Harmonisation requirements and capabilities towards a European spatial data infrastructure (ESDI): the HUMBOLDT protected areas scenario

Abstract

The HUMBOLDT project has the aim of implementing a Framework for harmonisation of data and services in the geoinformation domain, under the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) Directive and in the context of the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) Initiative. The two-pronged approach of HUMBOLDT comprises a technical side of software framework development and an application side of scenario testing and validation. Among the HUMBOLDT Application Scenarios designed to demonstrate the capabilities of the Framework there is the one covering Protected Areas themes and use cases. It aims to transform geoinformation, managed by park authorities, into a seamless flow that combines multiple information sources from different governance levels (European, national, regional), and exploits this newly combined information for the purposes of planning, management and tourism promotion. The Scenario constitutes a step further towards the integration of monitoring systems envisaged in the view of Digital Earth. Protected Areas Scenario creates an examples of the use of the HUMBOLDT tools in Desktop and Web GIS environment, together with setting up a server environment exploiting HUMBOLDT harmonisation framework as taking into account user requirements and needs and providing benefits for making the road to ESDI establishment easier.     

测绘地理信息“十三五”重大项目研究

总结了测绘地理信息重大项目的实施情况和实施效果,分析了新时期经济社会对测绘地理信息服务需求的主要特点,提出了“十三五”测绘地理信息重大项目布局的基本思路,凝练出一批事关事业发展全局的重大项目,以期对测绘地理信息项目管理决策有所参考借鉴。     

Thinking Outside the Disciplinary Box in Coping with Dilemmas in Geoinformation Management for Public Policy

Notwithstanding optimistic rhetoric about integrating geospatial data from different sources and supporting good governance, much of the literature on geoinformation management is limited to a technical orientation with a positivist paradigm. Complex geoinformation management, like public policy, must go beyond these boundaries. The article calls attention to the underexposed role of dilemmas in geoinformation management and how to cope with them. It uses lessons from the development of ‘integrated surveys’ at the former International Training Centre for Aerial Survey (ITC) in The Netherlands as an early and practical case of managing geoinformation for public policy some 40 years ago. These lessons are apparently also relevant to modern digital geoinformation management, as in SDI. Focus on public policy requires not only integration of geospatial data from different sources but also integration of geoinformation into complex decision‐making processes. This complexity probably creates dilemmas because of mutually incompatible perspectives between different actors on what is to be managed. Geoinformation management for public policy therefore requires the ability to find, over and over again, a common ground between and beyond incompatible perspectives. The article proposes a ‘transdisciplinary’ framing of geoinformation management to support the required thinking outside the box.     

Geothopica and the interactive analysis and visualization of the updated Italian National Geothermal Database

The Italian National Geothermal Database (BDNG), is the largest collection of Italian Geothermal data and was set up in the 1980s. It has since been updated both in terms of content and management tools: information on deep wells and thermal springs (with temperature > 30 °C) are currently organized and stored in a PostgreSQL relational database management system, which guarantees high performance, data security and easy access through different client applications. The BDNG is the core of the Geothopica web site, whose webGIS tool allows different types of user to access geothermal data, to visualize multiple types of datasets, and to perform integrated analyses. The webGIS tool has been recently improved by two specially designed, programmed and implemented visualization tools to display data on well lithology and underground temperatures.This paper describes the contents of the database and its software and data update, as well as the webGIS tool including the new tools for data lithology and temperature visualization. The geoinformation organized in the database and accessible through Geothopica is of use not only for geothermal purposes, but also for any kind of georesource and CO₂ storage project requiring the organization of, and access to, deep underground data. Geothopica also supports project developers, researchers, and decision makers in the assessment, management and sustainable deployment of georesources.     

