遗迹化石Rhizocorallium中莓状黄铁矿对古环境古生态的指示--以豫西南上泥盆统为例

豫西南淅川上泥盆统王冠组地层中发育大量与层面平行且具有蹼纹的U形遗迹化石Rhizocorallium。利用环境扫描电镜对Rhizocorallium进行微观观察,发现在其边缘管和蹼纹内部发育大量不同形态的莓状黄铁矿及莓状铁氧化物（单晶为五角十二面体,八面体,立方体和近球形）,与之对应的围岩中仅见少量黄铁矿单晶颗粒。表面具有覆盖膜的莓状黄铁矿大多存在于潜穴内部,其中边缘管中莓状黄铁矿的单晶直径（0.672~1.603 μm,平均直径1.063 μm）较之蹼纹中部的（0.376~0.877 μm,平均直径0.5 μm）的大。上述特征显示出潜穴中莓状黄铁矿的存在可能与硫酸盐类还原菌有关。Rhizocorallium边缘管和蹼纹中高丰度莓状黄铁矿的发现表明:遗迹化石Rhizocorallium可能是造迹者精心构筑的觅食-花园。由于食物供应和氧化还原条件的不同,Rhizocorallium造迹者在其潜穴内部培植不同的微生物,形成一个互利共生的群落。     

北大西洋Logatchev热液区多形貌黄铁矿特征及其意义

北大西洋Logatchev热液区产出的黄铁矿形貌丰富、成分各异,极具特殊性和代表性.运用扫描电镜和电子探针系统观测黄铁矿矿物学特征,发现粒状黄铁矿粒径不一,具高Fe、S,低微量元素的特点;草莓状黄铁矿见有松散莓体、球形-次球形莓体和自形结构莓体,其Cu含量总体较高,不同晶体特征的莓体成分存在差异;胶状黄铁矿见有多层环带,内核到环带由纳微米晶体聚合生成,由内到外成分具有S/Fe比、Zn含量减小,As含量增大的趋势.分析认为早期粒状黄铁矿是在较高温度下的热液体系中直接形成,随热液作用衰减,生成的粒状黄铁矿多呈纳-微米晶产出;草莓状黄铁矿是由松散纳-微米晶逐步聚集形成,受溶液过饱和度影响,莓体粒度和聚集程度存在差异;胶状黄铁矿多晶聚集环带生长方向是由内向外的,聚集程度差异指示沉积环境的反复交替.研究区多形貌黄铁矿具有由分散的微晶→多晶聚合体→自形单晶的完整演化系列特征,对于解读现代海底热液活动的方式和特点,揭示纳米晶体-宏观晶体的演化过程有积极意义.      

有孔虫壳体内草莓状黄铁矿成因及其地质意义——以湖北雁门口地区栖霞组有孔虫化石为例

在湖北省京山县雁门口地区栖霞组上部的含泥灰岩中存在丰富的节房虫科底栖有孔虫化石,主要有节房虫属、厚壁虫属和郎格虫属,壳体均被草莓状黄铁矿充填。对其系统的显微镜、扫描电镜观察和黄铁矿的能谱分析结果发现,黄铁矿草莓体直径最大为15 μm,平均约10 μm,硫铁原子比值（S/Fe）为1.90±0.10,表明在黄铁矿形成过程中,有孔虫壳体空腔内呈轻度- 中度贫氧的微环境。在分析该类黄铁矿成因的基础上,认为有孔虫壳体内的黄铁矿在指示沉积环境和保存环境方面具有局限性。     

草莓状黄铁矿微晶形态和成分的地质意义——以栖霞组含泥灰岩为例

在湖北省京山县雁门口地区二叠世栖霞组上部的含泥灰岩中发现棘皮动物化石,其腔被不同形态微晶的草莓状黄铁矿充填,有正四面体、正六面体、五角十二面体和近球体。溶解氧与草莓状黄铁矿的形成过程有关,其浓度决定微晶的S/Fe。统计显示,黄铁矿的S/Fe平均值随微晶的边数增加而增加,所以,棘皮动物腔内草莓状黄铁矿形成由早及晚的次序为：近球体微晶,五角十二面体微晶,正六面体微晶,正四面体微晶的草莓状黄铁矿。同一环境中,黄铁矿微晶的S/Fe可用来指示形成次序。     

