效应的敏感度.     

基于抗滑桩土拱效应形成的细观数值模拟

通过PFC2D数值模拟软件模拟边坡抗滑桩,研究不同桩型、桩间距及不同土体孔隙率对抗滑桩土拱承载能力的影响,利用颗粒位移不同对颗粒进行染色,进而观察土拱效应的形成、发展和破坏的过程。通过一系列数值模拟的比较,揭示出方形抗滑桩的土拱效应比圆形桩承载能力更强,且当桩间距S=4.6D时,土拱达到极限承载能力,之后土拱效应逐渐破坏。根据砂土孔隙率越大土拱效应越明显,但是超过一定区间抗滑桩将失去作用,指出桩的嵌入深度和滑动面以下土层同时影响土拱的承载能力。在观察抗滑桩土拱效应的形成发展及破坏的过程中,从细观角度分析桩间土体的位移与桩的边长之比ρ在（0.2, 0.8）时,才能产生有效的土拱效应。     

被动桩中土拱效应问题的数值分析

被动桩对侧向位移的土层起到遮拦作用的机理主要是土拱效应。采用有限元软件Plaxis 8.1,详细地研究了被动桩中土拱效应的产生机理,分析了导致侧向位移的荷载大小、土体性质、群桩以及桩土接触面性质等影响因素对土拱效应性态和桩土应力分担比的影响,分析表明,桩间距是影响土拱效应的最主要因素。     

钢筋混凝土箱涵竖向土压力理论研究 ——梯形沟谷设涵

梯形沟谷设涵在山区公路和铁路建设中的应用非常广泛。然而,目前规范中尚无梯形沟谷设涵的设计方法。现有的研究主要针对上埋式和沟埋式涵洞,对天然梯形沟谷埋设涵洞时的涵洞受力性状的研究甚少。通过数值模拟得出梯形沟谷设涵时,钢筋混凝土箱型涵洞顶部填土内的应力状态和土拱的分布规律。在此基础上建立理论模型,推导涵洞土压力理论计算式,并验证理论方法的正确性。此外,对涵顶土压力的影响因素进行了参数研究。结果表明,梯形沟谷设涵时涵洞的受力状态不同于上埋式和沟埋式两种情况。当涵顶填土高度到达临界高度时,填土中会形成上、下两层土拱。下层土拱效应使涵顶产生土压力集中,上层土拱效应会减小涵顶的土压力集中。涵顶土压力的大小取决于涵顶的填土高度、沟谷坡角、沟谷宽度、涵洞的几何尺寸及填土的性质。     

Arch in granular materials as a free surface problem

This paper discusses the formation of stable arches in frictional soils. A series of laboratory tests are performed to explore the formation of arches in granular materials, either cohesionless or with small apparent cohesion. By considering the stable soil arch as a stress‐free surface, the analysis in the framework of continuum mechanics reveals that such an arch can only form in cohesive frictional materials. The shape of the arch mainly depends on the material's friction angle, while the critical width of the arch is primarily dominated by cohesion. The formation of stable arches in cohesionless materials is interpreted by taking into account the discrete nature of the material, with the failure of the arch being considered as buckling of particle columns. It is shown that the width of stable arches in cohesionless materials is generally five to seven times of the particle size. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桩承式路堤土拱效应有限元研究

路堤下设置的带承台桩,除了承担承台上方的填土重量外,通过土拱效应还承担桩间土上方的部分重量。将填土重量的大部分传递到地基深部,既增加了路基的稳定性,又减小了路基的沉降。上海国际赛车场建造在软土地基上,为了满足工程需要,除使用了EPS轻质填筑材料外,还在填筑高度较高的地段采用了桩承式路堤作为地基加固方式。为了深入研究土拱效应的工作机制,对上海国际赛车场路堤桩的承台与承台间土压力分布进行了原位测试,并结合实际工况进行有限元分析。结果表明：除了承台上方的土压力相对承台间土有应力集中现象外,承台边缘相对承台中部也有应力集中现象。对EPS的加入和桩体性质的各项参数对于土拱效应产生的影响进行了分析。     

Contours of saturated and unsaturated overhanging slopes at limiting equilibrium condition

Overhangs are frequently observed in riverbanks, coastal headlands, and rock formations. The geometry of an overhang is an input into most slope stability analyses and is often idealised or back-calculated from empirical data. This study investigates the geometries of overhang slopes, which exist while in limiting conditions satisfying static equilibrium with soil strength governed by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The overhanging contour is formulated as the unknown in a boundary value problem and solved for using the slip line theory. Analyses consider nonhomogeneous soils, where cohesion and, if unsaturated, the contribution of suction to the effective stress vary linearly with depth. The solutions are presented in general dimensionless charts. Applications of the charts are illustrated via examples. It has been observed that soil with varying amounts of friction and cohesion could develop overhanging arches of different sizes and shapes. This study shows that the curvature of an overhang becomes more pronounced for small values of φ′ . It is also demonstrated that changing the contribution of suction to the effective stress has a direct impact on the size of an unsaturated soil overhang. Overhanging slope shapes observed in reality may be different from the idealised subset studied in this paper since real slopes are not necessarily at impending failure. The real shapes may be influenced by various physical processes such as weathering, stress variations caused by cycles of wetting-drying. Even so, the results presented in the paper indicated how key soil properties influence slope shapes, albeit it while in limiting conditions.     

