利用层次分析法评价东营市浅层地热能适宜性

利用定性、半定量相结合的层次分析法(AHP),建立地埋管换热系统适宜性递阶层次结构模型,在野外试验、室内测试等基础数据的基础上,选取地下水埋藏深度、砂层厚度、成孔难易程度、地面沉降、热扩散率、比热容、综合热导率等7个评价指标,将东营市浅层地热能开发利用划分为适宜区、较适宜区。这是东营地区第一次利用实测数据开展浅层地热能适宜性评价,为今后的合理开发利用提供了科学依据。     

声子在地幔矿物热传递过程中的作用

采用非平衡量子统计方法讨论了地幔矿物声子热传导的3种不同情况,得到了较为普遍的结果,结果表明在下地幔声子热传导将是主要机制.     

地埋管换热影响岩土体传热因素及热影响范围分析

该文介绍了地埋管换热器传热模型,对影响地下岩土体传热的地埋管换热功率、持续时间、热泵机组运行的方式与模式、换热器规格、管外回填材料以及地质-水文地质条件等因素进行了探讨,认为周围岩土体热响应范围大小与换热功率大小和持续时间长短、管外回填材料和周围岩土体导热性能高低呈正相关性,热泵机组间歇运行方式有利于地温场的及时恢复,冬季制热夏季制冷模式能削弱单一负荷聚集产生的热影响程度,同等能条件下双U型De32地埋管较单U型De25地埋管热影响范围要大。由于地埋管换热器吸热或放热不平衡而引起的冷热量累积效应,渗流速度越大,热影响范围则越大。济南东部碎屑岩区某模拟夏季工况试验表明,其他条件相同的前提下,8 k W换热功率持续运行,以换热孔为中心,岩体温度响应速率和影响幅度与径向距离成负相关性,距离越近,响应速率和影响幅度越大,反之就越小;47天后,地埋管换热器热影响范围大于5m。     

Impacts of salinity parameterizations on temperature simulation over and in a hypersaline lake

In this paper,we introduced parameterizations of the salinity effects(on heat capacity,thermal conductivity,freezing point and saturated vapor pressure) in a lake scheme integrated in the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with the Community Land Model(WRF-CLM). This was done to improve temperature simulation over and in a saline lake and to test the contributions of salinity effects on various water properties via sensitivity experiments. The modified lake scheme consists of the lake module in the CLM model,which is the land component of the WRF-CLM model. The Great Salt Lake(GSL) in the USA was selected as the study area. The simulation was performed from September 3,2001 to September 30,2002. Our results show that the modif ied WRF-CLM model that includes the lake scheme considering salinity effects can reasonably simulate temperature over and in the GSL. This model had much greater accuracy than neglecting salinity effects,particularly in a very cold event when that effect alters the freezing point. The salinity effect on saturated vapor pressure can reduce latent heat flux over the lake and make it slightly warmer. The salinity effect on heat capacity can also make lake temperature prone to changes. However,the salinity effect on thermal conductivity was found insignificant in our simulations.     

地幔激子热传导机制初步研究

本文采用Bose量子统计方法,对地幔矿物的激子热传导问题进行了详细讨论,得到了激子热导率K_(ex)的表达式,并指出在高压和高温下,激活能A对激子热导率的变化速率有重要影响。讨论结果表明,激子热传导作用有可能在下地幔发生,但它却不是热传导的主要机制。     

Laboratory and field experiment on measurement of soil thermal conductivity by probe method

The authors presented a new measuring method of the soil thermal conductivity,the probe method,which is designed and made based on the theory of line heat source. This method is used to measure thermal conductivity of coarse sand,fine sand and silty clay in different water contents. The results that measured by the probe method are well consistent with those of QTM-D_2. The soil thermal conductivity increases in different levels with the increase of the water content. Compared the soil thermal conductivity measured by the probe method in laboratory with in-situ experiment,it shows that the measuring gap gradually increases with the increase of the depth. The reason is that the in-situ measuring thermal conductivity can reflect the actual situation of the soil mass.     