莓状黄铁矿:环境与生命的示踪计

莓状黄铁矿这一奇妙的微晶(0.1~1 μm)矿物集合体(5~50 μm)自科学家首次发现(1923年)和冠名(1935年)至今一直是不同学科竞相研究的热点.主要从莓状黄铁矿的形成机制、莓状黄铁矿与环境的关系等方面回顾了莓状黄铁矿的生物成因说(1923-1969年)、非生物成因说(1969-2000年)和多元成因说(2000-现今)各研究阶段取得的进展和存在的问题,指出莓状黄铁矿作为表层生物圈、深部生物圈和地外环境与生命示踪计具有巨大潜力,提出从地球科学、生命科学、材料科学、化学和纳米科技以及凝聚态物理学融合的角度加强对莓状黄铁矿研究的建议.      

原始黄铁矿莓体的发现与研究

用扫描电子显微镜研究晋东南太原组下部黄铁矿矿石和煤岩中的黄铁矿,发现许多原始莓体保留着形成时的特征。这些特征反映出原始莓体大多数为硫磺细菌化石,少数由胶体形成。本文对莓体的成因、特征、形成环境等进行了论述。     

甘肃寨上金矿黄铁矿特征与成因

甘肃寨上金矿是我国重要的卡林型金矿床,发育多种特征的黄铁矿、毒砂、黝铜矿、黄铜矿等金属硫化物。黄铁矿贯穿整个地质过程,对其进行研究可深入理解成矿作用。观察发现,黄铁矿可分为3个世代。第1世代黄铁矿为莓球状黄铁矿(Py1A)和多孔海绵状黄铁矿(Py1B)2类;第2世代中粗粒自形黄铁矿(Py2);第3世代粗粒黄铁矿(Py3)。Py1A呈莓球状,直径介于10～50μm,w(Co)/w(Ni)小于1,w(S+As)/w(Fe)大于2,部分黄铁矿因受到热液改造,莓球中w(Co)/w(Ni)大于1,w(S+As)/w(Fe)小于2;Py1B呈多孔海绵状,w(Co)/w(Ni)大于1,w(S+As)/w(Fe)小于2。Py2呈中粗粒五角十二面体,w(Co)/w(Ni)介于1.41～3.78,w(S+As)/w(Fe)由内向外逐渐升高,介于1.93～2.02,w(Au)/w(As)介于0.023～0.108。Py3呈粗粒立方体晶,周围发育石英压力影,w(Co)/w(Ni)介于1.36～1.39,w(S+As)/w(Fe)介于1.98～2.00。结合地质背景分析认为,黄铁矿微晶直接聚集形成Py1A(莓球状),或在松散状态下经胶结作用形成Py1B(多孔海绵状),并遭受热液叠加改造。Py2(中粗粒五角十二面体)由含矿热液环绕多孔海绵状核部直接结晶形成,Py3(粗粒自形立方体)由晚期热液结晶形成,并同时遭受构造变形活动。该区黄铁矿的特征对于判别地质环境有标型意义。     

水热法合成黄铁矿微观形貌和结构的观测与表征

模拟热液型金矿床中黄铁矿生成的地质条件,采用硫酸亚铁(FeSO4)和硫代乙酰胺(CH3CSNH2)为铁源和硫源,在Fe/S比为1∶3、温度180~200 ℃、加热时间24 h条件下考察黄铁矿的结晶情况。用SEM扫描电镜观察在不同水热条件下合成黄铁矿的形态及成分;用多晶X射线衍射仪(XRD)确定了产物物相组成;用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观测表征了黄铁矿晶体的形态和结构。结果表明：在200 ℃时黄铁矿为粒状,粒度较均匀,粒径1 μm左右。在180 ℃时黄铁矿除有尺寸在1 μm左右粒状黄铁矿外,还有不规则带状黄铁矿晶体,带宽为200 nm左右。认为水热条件中,随着结晶温度的逐步升高,黄铁矿的形貌逐步由不规则形状向规则形状的转变。所以在实验温度较高阶段,形成规则的粒状形貌;在低温阶段,则会出现不规则带状形貌。     