Geological and geotechnical context of cover collapse and subsidence in mid-continent US clay-mantled karst

This paper presents a synthesis of geologic and geotechnical concepts to present a unified model of conditions controlling the development of cover-collapse sinkholes and associated ground subsidence. Appropriate engineering response to the hazards associated with collapse and subsidence requires a full understanding of the underlying mechanisms that produce such effects. The geotechnical characteristics of the overlying clay mantle and occurrence of the associated cover-collapse features are not random, but rather are directly tied to the underlying water flow routes and their development through time. The clay mantle and underlying epikarst are two components of a single system, each of the components influencing the other. This paper brings together these two aspects in terms of the author's personal experience and observations as a geologist, geotechnical engineer, hydrogeologist, and caver. A summary of the basic model follows. Much of the clay mantle and pinnacled upper surface of the epikarst form while surface drainage still prevails. At this stage, the karst underdrains are insufficiently developed to transport soils, although some subsidence into cutters occurs because of dissolutional rock removal. Soil arches and macropore flow routes associated with cutters have developed by this stage. As competent deep conduits extend into the area by headward linking, the cutters with the most favorable drains are linked to the conduits first and act as attractors for the development of a tributary, laterally integrated drainage system in the epikarst. Once the most efficient cutter drains become competent to transport soils, the depressed top-of-rock and ground surfaces characteristic of dolines develop. A given doline underdrain is likely to have multiple tributary drains from adjacent cutters, which vary in soil transport competence. Soil stiffness in the clay mantle over the limestone varies as a result of the pattern of stresses imposed as the underlying rock surface is lowered by dissolution and later as soil piping locally removes soils. In the absence of karst, these soils would have developed a laterally uniform, stiff to very stiff consistency. Where soil near the soil-bedrock interface is locally removed, however, the weight of the materials overlying this void is transferred to abutment zones on the pinnacles by soil arches. Local soil loading in the abutment areas of these arches would increase at least on the order of 50% in the case of an isolated cavity. In some cases, multiple closely spaced cutters whose soil arches have narrow, laterally constrained abutment zones bearing on the intervening pinnacles may produce substantially higher soil abutment stresses. If the clays in the abutment zones do not fail, they would respond to this increase in stress by consolidating: stiffening and decreasing in volume. The cutters spanned by the soil arches accumulate raveled soils that are "under-consolidated", the soft zones noted between pinnacles by Sowers. A simple integral of stresses analysis makes it obvious, however that no continuous soft zone exists. It is the transfer of load to the pinnacles through the stiffened abutment soils that allows these locally soft areas to exist. Soil stiffness profiles from borings substantiate this pattern. Cover-collapse features develop where soil transport through cutter drains is sufficient to remove the soils from beneath these arched areas. Two types of collapse have been observed: type 1 collapses have an upward-stoping open void whose rubble pile is removed by transport as fast as it is generated, producing a deep, steep-sided final collapse. In some cases, multiple voids in clusters can form with narrow abutments separating them. Large collapses may involve a progressive failure of several members of a cluster, including intervening pillars. Type 2 features are soil-filled voids limited in their rate of upward growth by the rate of soil removal, have little open void space, and migrate to the ground surface as a column of soft soils, finally producing a shallow depression. The type 2 features have geotechnical significance because of their effect on settlement under imposed loads. A single underdrain system may service both types of features, the behavior of particular voids being dependent on the relative efficiencies of their drains. This behavior can also change with time because backfilling of the underdrains with soil or flushing out of the soil filling can occur with changes in hydrologic or erosional regimes.     

温度对土壤水分运动基本参数的影响

为探讨土壤温度变化对土壤中水分运动过程和运动参数影响机理,在室内实验的基础上结合理论探讨,对不同温度条件下实验土壤的水分特征曲线、导水率、扩散率和比水容量等土壤水分运动基本参数的温度效应进行了研究分析.结果表明:土壤温度对土壤水分性质及土壤结构性质影响显著,二者共同作用使得土壤水分运动过程发生改变,且其影响效应可通过土...     

土质对人工冻土冻结温度影响的试验研究

不同土质的冻结温度是人工冻结法冻结壁设计重要依据。为研究土质对人工冻土冻结温度的影响,选取不同地区人工冻结法施工典型土层开展冻结温度试验,提供了不同地区典型土层的冻结温度范围,并结合水泥土、含盐土冻结温度试验进行对比分析。结果表明：同一地区不同土层的冻结温度随其土颗粒粒径的增大而增大;随水泥掺入比及龄期的增加,水泥土的冻结温度降低;随含盐量的增加,NaCl含盐土冻结温度线性降低,含盐量对氯盐土比对硫酸盐土的冻结温度影响更显著。研究成果对不同土性的冻结壁设计具有指导意义。     

切方边坡悬臂桩桩间土稳定性研究

在调查分析切方边坡悬臂桩桩间土破坏模式的基础上,指出在桩间净距不大的情况下,桩间土多表现为局部滑塌现象。通过分析斜坡切方前的初始应力状态及桩间土滑塌失稳的临界判据,结合岩土强度理论建立了考虑三维土拱效应及切方卸荷的桩间土稳定性分析模型。以襄－渝二线施工过程中某路堑边坡为研究对象,通过计算分析,结合现场施工的观测情况,指出桩间土滑塌曲面的后缘线一般位于桩顶土拱作用的拱圈内侧区域,桩间土多呈拉-剪破坏模式。工程实践表明,采用土钉对桩间土进行加固取得了良好的效果。数值模拟发现,土钉的钻进应穿越桩间土拱有效作用的区域,土颗粒的楔紧挤密效应在一定程度上对土钉起到等效锚固的作用。