木垒哈萨克自治县水资源供需平衡分析研究

在确定供水系统和需水系统的基础上,对木垒哈萨克自治县山前冲洪积平原区现状年、近期规划年和远期规划年的水资源供需平衡关系进行分析。分析结果显示,现状年木垒哈萨克自治县存在水资源供给不足的问题,但通过产业结构调整和节水型社会的建设,近期规划年和远期规划年水资源供需平衡关系均表现为盈余。     

土体微结构力学--概念·观点·核心

土体结构对其工程性质有重要制约作用,土的结构性模型的建立已成为当代土力学前沿性课题。“微结构力学”理论与方法体系的建立,将为土体工程地质研究开辟崭新的研究领域和工作空间。对“微结构力学”的概念及其研究内容,近期和远期研究课题进行了分析,提供了开展本项研究工作的技术路线建议。     

地质钻探技术发展有关问题的思考

在分析了目前我国地质工作对钻探技术的需求以及地质钻探技术现状的基础上，提出了我国地质钻探技术的远期、中长期、近期发展目标，明确了近期研发工作的重点和计划，并强调了科技创新，新方法、新技术的推广应用的重要性和加强探矿工程专业委员会作用的问题。     

门楼水库汛限水位及调度方法研究

结合门楼水库的实际情况，提出了水库调度的“峰量综合控制法”和4种调度方案，由此确定相应的汛限水位。给出了门楼水库近期和远期汛限水位值。     

独山子地区水资源耦合模型与优化配置研究

本文从水资源系统结构与用户需求分析入手,研究了地表水和地下水模型的耦合方法,构建了水资源目标规划模型,对独山子地区水资源进行了优化配置。研究表明:独山子地区水资源可以满足独山子区与灌区的现状需水要求。独山子区近期、中期、远期全部启动四个水源地供水仍不能满足需水要求,还需要外调水源补充解决,远期外调水已接近可调水资源量;为保证水源地有适量的河水入渗补给,限定了河道引水量,枯水年不能满足灌区的灌溉需水,平水年基本可以满足,丰水年完全能够满足。即使调水后,仍然要节水,提高灌溉效率。     

21世纪工程地质学生长点：土体微结构力学

本文认为土体结构对其工程性质有重要制约作用,土的结构性模型的建立已成为当代土力学前沿性课题。提出的“微结构力学”理论与方法体系的建立,将为土体工程地质研究开辟崭新的研究领域和工作空间。文中,作者对“微结构力学”的概念及其研究内容、近期和远期研究课题进行了分析,并提供了开展本项研究工作的技术路线建议。     

石家庄市供水途径分析

本文通过对石家庄市近期和远期城市供水途径的分析,提出地下水和地表水联合调度是城市供水的方向,并结合当地水文地质条件论证了只有联合调度才能最大限度地利用地表水,使其成为城市供水的补充水源;提出了石家庄市今后供水的指导思想为:尽量利用地表水,适量开采地下水,大力开展节约用水。     

关于编制中国地圈、生物圈计划的意见

详细介绍了全球变化研究的背景与科学依据,具体阐述了我国地圈、生物圈计划的编制原则、中心科学问题,近期与远期目标,说明了计划应该包括的观测、地质记录、过程研究、模式和数值模拟等主要内容,并提出了开展研究的组织、经费问题。     

西北地区某干旱河流设计情景下的年径流量预测分析

人类活动和气候变化对流域水文水资源的影响及由此所带来的社会、 经济和生态效应, 使得新疆精河流域出现了严重的水资源短缺和生态危机. 为此, 实施跨流域调水是解决艾比湖流域生态环境保护的必要措施, 精河上游支流是跨流域引入外水的唯一捷径河流. 根据前期研究计算的年径流量系列, 在经过论证的流域现状水平(C_v=0.12, C_s/C_v=2.00)的基础上, 采用水文频率分析方法, 设计并预测了流域规划的近期和远期目标情景下的年径流量情势. 结果显示: 为了使保证率p=75%, 近期目标要求流域的输水量为8.62×10⁸ m³, 远期目标为14.39×10⁸ m³. 跨流域调水可以满足流域多方面的实际用水需求.     