热硫化条件下铁硫比值对黄铁矿形成的影响

模拟火山喷气成矿作用,在热硫化条件下,系统考察反应物中铁硫比值从Fe∶S=1∶1至1∶8变化对黄铁矿形成的影响。运用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线粉晶衍射分析(XRD)等测试手段,观测和分析实验产物的形貌、成分和结构特征,发现随着Fe∶S比值的减小,实验产物中黄铁矿逐渐增多,磁黄铁矿逐渐减少,同时Fe∶S比值对实验产物的形貌也有一定的控制作用。计算结果显示实验产物中黄铁矿晶粒尺寸的变化范围为42.543~63.799 nm,磁黄铁矿晶粒尺寸的变化范围为21.973~87.926 nm,黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿的晶胞体积变化较小。结合热力学计算结果分析认为,在热硫化条件下,当Fe∶S比值小于或等于磁黄铁矿中铁硫原子比时,反应生成磁黄铁矿;当Fe∶S比值超过磁黄铁矿中铁硫原子比时,实验产物中出现黄铁矿;当Fe∶S比值达到或超过黄铁矿中铁硫原子比时,反应主要生成黄铁矿。过硫条件有利于黄铁矿的生长,硫源越充足,实验产物中黄铁矿越多。     

龙马溪组页岩黄铁矿微观赋孔特征及地质意义

随着页岩气地质理论的不断完善,页岩气储层研究也更加精细、量化,黄铁矿作为页岩气储层普遍发育的物质成分,其矿物学特征、赋孔特征与地质意义引起了关注。为细化、量化对页岩储层黄铁矿的地质认识,通过氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）、能谱（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）等实验手段结合图像处理技术（Image Processing）,以渝东南地区龙马溪组中下部优质页岩储层样品为例,探究页岩储层黄铁矿的发育类型和特征,量化表征评价页岩基质莓状黄铁矿在纳米尺度下的孔隙发育特征,并在此基础上讨论黄铁矿的页岩气地质意义,尤其是其储层意义。实验结果表明,莓状黄铁矿是龙马溪组页岩基质中最主要的黄铁矿类型,集合体直径介于3~10 μm之间;莓状黄铁矿集合体内部晶体间有机质纳米孔发育,孔隙直径主要分布在100 nm以下,在页岩储层孔隙分类中莓状黄铁矿孔隙应归入有机成因孔隙类型;莓状黄铁矿集合体及其控制的有机质可以为页岩储层贡献0.7%~7%的孔隙比例,是对储集空间具有正贡献的、不应忽视的孔隙类型;基于图像处理技术（Image Processing）的孔隙分类表征与评价技术可以为储层孔隙研究提供新思路,是实现不同类型孔隙量化研究的可行方法。龙马溪组基质黄铁矿既可以贡献一定储集空间,也与有机质具有成因联系,可以为优质储层发育机理研究与优质储层勘探预测提供依据,在页岩气储层研究与勘探开发中具有重要地质意义。     

Pyrite in ammonite-bearing shales from the Jurassic of England and Germany

Pyrite occurs both in normal clays and shales with a benthic fauna (Oxford Clay, England, and Lias ε, Germany) and in highly bituminous shales (Lias ε, Germany). In normal shales it is present in small quantities as early framboids, but more conspicuously as internal moulds of fossils, especially ammonites. The pyrite in these is petrographically varied; several types of internal sediments and chamber linings are described and illustrated by reflected-light and scanning electron microscopy. Most striking are pyrite stalactites, suspended from the roofs of ammonite chambers, which were later filled by calcite or baryte. Pyrite formed in reducing micro-environments, while the sediment generally was not wholly anoxic. Most pyrite pre-dates compaction of sediment, breakage of fossils and solution of shell aragonite. Variable rates and conditions of reduction of sea water sulphate are reflected in δ³⁴S values ranging from ?55 to +44. Stalactites probably started to form when the ammonite chambers were partially gas-filled. In the bituminous Lias ε shales pyrite occurs abundantly as early framboids and micro-nodules. Larger nodules show a variety of forms, some of which post-date compaction of the sediment. Pyrite is not associated with the abundant flattened ammonites. δ³⁴S values in shales are grouped about a mode near ?20. Pyrite formed over a long time-span, and throughout the sediment, not just in protected cavities. Contrasts in pyrite types can be related to differing depositional environments and organic contents of the shales. Pyrite is an important mineral in diagenetic mineral parageneses which can be deduced by studying fossil void-fillings and concretions, and which help define the diagenetic history of a shale.     

