《高原地震》第14卷(2002)总目录

第　一　期序言陈铁流 (1)…………………………………………………………………………………昆仑山口西 8 1级地震主要异常及预报过程反思马文静 (2 )………………………………昆仑山口西 8 1级地震应急工作概况及震后有关问题的思考哈辉 (11)…………………昆仑山口西 8 1级地震地表破裂的类型与性质王赞军 ,党光明 ,张瑞斌 ,等 (17)…………东昆仑断裂带强震构造条件研究张瑞斌 ,张晓梅 ,王赞军 ,等 (2 6 )…………………………昆仑山口西 8 1级巨震后欧亚带和中国大陆及云南地震趋势研究石绍先 ,曹刻 (32 )……昆仑山口西 8 1级地震前活…     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震调查

据我国地震台网测定 ,2 0 0 1年 1 1月 1 4日在新疆、青海交界的昆仑山布喀达坂峰附近 ,即昆仑山口西发生ＭＳ8 1地震 ,震中位于北纬 3 6 2°,东经 90 9°。这是自 1 951年 1 1月 1 8日西藏当雄 8级大地震以来 ,在我国大陆发生的最大一次地震。震后 ,中国地震局工程地震研究中心同铁道部第一勘察设计院、中国地震局兰州地震研究所迅速组成联合调查组对地震地表破裂带和工程震害进行了调查。野外考察表明 ,昆仑山口西 8 1级地震位于昆仑山南麓近东西向展布的昆仑山断裂上 ,这条地震断层以左旋走滑破裂为主 ,兼有少量的逆冲滑动分量 ,最大左…     

西部及邻区两次强震序列的震级特征及其力学解释

2001年11月14日中国西部青藏高原发生昆仑山口西8．1级强震，2003年9月27日新疆北部的中俄蒙交界再次发生7．9级强震，这两次特大地震时隔不到2年，引起了地震学界的广泛关注和深入研究。本文结合前人的地震震源破裂过程研究结果，利用物理学中的科里奥利力效应对这两次地震序列表现出的不同震级特征进行了一种可能的力学解释。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地震活动异常图像初步研究

通过对昆仑山口西8．1级地震前较大范围的5级以上地震活动性研究，发现地震前空间上存在着5级地震围空和条带现象，时间进程上出现了5级地震活动增强以及GL值高值波动变化现象。还分析讨论了中国大陆几次8级地震后中国西部强震活动特点，认为新疆地区今后几年6级以上地震活动可能处于相对活跃状态。     

2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震地表同震位移分布特征

沿长约 4 2 6km的 2 0 0 1年昆仑山口西MS8 1地震地表破裂带共获得 2 91个点的地表同震水平左旋位移数据 ,并在其中 1 1 1个点获得了垂直位移数据。该地震总体以左旋水平位移为主 ,兼具一定的垂直位移。最大地表左旋水平位移值可达 6 4m ,平均水平位移约为 2 7m ,绝大多数测点的垂直位移均 <1m。地表水平位移沿主破裂带走向位移梯度变化于 1 0 - 1～ 1 0 - 4之间 ,这一起伏变化可能起因于野外测量误差、沿主破裂带岩性或松散沉积物厚度的变化、地表破裂带几何结构的不均匀性、地表破裂走向的变化、不同破裂段在昆仑山口西 8 1级地震之前的地震中滑动量的起伏变化 ,以及大量非脆性变形、次级破裂的存在等。水平位移沿主破裂带的长波长 (数十公里至数百公里 )起伏变化较有规律 ,在布喀达坂峰以东表现为分别以 5个水平位移峰值为中心而有规律地起伏变化。这5个位移峰值分别对应于不同的次级地震地表破裂段。各破裂段水平位移峰值均向阶区或拐点逐渐衰减 ,不同地表破裂段位移峰值向两侧衰减的速率是不同的 ,这种位移梯度的不对称分布可能指示了地震破裂的扩展方向。上述位移分布特征真实地反映了地表可见脆     