世界核电发展及铀供需态势展望

以权威机构发布的最新资料数据为基础,介绍了世界核电近期至中长期的发展态势,归纳了当前世界铀生产的主要特点,初步分析了至2030年铀的供需关系。认为从世界层面看,铀资源对于近期和中长期的世界铀生产和核电铀需求是有充分保障的,世界铀生产可以满足近期的核电铀需求,但至2015年以后核电的快速发展时期又会出现较大的供需缺口。如果世界新铀矿山的投产和老铀矿山的扩产计划都能如期悉数实现,铀生产满足长期核电铀需求是完全可能的。     

Sustainability indicators: geology meets economy

 Suggestions for defining and measuring sustainable development can broadly be placed in two categories: weak and strong sustainability. The concept of weak sustainability assumes that manufactured and natural capital are close substitutes. This means that the costs of environmental deterioration (e.g. groundwater damage) can be compensated by benefits from manufactured capital (e.g. income). Thus, environmental damage is valued in monetary units. The concept of strong sustainability denies the degree of substitution that weak sustainability assumes, at least for some critical elements of natural capital. This paper endorses the use of strong sustainability indicators, especially for critical loads and critical levels. These have to be pointed out by environmental scientists and/or geologists. Nevertheless, the costs and benefits of avoiding critical impacts have to be taken into consideration. Hence, a combination of strong and weak sustainability indicators is suggested. Received: 2 April 1996 · Accepted: 14 October 1996     

用环境同位素论区域地下水资源属性

从可持续角度提出了区域地下水资源属性的概念; 分析了含水层系统中地下水质点的时间效应; 利用大量同位素资料分析了不同区域含水层系统中的地下水资源属性和人类活动对地下水资源属性的影响.指出利用环境同位素是研究区域地下水资源属性最直接、有效的方法; 正确认识评价区域地下水资源属性对实现地下水资源可持续性具有重要意义.      

Using GIS modeling to assess the agricultural sustainability in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Nile Delta, Egypt

The evaluation of agricultural sustainability status helps in identifying specific indicators that constrain the achievement of sustainable agriculture. The agricultural sector in Egypt is facing major sustainability constraints such as scarce land and water resources, environmental degradation, and rapid population growth as well as institutional arrangement including land tenure and farm fragmentation, agricultural administration, lack of infrastructure, and credit utilization and high interest rates. This study aims to evaluate the agricultural sustainability in some areas in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, north of the Nile Delta; the international framework for evaluating sustainable land management was used for realizing this objective. The map of the physiographic soils of the studied area was produced depending upon Landsat ETM⁺ images analysis; the results indicate that the area includes three main landscapes, i.e., alluvial, lacustrine, and marine plains. The characteristics of productivity, security, protection, economic viability, and social acceptability in the different mapping units were assessed. The obtained results show that the studied area includes two different class types, the first are the lands that are marginally below the requirement of sustainability and the second are those lands that do not meet sustainability requirements. The former class is represented by the physiographic units of alluvial plain, whereas the latter class is represented by the physiographic units of the lacustrine and marine plains. The sustainability constrains in the studied area are related to the soil productivity, economic viability, and social acceptability.     

气候变化适应对策的评价方法和工具

气候变化影响和适应对策方法评估的研究目的主要是建立和应用先进有效的分析工具和评价方法对气候变化脆弱性和适应对策进行科学评估. 因此需要了解当前已经在自然资源和环境研究中广泛使用的决策分析工具,掌握和了解各种适应对策评估工具的关键特性及其优缺点. 首先介绍各种有关适应对策的定义及两大类适应评估方法途径, 同时举例介绍不同方法在气候变化影响和适应评估研究中的应用. 常规的适应对策评估分析主要以政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)气候变化影响和适应对策评估技术指南中的方法工具为代表, 另一种适应对策研究则致力于改善各种对气候变化敏感系统的适应能力和复原能力. 文中对各种适应对策评估方法和工具进行了介绍和讨论,并提出气候变化适应研究的新方向.     

Campus sustainability at the edges: Emotions,relations, and bio-cultural connections

The university campus is often considered a key site for the development of environmental sustainability initiatives. At the same time, the concept and practice of sustainability has been critiqued for its lack of conceptual clarity and its proneness to co-optation by neoliberal institutions and organizations. Using a just sustainabilities framework, this article strives to respond to this tension by exploring the possibility of a campus sustainability at the edges, one that is interested in engaging the broader socio-spatial context of a university as well as in tapping into the emotional and relational realms of fostering more sustainable socio-ecological assemblages. Through a case study analysis of the Philadelphia Urban Creators (PUC), a youth-led organization operating within the Temple University-North Philadelphia interface, I find that grassroots sustainability actors possess important knowledge for understanding how sustainability can be a tool for restoring emotional affinity with the environment as well as for enacting transformative socio-ecological change in the urban university context and beyond. Through these explorations, my purpose is twofold: (1) to envision a more diverse, inclusive, and meaningful campus sustainability model that seeks to confront urban crises such as gentrification, racialized poverty, and mass incarceration, and (2) to incorporate emotion and affect geographies into the just sustainabilities research agenda.     