Design Considerations and Evaluation of a Collaborative, Spatio-Temporal Decision Support System

Collaborative spatial decision support systems (C‐SDSS) have been used to help groups of stakeholders understand data and search for opportunities at resolving local and regional decision problems in various domains including land use, trans‐ portation, and water resources. The key issue in designing an effective C‐SDSS is the anticipation of user information needs. Knowledge of user information needs can guide system designers in achieving a C‐SDSS that fits the decision process. In this paper we present a design approach that is informed by stakeholder concerns, as part of a user needs assessment. The approach is based on the premise that knowing stakeholders’ concerns can help anticipate user information needs and consequently lead to a more usable C‐SDSS. We demonstrate the approach with the example of a spatio‐temporal decision problem involving conjunctive water administration in the Boise River Basin in southwestern Idaho. The spatial dimension of the decision task involves delineating the areas of conjunctive water administration while the temporal dimension involves selecting the year in which a given area will start to be administered. We show how the elicitation of stakeholder concerns leads to functional specification of a collaborative spatio‐temporal decision support system.     

地理信息产业扩张阶段及应用分析

根据产业经济学的观点,提出我国地理信息产业目前处于产业扩张阶段的观点,推动产业规模迅速扩大成为行业发展的主要目标。由于派生性特点,寻求地理信息的本源性需求是产业完成扩张的关键问题,利用地理信息反映的价格信息支持社会公众经济博弈活动将是地理信息巨大的本源性需求。本文建议在产业扩张阶段应当瞄准社会公众、探索对公众生活进行博弈支持的服务方式。     

基于VRMap的惠州市地质灾害信息三维可视化管理系统

对以VRMap为开发平台,利用三维可视化技术管理地质灾害信息的方法进行了研究。该方法以三维可视化窗口作为前台用户与地质灾害信息数据库交流的渠道,为用户提供更便捷高效的信息查询、分析功能和结果反馈途径。该方法成功应用于惠州市地质灾害信息三维可视化管理系统中,具有较高的研究价值和广阔的应用前景。     

京津冀城市群1990—2015年城区时空扩展监测与分析

城区作为城镇化表征的重要指标,在城镇化时空扩展分析中有着重要的意义。然而,目前城区边界存在相关概念混杂导致对其认识缺乏统一、划定标准和数据来源缺乏一致性、遥感监测所用影像分辨率较低、以建设用地（不透水面）替代城区等问题。针对上述问题,参考住房和城乡建设部的建成区概念和城区地域分布范围,充分挖掘高分辨率遥感影像展现的城市景观和形态等空间可视化特征,从城市实际建设完成情况出发,本文提出了基于高分辨率影像和地理信息资料辅助的城区半自动化提取方法。获取了京津冀城市群153个县级以上城市的1990、2002、2015年的遥感影像、多元地理信息参考资料,开展了该区域的城区边界提取,并从时空扩展过程、城区空间形态及结构变化、城区扩展协调性、城区扩展占用土地类型4个方面对京津冀城市群1/4世纪的城镇化过程进行了统计分析。提出的技术方法和监测分析结果对于城镇化发展监测和城市规划实施评估具有重要的参考价值。     

基于GIS的OWA方法在城市防灾规划中的应用

作为一个多准则评价的相对较新概念,基于GIS的OWA方法可以通过权重计算产生多种决策策略。分析了OWA方法与布尔决策和权重线性叠加（WLC）等多准则评价方法在决策策略上的区别,介绍了依据次序重要性来计算次序权重和应用层次分析程序（AHP）构建比较矩阵来计算准则权重的方法,并应用于唐山市防灾规划,计算了唐山市地质灾害影响下的土地利用适宜度。在分析计算结果的基础上,为唐山市土地资源的合理开发提出了建议。     

信息化质检系统数据库设计

针对国内大多测绘质检软件还仅限于满足成果质检需要的现状,该文提出了面向所有地理信息产品信息化质检系统的构建思想,采用数据库设计的理论和方法,详细论述了满足信息化质检系统的数据库概念模型结构及关系模型结构。基于该数据库模型,研发了测绘地理信息产品质量检验与评价系统。实践应用表明,该数据库模型能够满足信息化质检系统的需要。但数据库设计是一个不断优化的过程,在应用开发过程中可根据具体情况进一步完善。     