草莓状黄铁矿与古海洋环境恢复

草莓状黄铁矿是指由等粒度的亚微米级黄铁矿晶体或微晶体紧密堆积而成,形似草莓的黄铁矿球形集合体.它们在氧化和缺氧海洋环境中形成的机理不同,沉积岩中草莓状黄铁矿的粒径分布特征是恢复古海洋的氧化还原状态行之有效的方法之一.然而,草莓状黄铁矿粒径统计仅能区分出氧化和缺氧硫化的环境,不能进一步区分缺氧程度及状态(如次氧化、缺氧含...     

二叠纪末期海洋缺氧:来自黄铁矿形态的证据

晚二叠世是古生代环境和生物演化的重要时期,也是重要的"冰室气候"时期,但其中仍然含有大量的富有机质沉积,并发育成为我国南方扬子板块重要的烃源岩层位.为恢复这一时期古海洋氧化还原状态,我们对湖北恩施赵家坝剖面大隆组硅质岩和四川广元上寺长江沟剖面大隆组碳酸盐岩中草莓状黄铁矿的粒径大小和分布进行了测量、统计和研究.统计结果显...     

Sulfide minerals in Coal Bed V,minnehaha mine,Sullivan County,Indiana

Polished and thin section examinations of samples from Indiana Coal Bed V (Springfield) have shown three sulfides to be present; namely pyrite, marcasite and sphalerite. Pyrite and marcasite are dominant forms whereas sphalerite is very minor. These sulfides appear to have formed in four distinct stages as judged on the basis of mineralogy and mineral texture. Pyrite occurs as framboids throughout the coal seam, as fibrous crystals in two horizons of the coal and in massive form as cleat fillings and cell fillings in fusinite and semi-fusinite. Marcasite occurs in spherical polycrystalline and twinned grains, as polycrystalline overgrowths on framboids, as cementing material for clusters of framboids, as blocky polycrystalline grains and with pyrite as cell fillings in fusinite and semi-fusinite. Sphalerite occurs exclusively as cell fillings in semi-fusinite. The paragenetic sequence indicates fluctuations in the overall coal bed chemistry. Individual sections display evidence of chemical variation on the micro scale.     

Occurrence and distribution of sulfur in peat-forming environments of southern Florida

Cores and surface samples of peats from the Everglades—Mangrove region of Southern Florida were analyzed for total sulfur and pyritic sulfur. These values were compared with the petrographic-botanical components of the peats as determined from point-counts of oriented microtome sections. Pyrite occurs as individual euhedral crystals, loosely packed framboids, and lenses or crusts of minute crystals. Framboids and minute crystals are often associated with organic matter and sometimes with bacteria and fungi. Pyrite tends to selectively occur in void spaces in or between peat tissues. In samples containing very small amounts of pyrite, framboidal pyrite is the prevalent form.Marine to brackish peats contain the highest pyrite and total sulfur contents, with brackish peats generally containing more pyrite than marine peats. Pyrite tends to be lower in all peats within 30 cm of the surface, whether marine or brackish.Burial of freshwater peats beneath marine or brackish peats tends to increase the total sulfur and pyritic sulfur in the underlying peats. Burial beneath brackish-water, clay-rich deposits (such as splays) tends to increase total sulfur and pyritic sulfur in the underlying deposits more than burial beneath less clay-rich deposits.