紫菜养殖筏架上定生浒苔对黄海绿潮的贡献

Green tides caused by the unusual accumulation of high floating Ulva prolifera have occurred regularly in the Yellow Sea since 2007. The primary source of the Yellow Sea green tides is the attached algae on the Pyropia aquaculture rafts in the Subei Shoal. Ulva prolifera and Blidingia(Italic) sp. are the main species observed on Pyropia aquaculture rafts in the Subei Shoal. We found that U. prolifera has strong buoyancy and a rapid growth rate, which may explain why it is the dominant species of green tides that occur in the China's sea area of the Yellow Sea. The growth rate of floating U. prolifera was about 20%–31% d–1, which was much higher than Blidingia(Italic) sp. There were about 1.7 × 10~4 t of attached algae on the Pyropia aquaculture rafts in May 2012. We found that 39% of attached algae could float when the tide rose in the Subei Shoal, and U. prolifera accounted for 63% of the floating algae. Our analysis estimated that about 4 000 t of attached U. prolifera floated into the surrounding waters of the Subei Shoal during the recycling period of aquaculture rafts. These results suggest that the initial floating biomass of large-scale green tides in the Yellow Sea is determined by the U. prolifera biomass attached to Pyropia aquaculture rafts, further impacting the scale of the green tide.     

东黄海星康吉鳗渔业生物学特性研究

Whitespotted conger Conger myriaster is a commercially important species in the seas around China, Korea and Japan. The coastal waters of China serve as an important feeding ground for congers, but the spatio-temporal variations in the fishery and biological characteristics of the population have been rarely evaluated and less well understood in this area. We studied the growth, spawning and feeding characteristics of C. myriaster on the basis of samples collected from October 2016 to April 2017 in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. A total of 529 specimens were collected, with ages ranging from 1 to 6 years and total length ranging from 132 mm to 834 mm.The parameters of von Bertalanffy growth equation L_∞ and k were 1 026 mm and 0.226 a~(–1), respectively; the sex ratio was 88:0(female: male) in the East China Sea and 2.67:1 in the South Yellow Sea; the development stage of ovary ranged from peri-nucleolus stage to secondary yolk globule stage, and the testis of two males was at midmeiotic stage; Crustacean was the major prey for conger of small length, and food source shift to fish with somatic growth. The results showed substantial differences from previous studies in Japan and Korean waters, as well as from China seas in the 1980 s, suggesting potential spatiotemporal changes in the biological characteristics of C.myriaster. This study may improve current understanding of the fishery biology of C. myriaster in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.     

Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in Yellow Sea sediments

To investigate the distribution,abundance,and species composition of dinoflagellate cysts in the Yellow Sea,surface sediment samples were collected at 37 sites,including the Korean dump site.Twenty-one dinoflagellate cyst taxa were identified,with the assemblages dominated mainly by Spiniferites bulloideus,Operculodinium centrocarpum,and cyst of Alexandrium catenella/tamarense type.A high frequency of O.centrocarpum in the Yellow Sea was observed for the first time,and it is likely that this can be attributed to the dynamics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and the Changjiang(Yangtze) River runoff.Total cyst concentrations ranged from 23 to 48 442 cysts/g dry weight,and high cyst concentrations were recorded adjacent to the dumping site.This result suggests that anthropogenic activities such as ocean dumping stimulate the growth of dinoflagellates in the Yellow Sea,which in turn leads to high levels of dinoflagellate cyst production.     

温度、盐度和光照对浒苔生长和光合作用的影响

Intensive Pyropia aquaculture in the coast of southwestern Yellow Sea and its subsequent waste, including disposed Ulva prolifera, was speculated to be one of the major sources for the large-scale green tide proceeding in the Yellow Sea since 2007. It was, however, unclear how the detached U. prolifera responded and resumed growing after they detached from its original habitat. In this study, we investigated the growth and photosynthetic response of the detached U. prolifera to various temperature, salinity and irradiance in the laboratory. The photosynthetic rate of the detached U. prolifera was significantly higher at moderate temperature levels(14–27°C)and high salinity(26–32), with optimum at 23°C and 32. Both low(14°C) and highest temperature(40°C), as well as low salinity(8) had adverse effects on the photosynthesis. Compared with the other Ulva species, U. prolifera showed higher saturated irradiance and no significant photoinhibition at high irradiance, indicating the great tolerance of U. prolifera to the high irradiance. The dense branch and complex structure of floating mats could help protect the thalli and reduce photoinhibition in field. Furthermore, temperature exerted a stronger influence on the growth rate of the detached U. prolifera compared to salinity. Overall, the high growth rate of this detached U. prolifera(10.6%–16.7% d~(–1)) at a wide range of temperature(5–32°C) and salinity(14–32) implied its blooming tendency with fluctuated salinity and temperature during floating. The environmental parameters in the southwestern Yellow Sea at the beginning of green tide were coincident with the optimal conditions for the detached U. prolifera.     