Social geology — integrating sustainability concepts into Earth sciences

Most geologists would argue that geoscientific knowledge, experience, and guidance is critical for addressing many of society’s most acute environmental challenges, yet few geologists are directly engaged in current discourses around sustainable development. That is surprising given that several attributes make modern geoscience well placed to make critical contributions to contemporary sustainability thinking. Here, we argue that if geoscientists are to make our know-how relevant to sustainability science, two aspects seem clear. Firstly, the geoscience community needs to substantially broaden its constituency, not only forging interdisciplinary links with other environmental disciplines but also drawing from the human and behavioral sciences. Secondly, the principles and practices of ‘sustainability’ need to be explicitly integrated into geoscience education, training and continued professional development.     

Using a mathematical model to assess the sustainability of proposed bauxite mining in Andhra Pradesh, India from a quantitative-based environmental impact assessment

The theory and practice of sustainability involves the understanding and management of the coupled relationship between the environment and humans. This relationship is very evident in respect to mining where the impacts of operations, both positive and negative, are environmental and socioeconomic in nature. In recent years, evaluating the sustainability of a mining operation has grown within the literature due to the impacts that mining has upon a local community. However, the literature has been often characterised by a variety of case study-specific approaches to define and evaluate the sustainability of mining operations. This is due to the fundamental problem of defining what is sustainability. The paper applies, based on our previous research, a mathematical model of sustainability to the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of a proposed bauxite mining project in the Andhra Pradesh province, India. The model??s application to the impact assessment, which used the rapid impact assessment matrix, was undertaken for the purpose of determining the level and nature of sustainability (if appropriate) of the proposed project. The results indicated that the project was considered as unsustainable in its current form, based on an obtained E value of 0.249 and an H _NI value of 0.500. The results suggested that the project would greatly benefit from an environmental management plan in order to mitigate the extensive negative environmental and social impacts of the project. The results also indicated the potential of the model in assisting in the resolution of questions of the sustainability of local projects, which are assessed through quantitative-based EIA.     

Sustainability of groundwater in Mali,West Africa

The following paper describes the goals and some preliminary work in the Bani sustainability study, an ongoing project in Mali, West Africa. Rural communities in Mali are increasingly relying on hand-pumps, which tap groundwater resources, as a means of obtaining potable water. The long-term sustainable yield of groundwater resources is not known but can be evaluated in sustainability study. In 2005, a groundwater sustainability study was established along the Bani River of Mali. The Bani study collected groundwater levels that were used in a conceptual groundwater flow model—the Bani model—to develop an understanding of current aquifer conditions and to make limited predictions of sustainability under various future scenarios. The Bani model showed the climatic parameters of recharge (derived from precipitation) and evapotranspiration to influence simulated groundwater levels and groundwater volume available, while increased pumping rates, due to population growth, showed little effect. When considered in the context of the actual Bani sustainability study area, the change in groundwater levels resulting from climatic parameters may have negative implications, especially during several consecutive years of decreased precipitation, such as drought, or if downward trends anticipated for precipitation continue.     

改进IPAT等式的可持续性评价应用——以张掖市为例

综合的可持续评价是对地区经济发展的准确衡量,也是科学指导地区可持续发展的重要凭借。构建了一个基于IPAT等式改进的恒等式评价模型——IPADSEFÍÁ等式,以水资源在农业种植业方面的利用现状作为环境影响因素,综合考虑人口规模、经济增长、农业依赖度、农业产业结构、生产效益和先进农业技术应用等人文因素,结合1990-2014年的地区发展历程,对张掖的发展进程进行了分解和归因,并对发展的可持续性进行评价,得出张掖当前的发展模式对自然环境存在较强的压迫,尤其在水资源利用方面不是可持续的。而进行合理的产业结构调整、发展高附加值农业产业、继续加大应用先进农业技术可以缓解目前的水资源压力,让张掖的发展更具可持续性。     

全球变化研究中自然科学和社会科学协同方法的探讨

由于研究对象、目的、数据、方法等方面的不同,自然科学和社会科学的协同存在着非常大的困难,近20年来,气候变化、环境、生态、能源、粮食、资源、灾害、健康等跨学科交叉研究的兴起,为自然科学和社会科学协同带来了新的契机。为克服自然科学和社会科学协同的困难,首先要开展"以解决问题为导向"的研究,从项目初始就贯彻"协同设计、协同实施"的理念,将政府和社会作为全球变化与可持续性研究的服务对象。在研究对象的空间尺度协同上,通过自然科学的降尺度和社会科学的升尺度,在局域尺度上开展气候变化脆弱性与适应研究是实现自然科学和社会科学协同的基础。同时,正确理解和沟通科学的不确定性是自然科学和社会科学协同的重要环节,进行观测数据及调查资料的协同是未来自然科学和社会科学协同成功的关键。最后,对自然科学和社会科学协同中沟通和交流的鸿沟以及人才培养、重理轻文倾向、跨学科研究的评价标准等问题进行了思考和讨论。