利用重力资料精化大陆岩石圈热结构的理论模型

由于地表观测大地热流值的精度较低 ,并且测点分布不均匀 ,加之我们对地球内部介质热学参数随深度分布的了解也很模糊 ,因此 ,由通常解热传导方程获得的岩石层温度模型比较粗糙。本文提出一种利用重力异常资料精化传统的单纯依赖地热资料确定岩石层温度模型的方法 ,并对方法的有效性与局限性进行了讨论。     

地幔光子热传导机制的初步研究

本文基于Lubimoua.E.A.(1967)和Mao.H.K(1973)所作的工作,采用非平衡量子统计方法,讨论了地幔光子热传导机制的四种不同情况,得到较为普遍的结果:若地幔中不存在相干结构的幅射热传导时,在上地幔下部和过渡带,压力和温度引起吸收的综合效应将进一步降低幅射热传导,光子的热导将不是热传递的主要机制。同时,文献[1]、[2]所讨论的有关问题则成为我们理论的一个特殊情况。     

地幔载流子热传导机制初步研究

本文采用Fermi量子统计方法,对地幔电导率和载流子热传导机制问题进行了理论上的探讨。讨论结果表明,在过渡带和下地幔中,以往被忽视的载流子热导将成为热传递的主要机制.此外,本文还指出在高温高压下活化能A对地幔电导率变化速率有重要影响。     

Snow cover influences the thermal regime of active layer in Urumqi River Source,Tianshan Mountains,China

Snow cover is characterized by the high albedo, low thermal conductivity, and notable heat transition during phase changes. Thus, snow cover significantly affects the ground thermal regime. A comparison of the snow cover in high latitudes or high-altitude snowy mountain regions indicates that the eastern Tianshan Mountains (China) show a characteristically thin snow cover (snow depth below 15 cm) with remarkable temporal variability. Based on snow depth, heat flux, and ground temperature from 2014 to 2015 in the Urumqi River source, the spatialtemporal characteristics of snow cover and snow cover influences on the thermal conditions of active layer in the permafrost area were analyzed. During the autumn (Sept. - Oct.), thin and discontinuous snow cover can noticeably accelerate the exothermic process of the ground, producing a cooling effect on the shallow soil. During the winter (Nov. - Mar.), it is inferred that the effective thermal insulation starts with snow depth exceeding 10 cm during early winter. However, the snow depth in this area is generally below 15 cm, and the resulting snow-induced thermal insulation during the winter is very limited. Due to common heavy snowfalls in the spring (Apr. to May), the monthly mean snow thickness in April reached to 15 cm and remained until mid-May. Snow cover during the spring significantly retarded the ground warming. Broadly, snow cover in the study area exerts a cooling effect on the active layer and plays a positive role in the development and preservation of permafrost.     

A probe heat flow value of the East China Sea shelf

Bottom temperature variation (BTV) is a serious problem in determining the thermal gradient and heart flow of the sediments in shallow seas. The water depth of the East China Sea shelf is mostly below 150m, and the heat flow measurement is strongly affected by BTV. Following a statistical algorithm, we rechecked the temperature and thermal conductivity data of the cruises KX90-1 and KX91-1, carried out by a cooperation program of China and Japan, and calculate the heat flow in a site without long-term temperature record. The calculated heat flow in the site was 58.6±3.6 mW/m², being just within the range of the drill heat flow value of East China Sea shelf. The inversed amplitude spectrum of BTV has a peak in frequency of 1/10 per year, and the annual component is also an important part. Comparison with two lakes of Lake Greifensee and Lac Leman (i.e. Lake Geneva), which are in different water depth, revealed that with increasing water depth, the peak of amplitude spectrum moved towards low frequency components. The heat flow values calculated in this paper and from petroleum bore hole in East China Sea shelf are much more close to that in southeast China than in Okinawa Trough. Supported by the National High Technology R&D Program of China (2004 AA616060)     

