甲醛对虎斑乌贼受精卵和幼体的毒性试验

采用静水试验法研究了甲醛对虎斑乌贼胚胎和幼体的毒性作用.试验结果表明:甲醛对虎斑乌贼胚胎的24h半致死浓度(LC50)、48h半致死浓度和安全浓度分别为12.38、10.28和2.127mg/L;甲醛对虎斑乌贼幼体的24h半致死浓度(LC50)、48h半致死浓度和安全浓度分别为2.074、0.796和0.035mg/L.虎斑乌贼幼体期较胚胎期对甲醛更为敏感.     

五种水产药物对扁藻生长影响的研究

本文研究了5种水产药物对扁藻种群生长的影响.结果表明,硫酸铜、高锰酸钾、孔雀石绿、敌百虫和甲醛对扁藻96h的EC50依次为61.16、49.22、72.97μg/dm3和7.58、0.70mg/dm3.硫酸铜、高锰酸钾、孔雀石绿、敌百虫和甲醛对扁藻生长的安全浓度分别是18.12、12.14、23.26μg/dm3和2.25、0.24mg/dm3.结果还表明,这5种常用水产药物中,以高锰酸钾对扁藻生长的抑制作用最大,敌百虫对扁藻生长的抑制作用最小.     

四种常用药物对蒙古裸腹溞的毒性研究

本文研究了孔雀石绿、硫酸铜、甲醛以及高锰酸钾对蒙古裸腹溞 96小时的急性毒性,结果表明:蒙古裸腹溞对四种药物的敏感性顺序为：硫酸铜>孔雀绿>高锰酸钾>甲醛。96小时的安全浓度分别为:0.00710-6,0.024210-6,0.4410-6,12.8310-6。     

眼斑拟石首鱼肌肉生长抑制素基因克隆及组织表达分析

肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)基因对肌肉生长起负调控作用,在动物育种上具有潜在的应用前景.报道了眼斑拟石首鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)的MSTN基因的序列结构特征及其组织特异性表达.MSTN基因具有3个外显子和2个内含子,编码376个氨基酸.在内含子Ⅰ和3'-UTR区内,分别发现了(TC)₄CC(TC)₄CT(TC)₄和(AC)₇微卫星序列.推断的眼斑拟石首鱼的MSTN氨基酸序列具很强的保守性,与石鼓鱼、金鲷、条纹石鮨、白鲈、金眼石鮨之间的相似性在90%以上.在结构上,眼斑拟石首鱼的MSTN包含N端信号序列(1~22氨基酸残基),TGF-β前肽域(41~256氨基酸残基),RXXR蛋白水解位点(264~267位的RARR)和TGF-β区域(282~376氨基酸残基).在检测的10种组织中,MSTN只在眼斑拟石首鱼的肌肉、脑和眼组织中表达,其中在肌肉表达最强.     

五种常用消毒剂对管角螺幼螺的急性毒性试验

在水温25-26℃、pH 7.8-8.4和盐度31的条件下,采用静水式试验,探讨强氯精、高锰酸钾、甲醛、二溴海因和聚维酮碘5种消毒药物对管角螺幼螺的急性毒性作用。结果表明,强氯精对管角螺幼螺24h、48h的LC_(50)分别为67.3mg/L和31.6mg/L,高锰酸钾24h、48h的LC_(50)分别为206mg/L和83.1mg/L,甲醛24h、48h的LC_(50)分别是87.0mg/L和54.9mg/L,二溴海因24h、48h的LC_(50)分别为302mg/L和231.2mg/L,聚维酮碘24h、48h的LC_(50)分别为3234mg/L和1472.3mg/L;其对管角螺幼螺的安全质量浓度分别为:2.09mg/L、3.90mg/L、6.56mg/L、40.65mg/L和91.54mg/L。这5种药物对管角螺幼螺的毒性大小依次为:强氯精高锰酸钾甲醛二溴海因聚维酮碘。     

氟苯尼考浸泡栉孔扇贝后各组织中含量的测定

以栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)为对象,研究了其不同组织对氟苯尼考的蓄积与消除规律。氟苯尼考对栉孔扇贝的96h半致死浓度LC50为213.1mg·L~(-1),安全浓度为21.3mg·L~(-1)。将栉孔扇贝分别暴露于氟苯尼考含量在安全浓度以上(40mg·L~(-1),A组)、安全浓度水平(20mg·L~(-1),B组)和安全浓度以下(10mg·L~(-1),C组)进行8天的蓄积实验,从第9天开始将栉孔扇贝转移至洁净的海水中进行5天的消除实验。研究表明:蓄积阶段,栉孔扇贝各组织中氟苯尼考含量随海水中氟苯尼考浓度的升高而增加;而同一时间的生物蓄积系数(BCF)则随海水中氟苯尼考浓度的升高而逐渐降低,表明在低剂量浓度条件下,栉孔扇贝更容易对氟苯尼考产生富集作用。各组织中氟苯尼考浓度大小顺序为:内脏团外套膜闭壳肌,其中,内脏团与外套膜中氟苯尼考含量大约是闭壳肌的2~7倍,表明氟苯尼考主要富集在栉孔扇贝的内脏团及外套膜中,闭壳肌中含量较少。消除阶段,氟苯尼考的日均消除速率大小顺序为内脏团外套膜闭壳肌,且A组B组C组,说明作为主要食用部位的闭壳肌对氟苯尼考的消除速率相对较慢。在较高浓度氟苯尼考下,闭壳肌需要经过一段时间的净化才能使氟苯尼考含量降至低于0.1mg·kg-1以下。研究结果为在栉孔扇贝养殖中合理施用氟苯尼考提供参考。     