对昆仑山口西8.1级大震后地震形势的初步估计

使用大陆内部强震活动与周缘地震带强震活动相关性研究，初步估计了2001年昆仑山口西8.1级大震后未来的地震趋势，认为8．1级大震后我国大陆第5个地震活跃期已经结束。同时，对华东地区今后几年的地震趋势进行了估计，认为今后几年华东地区中等地震可能比较活跃，活动水平为5—6级。     

2001年昆仑山口西Ms 8.1地震最大位移讨论

最大位移是认识地震破裂机理和断层未来地震危险性的最重要参数之一。对 2 0 0 1年 11月 14日发生的昆仑山口西 8 1级地震地表破裂带最大位移的调查有多种结果。通过野外调查发现 ,本次地震地表最大同震水平位移 6 4± 1 4m ,位于库赛湖东北 (93 2 2 6 6°E ,35 7779°N) ,最大垂直位移 5 2± 0 2m ,与水平位移分布基本一致。影响本次地震地表破裂带地表位移测量的因素很多 ,其中断裂带多期活动、地震地表破裂带构造形式复杂 ,以及特殊的冰川冻土区地貌位移标志是主要因素。     

强震造成的活动地块地壳形变差异探讨

20 0 1年 11月 14日发生在昆仑山口西的 8 1级地震 ,在地表产生了长度大于 35 0km的破裂带 ,最大水平位移 6m左右 ,为左旋走滑断层。在昆仑山口西 8 1级地震周围不同活动地块内不同构造部位布设的GPS基准站对地震的响应存在明显的差异。其中位于柴达木活动地块内部的德令哈基准站在地震的当天观测到 7 5mm的同震位移 ,位于川滇活动地块西南边界带的下关基准站在震后 3d发生了 6 8mm以上的明显位移 ,而位于同一地块内部的昆明基准站和位于祁连山活动地块内的西宁基准站、位于拉萨活动地块内的拉萨基准站震时和震后都没有产生明显的位移。GPS基准站的观测资料表明 ,强震所处的活动地块和其相邻活动地块对强震有明显的响应 ,如果相隔一活动地块 ,则受强震的影响较小 ;在活动地块内 ,活动强烈的边界带或其它活动较强的部位对强震引起的地壳形变的响应明显大于活动强度较弱的部位 ;强震对相邻活动地块影响的差异 ,主要与强震所处活动地块运动时对其产生的作用方式的差异有关     

昆仑山口西MS 81级地震地表破裂带高分辨率卫星影像特征研究

2001年11月14日昆仑山口西发生81级地震.应用高分辨率卫星影像进行地震地表破裂带解译，10m分辨率SPOT卫星影像能够清楚地反映出地震地表破裂主破裂带的形迹, 1m分辨率IKONOS影像能反映出地震地表破裂的精细结构及运动特征.结果表明，昆仑山口西81级地震地表破裂带主要位于东昆仑断裂南麓冲洪积台地或冲洪积台地后缘的地貌陡变带和断层谷地里，是一条叠置在先存破裂带上的地震破裂带.在布喀达坂峰以东的地表破裂带长近350km，由3条次级破裂组成，走向100°.流经破裂带的一系列沟谷发生左旋同步扭曲，平均滑动速率为134～168mm/a，属AA级活动水平.最大左旋位错78m，地震破裂带最宽达1250m，宏观震中位于93°17′E，35°47′N，即玉西峰附近的地震地表破裂带上.     

8.1级地震对中国大陆地震形势的影响及青海地震趋势的探讨

昆仑山口西8．1级地震后中国大陆地震活动一度出现了少有的平静态势，2003年中强地震出现了明显的增强过程，尤其是6级以上强震活跃。从8．1级巨震的孕育背景、历史巨震震例及现今地震活动分布格局对中国大陆的强震形势及青海的地震趋势进行了分析讨论，认为未来数年中国大陆西部存在发生7级地震的背景，青海地区强震危险区可能仍以东昆仑断裂带及邻近的唐古拉地震带为主。     

对1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震地表破裂带展布及位移特征的新认识

1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震发生之后,诸多资料报道了唐山市南侧展布的长8～11km的地震地表破裂带.该地表破裂带由10余条NE方向、具右旋走滑特征的地表破裂呈左阶形式组成,总体走向N30°E,最大右旋位移2.3m,多数地段的垂直位移为0.5 ～0.7m.近年有学者提出,在更大范围内出现的地表破坏现象.分辨这些地表破...     