Genetic variation of Porphyra yezoensis by using AFLP1

Genetic variation of 11 lines of Porphyra yezoensis from the coastline of Kagoshima ofJapan, Qingdao, Nantong, Putuo and Nanji Islands of China were studied by using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP).778 bands were obtained with AFLP analysis of 16 primer combinations, among which 15 were unique, about 98.07% were polymorphic. The AFLP data showed that the closest genetic distance was 0.180 between two Kagoshima samples, and the farthest one was 0.397 between Kagoshima No.1 and Nantong No.9 line. The genetic distance showed that the variation was within the inner species scope. Neighbor-joining cluster and UPGMA cluster indicated that samples from Kagoshima and Qingdao were with high similarity and either with the samples of Nantong, Putuo and Nanji Islands. P. yezoensis in China shared high genetic diversity, and the genetic distance showed positive correlation with the geographic distance.     

Autumn living coccolithophores in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

An investigation was carried out on living coccolithophores(LCs) distribution in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea from October 17 to November 24, 2011. A total of 223 samples from different depths were collected at 48 stations. Totally 18 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified using a polarized microscope at the 1 000× magnification. The maximum species abundance was found at the outside of Transect P. The dominated species were Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Emiliania huxleyi, Helicosphaera carteri, and Algirosphaera robusta. The abundance of coccoliths and cells ranged 0–2 965.73 coccoliths/mL, and 0–119.16 cells/mL, with the average values of 471.00 coccoliths/mL and 23.42 cells/mL, respectively. The LCs in surface layer were mainly observed on the coastal belt and middle part of the survey area. The comparison among Transects A, F, P and E indicated lower species diversity and less abundance in the Yellow Sea than those of the East China Sea. The highest abundance of LCs was found in transect F and P. The coccolith abundance increased slightly from surface to bottom in the water column, but the highest value of the cell abundance was observed in the depth of 10–30 m. Temperature, depth and nutrient concentration were suggested as the major environmental factors controlling the distribution and species composition of LCs in the studying area based on canonical correspondence analysis(CCA).     

Effects of Ulva prolifera dissipation on the offshore environment based on remote sensing images and field monitoring data

Outbreaks of Ulva prolifera have continued in the South Yellow Sea of China(SYS) since 2007, becoming a serious marine ecological disaster. Large amounts of U. prolifera drift to the coast of the Shandong Peninsula to dissipate under the action of southeast monsoons and ocean surface currents. This causes serious harm to the ecological environment and economic activities of coastal cities. To investigate the impact of U. prolifera dissipation, this study extracted the spatiotemporal distribution...     

Application of the first internal transcribed spacer(ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA as a molecular marker to population analysis in farrer''s scallop Chlamys farreri

Sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA （ ITS - 1 ） was examined and its application to the study of genetic variation was explored in four populations of farter＇ s scallop Chlamys farreri. ITS - 1 fragments, with a length of about 300 bp,of 78 individuals collected from Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai in China and Korea respectively were amplified via PCR, cloned and sequenced. Intra-genomic variation was examined by sequencing several clones of single individuals. Alignment and polymorphism analysis detected 44 haplotypes and 50 polymorphic sites which consist of 30 substitutions and 20 indels, indicating a high level of polymorphisms. Sequence analysis also showed a very low level of intra-individual variation. All these features validated the feasibility of application of ITS - 1 fragment to population analysis. Polymorphism analysis showed that the Korea sample has the richest genetic variation, followed by Yantai and Qingdao samples. AMOVA （analysis of molecular variance） showed that the majority （96.26%） of genetic variation was distributed within populations and 3.74% resulted from among populations, but with P 〈 0.05 （ = 0.042）, indicating that the populations in this study have significant divergence. This output was basically concordant with the result arising from RAPD data and different from that from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence data. Discussion on this inconsistency was made accordingly.     

Molecular phylogenetics and population demographic history of Amphioctopus fangsiao,inferred from mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers

Amphioctopus fangsiao(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) is an important commercial species in the coastal waters of China. In recent years, however, the resource of A. fangsiao have declined because of habitat destruction and overfishing. To analyze the genetic variations of A. fangsiao caused by the fluctuation of resources, the population genetic structure of nine sampling locations collected from the Bohai Sea to the South China Sea were investigated, using mtDNA COI fragments and microsatellite DNA....     