美国红鱼血细胞观察

测定了美国红鱼(学名眼斑拟石首鱼Sciaenops ocellatus)的血液指标,红细胞密度为(1.95±0.37)×106个.mm-3,白细胞密度为(2.08±0.43)×104个.mm-3;血红蛋白含量为(6.65±1.06)g.L-1,红细胞渗透脆性为(0.40±0.06)g%,沉降速率为(1.15±0.10)mm.h-1。对美国红鱼外周血液进行涂片观察,在涂片上可区分出红细胞以及6种白细胞:血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞;它们在总的白细胞中所占比例分别为(68.42±11.62)%、(14.50±9.25)%、(1.46±1.80)%、(13.01±7.73)%和(2.6±3.76)%,嗜碱性粒细胞的含量极少,不到1%;在涂片上还发现了较多未成熟的红细胞。对肝脏、脾脏、头肾和肾脏等4种造血组织中血细胞的发生过程进行了观察和测定。观察发现,眼斑拟石首鱼的头肾和肾脏可以产生各种类型的血细胞,是主要的造血器官;脾脏是产生淋巴细胞的重要场所;而肝脏则在眼斑拟石首鱼粒细胞发生中扮演重要角色。     

不同温度盐度下TBBPA对拟长腹剑水蚤的毒性效应

四溴双酚A(TBBPA)作为一种被广泛使用的溴代阻燃剂,是海洋环境中主要的有机污染物之一。在海洋污染检测和风险评估中,桡足类作为海洋生态系统中的关键环节被认为是理想的受试生物。实验以拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithonasimilis)作为受试生物,探讨了温度和盐度影响下TBBPA对拟长腹剑水蚤的毒性效应。实验测得TBBPA对拟长腹剑水蚤48h-LC50=3.106mg·L~(-1)。设定温度梯度10、20、30℃和盐度梯度10、20、30,拟长腹剑水蚤暴露在2.485、3.106、3.883mg·L~(-1) TBBPA中48h,死亡率均会随着温度升高和盐度降低而上升。慢性毒性实验结果显示,在15、20、25℃,盐度10、20、30条件下,拟长腹剑水蚤暴露在0.031和0.310mg·L~(-1) TBBPA中,存活率和孵化率没有显著变化(P0.05),温度盐度改变,TBBPA对其影响也不显著(P0.05);而0.031和0.310mg·L~(-1) TBBPA对发育时间(无节幼虫到桡足类幼体﹑桡足幼体到成体﹑第一只挂卵雌体的出现)和产卵间隔的影响显著(P0.05),改变温度和盐度,TBBPA的毒性效应也会相应改变;TBBPA对产卵量的影响会随温度的变化而变化,但盐度并没有引起显著变化(P0.05)。     

长茎葡萄蕨藻培养条件的研究

为研究长茎葡萄蕨藻的培养条件,通过温度、光照、盐度以及不同营养盐(硝酸钠NaNO_3、硝酸铵NH_4NO_3、尿素CO(NH_2)_2、碳酸氢铵NH_4HCO_3)四个方面探索对长茎葡萄蕨藻生长的影响。结果表明,长茎葡萄蕨藻适宜的温度范围为21~27℃,最适温度为27℃,在此温度条件下其相对生长率(RGR)最大为3.63%·d~(-1);适宜的光照范围为72.73~145.45μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1),最适光照为109.09~145.45μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1),2个光照强度下,相对生长率差异不显著;最适的盐度范围为27.5~32.5‰,随盐度的继续升高,长茎葡萄蕨藻RGR呈下降趋势。通过4种不同营养盐(NaNO_3、NH_4NO_3、CO(NH_2)_2、NH_4HCO_3)的培养实验得出,其最适浓度分别为10~20mg·L~(-1)、10~20mg·L~(-1)、10~30mg·L~(-1)、10~30mg·L~(-1)。不同营养盐的对比结果显示,硝酸盐(硝酸钠NaNO_3、硝酸铵NH_4NO_3)更能促进长茎葡萄蕨藻的生长;浓度为20mg·L~(-1 )NH_4NO_3条件下,长茎葡萄蕨藻的相对生长率(RGR)最高。     

不同污染负荷对移动床生物膜反应器处理海水养殖废水的性能及微生物群落的影响

应用缺氧/好氧—移动床生物膜反应器(Anoxic/Aerobic-Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor,A/O-MBBR)系统,通过固定进水COD与无机氮之比C/N为12,将COD依次设置为150、300、350和450mg·L~(-1)时,探讨反应器对海水养殖废水中氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮及COD的去除效果,并分析微生物群落变化及响应。结果表明,在进水COD为150mg·L~(-1)、无机氮12.5mg·L~(-1)时,反应器运行效果最佳,此时氨氮、硝氮、COD和亚硝氮的去除率分别为93.7%(出水0.3 mg·L~(-1)),87.5%(出水0.7mg·L~(-1)),98.2%(出水3mg·L~(-1)),86.9%(出水0.1mg·L~(-1))。当COD提高至450mg·L~(-1)时,氨氮去除率逐渐降低到40.7%,亚硝氮在COD为350mg·L~(-1)时去除率降低至22.5%。在整个系统运行过程中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是反应器中的绝对优势类群。当COD由150mg·L~(-1)上升到350mg·L~(-1)时,变形菌门的相对丰度却由63.9%~75.2%提高到88.1%~92.4%;拟杆菌门的相对丰度则由11.9%~13.0%降低到4.5%~5.4%;引起污泥膨胀的发硫菌属(Thiothrix)的相对丰度由6.24%~7.08%增加到58.16%~76.74%,表明反应器污泥膨胀趋势加剧。应用A/O-MBBR工艺处理海水养殖废水时,在COD为150mg·L~(-1)时效果较好,随着COD浓度提高,引起污泥膨胀的微生物开始大量滋生。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.