Measurement and temperature effect on soil thermal conductivity in Changchun area

The study on soil thermal conductivity (STC) was an important side of research on ground source heat pump technique,geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes,heat distribution of buried cable. Especially owing to technical requirement for shallow terrestrial heat recently, it directly influenced the design and solution in engineering problems. The authors measured the STC in the studied area with QTM-D2 and discussed the effect of samples in size, the measurement error between the samples in lab and in site. The results indicate measuring STC by heat pole method with less influence upon the samples in size, and measuring results on the different geometry size approach very much. The STC is fit for the empirical relation between the temperature and TC under the condition of normal temperature. It is significance for understanding STC in northern China and simulation of temperature field.     

Measurement and temperature effect on soil thermal conductivity in Changchun area

The study on soil thermal conductivity (STC) was an important side of research on ground source heat pump technique,geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes,heat distribution of buried cable. Especially owing to technical requirement for shallow terrestrial heat recently, it directly influenced the design and solution in engineering problems. The authors measured the STC in the studied area with QTM-D2 and discussed the effect of samples in size, the measurement error between the samples in lab and in site. The results indicate measuring STC by heat pole method with less influence upon the samples in size, and measuring results on the different geometry size approach very much. The STC is fit for the empirical relation between the temperature and TC under the condition of normal temperature. It is significance for understanding STC in northern China and simulation of temperature field.     

山东省黄河北松散地层现场热响应试验数据分析及应用

现场热响应试验是获取岩土体热物性参数的主要方法之一,可为地源热泵工程中地埋管换热器类型及长度的选择、浅层地热能评价和开发利用提供基础数据。该文系统介绍了现场热响应试验的目的、技术方法、数据处理方法,并以位于山东省茌平地区的现场热响应试验为例,介绍了试验现场的实验过程、试验数据分析及应用。确定了在钻孔间距4～5m时单位延米换热量最佳,并以2号孔为例,采用非稳态数值模型计算了冬季延米换热量为-29.4W/m、夏季延米换热量为41.3W/m。     

沂沭断裂带西缘昌乐县中部地区地热成热地质条件分析

通过对地质资料的分析,认为该区理论上具有较好的地热生成环境和赋存条件。重点围绕鄌郚葛沟断裂两侧,综合运用地质调查、测温、物探、钻探等手段,对成热地质条件进行调查分析,圈定淳于地热异常区和梁家庄地热异常区2个异常区,分析并初步确定热源为地壳深部的热流,导水导热通道为鄌郚葛沟断裂及其次级断裂,热储为深循环对流型带状热储,热储岩性为白垩纪青山群安山岩,埋深1400~2000m,盖层为新近纪、古近纪及白垩纪粘土岩、砂岩等。结合区域地质资料,建立地热资源概念模型,并据此确定了3处拟井位置及孔深。     

莱芜市冷家庄地热田地质特征浅析

莱芜市冷家庄地热田地热资源类型属层状兼带状,热源为高庄-冷家庄断裂沟通导热,盖层是第四系、古近系、石炭-二叠系。热储层为奥陶纪灰岩,该热储层顶板埋深2 100m左右,热储层厚度由南向北逐渐增大,地热流体中富含氟、锶、偏硅酸等微量元素,为结垢非常严重,锅垢很多的腐蚀性水。经计算,奥陶纪热储层单井可采资源量为7.83×105 m3/a。     