在自然资源管理中发挥测绘地理信息科技创新作用研究

2018年10月，自然资源部研究印发了《自然资源科技创新发展规划纲要》，提出了以“一核两深三系”为主体的自然资源重大科技创新战略。测绘地理信息技术已广泛应用于资源生态环境调查和对人口、经济、社会等空间分布规律研究。测绘地理信息科技创新是自然资源调查监测、国土空间优化管控、生态保护修复技术体系（“三系”）建设的重要内容，也是深地探测、深海探测国际科学前沿（“两深”）研究的重要手段。分析了自然资源管理内涵，结合《自然资源科技创新发展规划纲要》中有关自然资源科技创新发展任务布局，提出了测绘地理信息科技创新在自然资源管理中的相关任务建议。     

基于“天地图·黑龙江”应急救灾地理信息采集平台的设计与实现

测绘地理信息是有效应对自然灾害的基础性关键信息,对应急测绘保障体系的研究与建设具有重大意义。随着应急地理信息的获取、传输、处理与共享应用技术的高速发展,传统信息采集技术难以满足应急救灾地理信息快速实时采集的需求,因此,本文针对应急救灾行业,建立了基于"天地图·黑龙江"应急救灾地理信息采集平台,为行业提供应急救灾信息快速采集更新的手段,为政府部门提供决策辅助和技术支持,同时也对进一步提升科技创新,增强测绘地理信息对公共安全的应急保障能力,具有重要意义和潜在价值。     

Multi-criteria,personalized route planning using quantifier-guided ordered weighted averaging operators

This paper presents a generic model for using different decision strategies in multi-criteria, personalized route planning. Some researchers have considered user preferences in navigation systems. However, these prior studies typically employed a high tradeoff decision strategy, which used a weighted linear aggregation rule, and neglected other decision strategies. The proposed model integrates a pairwise comparison method and quantifier-guided ordered weighted averaging (OWA) aggregation operators to form a personalized route planning method that incorporates different decision strategies. The model can be used to calculate the impedance of each link regarding user preferences in terms of the route criteria, criteria importance and the selected decision strategy. Regarding the decision strategy, the calculated impedance lies between aggregations that use a logical “and” (which requires all the criteria to be satisfied) and a logical “or” (which requires at least one criterion to be satisfied). The calculated impedance also includes taking the average of the criteria scores. The model results in multiple alternative routes, which apply different decision strategies and provide users with the flexibility to select one of them en-route based on the real world situation. The model also defines the robust personalized route under different decision strategies. The influence of different decision strategies on the results are investigated in an illustrative example. This model is implemented in a web-based geographical information system (GIS) for Isfahan in Iran and verified in a tourist routing scenario. The results demonstrated, in real world situations, the validity of the route planning carried out in the model.     

Adaptable User Profiles for Intelligent Geospatial Queries

The geospatial information user community is becoming increasingly diverse, with numerous users accessing distributed datasets for various types of applications. Currently in GIS, unlike traditional databases, there is a lack of machine learning algorithms to customize information retrieval results. Thus the particular interests of individual users are not taken into account in traditional geospatial queries. In this paper we present a system that adjusts query results based on user requirements and needs. It does so by using a collection of fuzzy functions that express user preference specifically in GIS environments. The focus of this work is on preference learning for one‐dimensional, quantitative attributes, and on the customization of geospatial queries using this information. The model used to express user preferences adjusts gradually to the underlying complexity during a training process, starting with fairly simple linear functions and progressing to complex non‐linear ones as needed. Our advanced modeling capabilities are demonstrated through an applicability example, and statistical simulations show the robustness of our system.     

用户模型驱动的遥感信息智能服务方法

传统的浏览下载的遥感信息服务模式存在被动性、同一性等缺点,如何主动、准确地满足用户的个性化需求已成为遥感信息服务的焦点问题。本文针对遥感信息在空间和波谱上的覆盖特性,引入区间数学的方法建立了用户模型,描述用户兴趣在遥感信息核心元数据上的分布特征。提出关联度和兴趣度概念用来评价遥感信息对用户兴趣的满足程度,设计了基于拓扑关系的关联函数定量计算关联度。通过将待分发遥感信息作为备选方案构建了决策矩阵,从而将遥感信息的智能服务问题转化为多属性决策问题,实现了面向用户兴趣的遥感信息主动推荐。     