STUDY ON DISPLACEMENT OF THE PEAKS OF THE HIMALAYA GENERATED BY THE 2015 NEPAL EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE

Based on the rupture models of the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence and half space homogeneous elastic model, the displacement field near the epicenters is estimated. The horizontal components converge to the epicenters from north and south with maximum value of 871~962mm. The farther the epicenter distance is, the smaller of the horizontal displacement occurred. The displacement on the south side of the epicenters decreases more rapidly than that on the north side as the distance from the epicenter increased. Significant settlement occurred on the north side of the epicenters with maximum of 376~474mm, while large uplift occurred on the epicenters and its south side with maximum value of 626~677mm. Then, the displacement of the peaks of the Himalaya near the epicenters is estimated. The largest displacement occurred at the peak of Shishapangma with 393mm horizontal component and 36mm settlement. Mt. Everest, the world's highest peak, moves 36mm in nearly southward direction with 9mm settlement. The displacements of other peaks of the Himalaya are different with the epicentral distance and azimuth of the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence.     

对1937年托索湖7.5级地震若干问题的探讨

1937年托索湖7.5级地震发生在东昆仑活动断裂带的东段,前人曾对该地震组织过4次不同程度的考察,并得出了4种不同的结果。带着上述问题对该地震地表破裂带重新进行了实地考察、测量和综合研究,然后对该地震地表破裂带的西端点、最大左旋水平位移量、最大垂直位移量、宏观震中等问题进行了重新厘定,认为1937年托索湖7.5级地震地表破裂带西端点在阿拉克湖以西,长度至少为240km,最大左旋水平位移量为8m,垂直位移量为3.5m,宏观震中在三岔口一带     

四川西昌1850年地震地表破裂特征研究

本文对则木河断裂带上各种地震地表破裂现象作了调查和时代方面的研究,结果表明,1850年西昌地震在西昌北的李金堡至宁南的松新间形成了长达90km的地震形变带。地震位错的最大水平位移为7m,垂直位移一般为0.5～2m,对地震形变带中的各种变形遗迹和地震地表破裂特征的研究表明,则木河断裂是这次地震的发震构造,震中位于大箐梁子一带,震中烈度达Ⅹ～Ⅺ。地震破裂的力学性质为左旋扭张,与则木河断裂晚第四纪以来的活动一致。地震破裂具有向南突出发展的不对称特点     

Average slip-rate and recent large earthquake ruptures along the Garzê-Yushu fault

Our field investigation obtains new evidence of the later Quaternary activity and recent large earthquake ruptures of the Garzê-Yushu fault. The average left-lateral slip-rate along the fault is determined to be (12 ± 2) mm/a for the last 50000 years from both offset landforms and ages of the correlative sediments. This result is very close to the estimated average left-lateral slip-rate for the Xianshuihe fault, suggesting that the horizontal movement along the northern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan active tectonic block and the northeastern boundary of the Qiangtang active tectonic block has been basically harmonious during the later Quaternary period. Remains of ground ruptures of recent large earthquakes have been discovered along all 3 segments of the fault, of which, the 1896 rupture on the northwestern segment is at least 70 km long, and its corresponding earthquake could be of moment magnitude 7.3. The latest rupture on the middle segment of the fault has a length of about 180 km, and was produced by an unknown-age large earthquake that could have a moment magnitude of about 7.7. Along the southeastern segment of the fault, the latest unknown-age rupture is about 65 km long and has a maximum left-lateral coseismic displacement of 5.3 m, and its corresponding earthquake is estimated to be as large as about 7.3 of moment magnitude. Based on relevant investigation, an inference has been drawn that the later two large earthquakes probably occurred in 1854 and 1866, respectively. These demonstrate that the individual segments of the studied Garzê-Yushu fault are all able to produce large earthquakes.     

LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE CENTRAL SEGMENT OF THE DARI FAULT AND RESTUDY OF THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF THE 1947 M73/4 DARI EARTHQUAKE,QINGHAI PROVINCE

Bayan Hara Block is one of the most representative active blocks resulting from the lateral extrusion of Tibet Plateau since the Cenozoic. Its southern and northern boundary faults are characterized by typical strike-slip shear deformation. Its eastern boundary is blocked by the Yangze block and its horizontal movement is transformed into the vertical movement of the Longmen Shan tectonic belt, leading to the uplift of the Longmen Shan Mountains and forming a grand geomorphic barrier on the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. A series of large earthquakes occurred along the boundary faults of the Bayan Hara Block in the past twenty years, which have attracted attention of many scholars. At present, the related studies of active tectonics on Bayan Hara Block are mainly concentrated on the boundary faults, such as Yushu-Ganzi-Xianshuihe Fault, East Kunlun Fault and Longmen Shan Fault. However, there are also some large faults inside the block, which not only have late Quaternary activity, but also have tectonic conditions to produce strong earthquake. These faults divide the Bayan Hara Block into some secondary blocks, and may play important roles in the kinematics and dynamics mechanism of the Bayan Hara Block, or even the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. The Dari Fault is one of the left-lateral strike-slip faults in the Bayan Hara Block. The Dari Fault starts at the eastern pass of the Kunlun Mountains, extends eastward through the south of Yalazela, Yeniugou and Keshoutan, the fault strike turns to NNE direction at Angcanggou, then turns to NE direction again at Moba town, Qinghai Province, and the fault ends near Nanmuda town, Sichuan Province, with a total length of more than 500km. The fault has been considered to be a late Quaternary active fault and the 1947 M73/4 Dari earthquake was produced by its middle segment. But studies on the late Quaternary activity of the Dari Fault are still weak. The previous research mainly focused on the investigation of the surface rupture and damages of the 1947 M73/4 Dari earthquake. However, there were different opinions about the scale of the M73/4 earthquake surface rupture zone. Dai Hua-guang(1983)thought that the surface rupture of the earthquake was about 150km long, but Qinghai Earthquake Agency(1984)believed that the length of surface rupture zone was only 58km. Based on interpretation of high-resolution images and field investigations, in this paper, we studied the late Quaternary activity of the Dari Fault and the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake. Late Quaternary activity in the central segment of the Dari Fault is particularly significant. A series of linear tectonic landforms, such as fault trough valley, fault scarps, fault springs and gully offsets, etc. are developed along the Dari Fault. And the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake is still relatively well preserved. We conducted a follow-up field investigation for the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake and found that the surface rupture related to the Dari earthquake starts at Longgen village in Moba town, and ends near the northwest of the Yilonggounao in Jianshe town, with a length of about 70km. The surface rupture is primarily characterized by scarps, compressional ridges, pull-apart basins, landslides, cleavage, and the coseismic offset is about 2~4m determined by a series of offset gullies. The surface rupture zone extends to the northwest of Yilonggounao and becomes ambiguous. It is mainly characterized by a series of linear fault springs along the surface rupture zone. Therefore, we suggest that the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake ends at the northwest of Yilonggounao. In summary, the central segment of the Dari Fault can be characterized by strong late Quaternary activity, and the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake is about 70km long.     

基于SAR影像偏移量获取汶川地震二维形变场

本文以ALOS卫星PALSAR影像为数据源,采用强度图像偏移量方法获得的整个汶川地震地表二维形变场显示,整个映秀-北川地表破裂带全长约240 km,从西南端的虹口往北东方向一直延伸到青川县附近,在虹口及北川县城所在地为两个形变量最大区域,偏移量可达4~6 m,局部更是达到了6~8 m.在高川乡附近出现一斜列拉分阶区,宽约8~10 km.在映秀-北川断层的地表破裂迹线南侧约12 km处还有一条汉旺-白鹿次级破裂带,从漩口镇一直延伸到秀水镇,长度大约100 km,在白鹿附近形变量较大,可达3~4 m.另外在小鱼洞附近可见一个NW 走向、长宽约10×5 km、形变幅度达3~4 m的连接以上两条破裂带的地表破裂带,性质为逆冲兼具左旋走滑.研究表明,利用SAR影像偏移量法能够获取近场几米量级的大形变量及客观揭示断层破裂迹线的真实形态和分段特征,可以成为野外观测、InSAR等手段的有益补充,综合以上几种观测手段,优势互补,我们可以构建更为真实的断层模型,进而对汶川地震的复杂破裂过程有更深入的了解.     