干热岩勘查评价指标与形成条件

干热岩具有利用率高、无污染、储量巨大、分布较广、持续稳定、安全性好等特点,被全球公认为在21世纪能够取代化石能源的一种最优质的、可再生的新型清洁能源。目前对于干热岩的成因机理还没有定论,而对于干热岩的勘探寻找、远景区的圈定以及资源评价也有不同的观点,为了有利于干热岩勘探开发,本文在综述前人研究工作基础上,总结归纳了干热岩勘查评价指标,几个重要的指标及其特征如下。第一个指标是岩石圈厚度和莫霍面埋深,岩石圈厚度较小并且莫霍面埋深比较浅,是评价干热岩远景区的一个重要指标。莫霍面埋深较浅指示深部热源（幔源热）更加接近地表,故埋深较浅（较薄的厚度）并具有上隆的特征有利于深部的热量向上传导,为干热岩的孕热环境提供良好的条件。第二个指标是居里等温面,埋深较浅的居里等温面是干热岩远景区一个重要的评价指标。居里等温面是地球内部一个非常特殊的温度（热物质）界面,它不仅能指示地下温度场的分布特征,还可指示地壳深部热能分布特征,对干热岩及地震的成因研究具有十分重要的意义;如果居里面埋深较浅,则热量传导到地表的距离比较短,深部的热流活动更容易向地表传送,不仅是有利的高温干热岩孕热环境,也有利于储存的热能快速向上传导。第三个指标为地温梯度,地温梯度较大是寻找干热岩远景区的一个重要指标;如果一个地区具有较高的地温梯度（≥ 35℃/km）,则随着深度的增加深部的地温增加较快,在相对较浅的地方就可以获得温度较高的岩石体。第四个指标是大地热流,大地热流值较大（≥ 75 mW/m2）就指示地球深部有存在高温岩石体的可能;大地热流是地温场的综合性热参数,能够准确地反映区域内的地温场特征。第五个指标是新构造运动,这也是人们寻找干热岩时容易忽略的一个重要指标。新构造运动包括火山、地震及活动断裂构造等。地震和火山是极具破坏性的自然灾害,两者的发生都表明了地球内部的热能汇聚到一定程度,从而打破了地球内部平衡状态而以地震或火山的形式把热量进行释放的地球系统行为。该指标中,如地震震级大（>3级）、震源深度浅（10~15 km）、频度大,火山活动时间新（活火山、休眠火山、中新世以来的死火山）规模大都说明地球深部存在不稳定的高热状态,易形成干热岩;如果能提前找到该区域的干热岩,可以先取出其中的热,那么地震和火山就有可能不会发生,这样可以达到取热减灾减排的作用。活动的深大断裂即能产生一部分热,也能将深部的热传输到浅部,尤其是活动性强的走滑拉张断裂,其深部具有韧性剪切特征,直接指示了深部的高温体的存在。第六个指标是高温温泉与气田等。温泉、气田的形成通常与深部的热储关系密切,一般认为地下水沿某个通道向下渗透接触到深部高温热储被加热后再沿某一通道流出地表而形成温泉;所以,温泉的出露指示了深部存在高温的岩石体（干热岩）;区域地温场异常明显,地表热泉等高温水热型地热田较密集的区域有望在深部寻找到干热岩,这也是一种就热（水热）找热（干热）的常规方法。作为固体矿产资源的干热岩,其形成具备四个必要条件:源、通、储、盖。第一个条件是要有丰富的动态热源如来源于深部地幔（幔源热）,来源于晚新生代活动的控热构造系统-活动的韧性剪切带,来源于地壳内的低速低阻体（中下地壳热）以及来源于高放射性中新生代花岗岩体（壳源热）。第二个条件是要有优良的导热通道,如壳内15~25 km低速层不仅是热源,同时具有将深部地幔热能向上传导的作用;软流圈地幔上隆时具活动性的深大断裂（深部具韧性特征、浅部具脆性特征）常常具有很好的导热功能;地壳浅表层次的脆性断裂系统往往不是干热岩的热通道,而是水热型地热能的导水、释热构造。第三个条件是要有巨大的储热岩石体,除埋深要适中（3~6 km）并具有较高温度（≥150℃）外,其规模要大（蕴含丰富的热能）,热导率大（>2 W/mK）,裂隙少（不含水或含少量不流动的水）;当然热储层可以是变质岩、岩浆岩,也可以为沉积岩。第四个条件是要有良好的保热盖层,盖层（被子）导热率低（< 2 W/mK）、厚度适中（>1 km）（具有良好的保温效果）,地温梯度高（≥40℃/km）、大地热流值高（≥70 mW/m2）（指示深部存在高温特征）是深部赋存有高温地热资源的必要条件。      