我国地理信息产业园发展现状分析及对策建议

产业园是产业集聚的一种表现形式。我国地理信息产业近年来快速发展,各地纷纷兴建地理信息产业园。本文总结了我国地理信息产业园的发展现状,剖析了其中存在的问题,同时提出了相关对策及建议。     

大数据视角下的地矿工作发展与变革研究

本文提出了地矿大数据应用需要考虑地球系统和社会系统两个方面的内部规律,分析了地矿大数据的三类组成,给出了地矿大数据的四层应用架构;重点就大数据下地矿工作发展和变革提出了四项建议,包括重视数据,转变地矿工作决策模式;收集数据,夯实地矿工作决策基础;分析数据,提高地矿工作科学决策水平;开放数据,提高地矿工作服务能力和水平。     

Using geoinformatics and geomorphometrics to quantify the geodiversity of Crete,Greece

The geodiversity of Crete is quantified in this study, based on the classification of geomorphometric, geological and climatic factors. A number of geomorphometric variables, extracted from the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER G-DEM) in conjunction with geological and climatic information, are evaluated through various algorithms incorporated into Geographical Information System (GIS) software’s. The derived geoinformatic data sets are then analyzed to produce the geodiversity of Crete. The geodiversity map is used to quantify the geodiversity, by calculating landscape diversity and other spatial pattern indices. Those indices are evaluating the richness, evenness, fragmentation and shape of the landscape patch types. The outcome of this study has highlighted that western Crete is characterized by complex geodiversity with more irregular, elongated and fragmented landscape patterns relative to the eastern part of the island. The geodiversity indices provide insights into the processes shaping landscapes, particularly the “battle” between neotectonic landscape deformation and erosion/deposition. The methodology presented can be useful for decision makers when evaluating a regions geological heritage, planning the management of natural resources, or designating areas for conservation.     

Implementation of 3D spatial planning through the integration of the standards

To plan future land use, zoning plans (i.e., spatial plans) are prepared to get the most out of land for both the public and the government. These plans manifest which facilities can be built and where they can be built on land based on defined requirements such as building height and road length. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is well-known and widely used standard for describing Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) with respect to land and buildings. The next version of the standard will contain the Spatial Plan Information (SPI) part to enable better land-use planning. Three-dimensional (3D) land-use planning has gained attention to delineate detailed requirements inclusively and allow different spatial analysis that provides a basis for decisions in the planning. Data standards pertaining to 3D geoinformation are vital to put into practice 3D spatial planning. To this extent, CityJSON is proposed for the effortless and efficient use of 3D city models. This article thus first aims to extend the CityJSON schema based on the proposed SPI part of the LADM such that it allows modeling, storing, visualizing, and utilizing the features and attributes required for the implementation of 3D spatial planning. Then, the usability of the proposed extension schema is demonstrated by the real-world use cases that benefit from the exemplary CityJSON files that are created based on approved zoning plans in the country. The results of this study show that there is an important opportunity coming from the integration of international standards that enables semantic information along with their spatial counterparts within 3D spatial planning.     

从Geomatics到Urban Informatics

我国正处在新型城镇化、工业化和信息化的关键时期,城市面临着复杂的经济、社会与生态可持续发展问题。面向城市的地球空间信息学（Geomatics）与互联网、云计算技术持续融合,产生了城市时空大数据,成为了智慧城市的重要战略资源。随着地球空间信息学和信息学、城市科学不断深入交叉融合,城市信息学（Urban Informatics）逐步形成,并正在成为测绘地理信息科学的重要发展方向。城市信息学是以统一的时空基准为框架,以空间信息为载体,以信息技术为支撑,动态采集城市信息并进行处理、分析与服务,支持绿色、低碳、可持续城市发展的交叉学科。本文分析了城市信息的内涵及其与地球空间信息学的相互关系,论述了城市信息学具有动态演变、数据驱动、众源学习、协同决策、学科交叉等典型特征,在此基础上,总结了若干影响学科发展的关键科学问题,最后展望了城市信息学的发展前景。