汶川地震白沙河段最大地表水平位移量的成因分析

最大同震位移量是活动构造研究、断层活动特性判定和地震危险性分析的一个重要参数,它关系到地震危险区最大震级、地震复发间隔的确定等定量评估。地震地表破裂的同震位移分布十分复杂,影响因素也多种多样。汶川8.0级地震是一个以逆冲型为主的破裂事件,同震位移多表现为垂直位错,同时也存在右旋走滑位移,这与震源机制解的结果以及破裂面上擦痕所显示的运动方式基本一致。此次地震的最大同震水平位移量为4.5m,附近还有高达5m的垂直位移量。破裂的几何学和运动学分析表明,最大水平位移量可能是逆冲量沿不同方向破裂带分解以及断裂倾角变化的结果     

设定地震地表破裂阈值下的一种条件概率分析模型

大量的研究表明,地震地表破裂长度（或位移量）L（D）与地震强度之间具有良好的统计关系：LgL（D）=a＋bMs,a、b系数取决于所处地震地质区域及发震断层性质的差异;研究同时表明,地震破裂的错动面积（A′）实际上反映了地震作用沿断层面破裂时的能量转换,它可以描述为：A′=∫L0乙f（L）dL,f（L）的物理意义表示为破裂总位移量（水平位移与垂直位移的矢量和）D′沿破裂长度的分布,D′～N（μ,σ2）。在对发震断层的设定地震进行讨论的基础上,给出了地震地表破裂的分析预测模型,即从建、构筑物的抗震设防水平出发,对于给定的场地容许的破裂尺度L（D）c,不突破此一破裂尺度L（D）c的场地地震地表破裂概率可以表示为：P（L〈Lc）=∫LC0乙g（L）dL,破裂尺度L（D）相对于不同的地震震级服从对数正态分布LN（μ,σ2）。     

NEW EVIDENCES OF HOLOCENE ACTIVITY IN THE JIANGSU SEGMENT OF ANQIU-JUXIAN FAULT OF THE TANLU FAULT ZONE

Anqiu-Juxian Fault is an important fault in the Tanlu fault zone, with the largest seismic risk, the most recent activity date and the most obvious surface traces. It is also the seismogenic fault of the Tancheng M8 1/2 earthquake in 1668. There are many different views about the southern termination location of surface rupture of the Tancheng earthquake and the Holocene activity in Jiangsu segment of this fault. Research on the latest activity time of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault, particularly the termination location of surface rupture of the Tancheng earthquake, is of great significance to the assessment of its earthquake potential and seismic risk. Based on trench excavation on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault, we discuss the time and characteristics of its latest activity. Multiple geological sections from southern Maling Mountain to Chonggang Mountain indicate that there was an ancient seismic event occurring in Holocene on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault. We suggest the time of the latest seismic event is about(4.853±0.012)~(2.92±0.3)ka BP by dating results. The latest activity is characterized by thrust strike-slip faulting, with the maximum displacement of 1m. Combined with the fault rupture characteristics of each section, it is inferred that only one large-scale paleo-earthquake event occurred on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault since the Holocene. The upper parts of the fault are covered by horizontal sand layers, not only on the trench in the west of Chonggang mountain but also on the trench in Hehuan Road in Suqian city, which indicates that the main part of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault was probably not the surface rupture zone of the 1668 Tancheng M8 1/2 earthquake. In short, the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault has experienced many paleo-earthquake events since the late Pleistocene, with obvious activity during the Holocene. The seismic activities of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault have the characteristics of large magnitude and low frequency. The Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault has the deep tectonic and seismic-geological backgrounds of big earthquakes generation and should be highly valued by scientists.