鱼台凹陷边部玄武岩覆盖区地热勘探方法及应用效果

研究区位于鱼台凹陷边部,上覆较厚的沉积地层,为地热形成提供了良好的盖层,热储层为奥陶纪马家沟群,其顶板埋深均超1000m,最大埋深可达3000m。理论上在该地区开展地震勘探寻找目标体是一种效果较佳的物探方法,但地表下约300~600m隐伏新生代玄武岩,其对地震波具有强屏蔽作用,造成玄武岩下伏地层的地震反射信息很弱,甚至无地震反射信息,严重影响玄武岩下伏地层的成像效果;CSAMT法在该低阻沉积地层覆盖区电磁信号同样存在低阻屏蔽,衰减很快,近场效应明显,勘探深度不超过1000m。本文以区域重力场对嘉祥断裂初步推断为基础,大地电磁测深（MT）为主,常规电测深为佐证的物探手段,能够较好地降低玄武岩及低阻屏蔽的影响,提高深部勘探能力,划分地热盖层与热储层的分界线,圈定导热导水构造,最终获得鲁西南地区温度最高的灰岩热储地热井。     

Study on the thermal insulation performance of a new seabed sediment fidelity sampler based on ANSYS

A new seabed sediment fidelity sampler was developed and its thermal insulation performance was studied and analyzed. The temperature distribution simulation indicated that the sample quality could be insured by using this new sampler. Based on ANSYS10, the temperature finite element model of the sample cylinder was established. According to the law of conservation of energy, the unsteady heat transmit equation of the sampler under solid-liquid coupling condition was derived, then the mathematical model calculation was carried out by using a mixed finite-element finite-difference method, and two thermal insulation methods were used. The simulation was carried out by using the thickness of the thermal insulation layer and heat conductivity as the variable parameters and the temperature distribution of the sampler and related influencing factors were obtained. Optimization analysis was conducted using the simulation data and related parameters and the magnitude ranges of the parameters were obtained that could meet the design temperature requirements. The experimental data and simulation results indicated that the results were in good agreement with the realities, and this sampler might be of value for seabed sediment sampler design and manufacture.     

雄安新区高阳地热田东北部深部古潜山聚热机制

为查明雄安新区深部碳酸盐岩热储的赋存特征与聚热机制,中国地质调查局近两年组织实施的雄安新区地热清洁能源调查评价工作,综合地温场背景、深部地质结构、凹凸相间构造格局、深浅断裂系统控热导热、地球物理场特征、区域水动力场、水化学场与温度场的多场耦合指示等综合探测手段,分析总结了高阳地热田东北部深部古潜山地热资源的最新勘查成果,阐述了雄安新区深部高温古潜山热田的聚热机制:①受太平洋板块向西俯冲影响,华北克拉通东部破坏明显,岩石圈、地壳厚度大嵋减薄,有利于幔源热向浅部的传导;②区域马西断层等深大走滑断裂切穿了岩石圈,有利于深部的幔源热物质和深部岩浆上侵入地壳;③热流由低热导率的凹陷区向高热导率的凸起区聚集,地下水沿断裂的深循环对流加热,区域岩溶地下水的汇流区等也有一定的聚热效应。在雄安新区深部碳酸盐岩热储聚热机制理论指导下,在高阳地热田东北部古潜山布设施工了两眼高温、高产地热井,井口水温分别达到109.2℃,123.4℃,揭示验证了雄安新区深部存在地热开发的第二空间——蓟县系碳酸盐岩热储,深部碳酸盐岩地热水温度高、流量大、开发潜力巨大。研究成果对雄安新区乃至华北盆地高温、高产地热井位的布设与深部碳酸盐岩热储开发利用的科学部署具有很好的示范与指导意义。