盐度与种间竞争对漂浮生态型浒苔微繁体萌发和生长的影响

黄海绿潮源自苏北浅滩,暴发后期浒苔向北漂移至山东半岛南岸,会集中释放大量微繁体。虽然构成严重的繁殖体压力,但尚未发生大面积定生。为了明确漂浮生态型浒苔北侵定居的关键限制因素,本研究于2015年7月漂浮浒苔在青岛沿海大量堆积期间,采集潮间带表层沉积物样本,分别在盐度25和32下进行培养,试验不同盐度对漂浮生态型浒苔微繁体萌发和幼苗生长的影响。进一步通过单藻种培养,分析漂浮生态型与定生浒苔群体、以及青岛定生近缘种缘管浒苔对盐度的适应性差异。结果表明,盐度对微繁体萌发与幼苗生长两个阶段均构成重要影响,但具有不同的影响方式。在萌发阶段,单藻培养条件下,盐度对浒苔各群体和缘管浒苔的萌发率均无显著影响,但在混合培养条件下,盐度则通过种间竞争对萌发率产生显著影响,青岛的高盐条件更加有利于当地种,而苏北海域的低盐条件会显著提高漂浮生态型的萌发率。在幼苗的生长阶段,盐度可直接产生影响,高盐条件显著降低浒苔所有群体幼苗的生长率,对缘管浒苔则无显著影响,表现明显的种间差异。上述结果提示,盐度与种间竞争的协同作用可能是限制漂浮生态型浒苔大规模北侵定居的重要因素,这为预测漂浮生态型的扩散范围与黄海绿潮的变异趋势提供了理论依据。     

中国苏北浅滩海域定生海藻繁殖体的来源

自2007年以来，黄海海域已连续爆发大规模浒苔绿潮并造成了严重的经济损失。在苏北浅滩条斑紫菜养殖筏架上的定生浒苔被认为是漂浮绿潮藻的主要来源。然而，现阶段对筏架定生绿藻的种源基础并不清楚。因此，在本研究中，我们通过现场调查结合室内试验来揭示了筏架定生绿藻的繁殖体源。同时，为了对黄海大规模绿潮进行防控，我们对防止绿藻在紫菜养殖筏架的附着做了相关研究。结果表明，（1）包括浒苔、缘管浒苔、扁浒苔、曲浒苔以及盘苔这五种海藻的微观繁殖体共同存在于苏北浅滩海域的水体及沉积物中，而且在不同时期它们的比例变化明显。（2）经过去皮处理后的毛竹可明显抑制浒苔微观繁殖体的附着。通过本研究，我们明确分布于苏北浅滩海域的绿藻微观繁殖体是黄海大规模绿潮的种源基础。同时，我们为从源头防控黄海大规模绿潮的发生提供了一个可行的手段。     

黄海浒苔绿潮防灾减灾现状与早期防控展望

截至2019年，浒苔绿潮连续12年大规模暴发，对近海生态系统、沿岸环境与社会经济造成严重影响，已经成为黄海最严重的生态环境问题。本文总结了黄海浒苔绿潮防灾减灾现状与成效，分析了存在的问题，然后基于对该绿潮起源与成因的认识，将其早期分为3个关键过程，即浒苔微观繁殖体在养殖设施上的着生与生长过程，定生浒苔脱离附着基形成漂浮浒苔过程，浅滩漂浮浒苔进入深水区形成大面积绿潮过程。最后分别从加强新材料与技术研发防控绿藻着生、强化养殖设施回收管理严控定生绿藻落滩、浅滩汇聚通道拦截打捞等3种途径提出了早期防控措施建议，以期为黄海浒苔绿潮的源头防控提供科学依据。     

南黄海浒苔漂移轨迹年际变化规律及驱动因素

综合利用环境卫星(HJ-1A/1B)CCD影像与MODIS影像,对2011-2017年南黄海海域浒苔信息进行了提取,并结合QuickSCAT海风数据以及ESRL海温数据对浒苔生长及漂移路径的影响进行了分析。结果表明:(1)7年中利用遥感手段最初发现浒苔的日期为5月份,初始发现位置多集中在江苏省盐城市附近海域,且近7年浒苔漂移方向整体上向北,进入山东半岛海域。其中,浒苔中心点距离青岛海域最远约115km(2015年6月21日),最近约9.6km(2012年7月11日)。(2)浒苔中心点漂移方位年际差异较大,整体上浒苔漂移路径方向与海面风风向高度一致。(3)SST是浒苔暴发的关键环境因子,南黄海海域5—8月份SST逐月升高为浒苔生消过程提供了环境条件。     

浒苔原生质体再生苗对草丁膦与6种抗生素的敏感性

浒苔(Ulva prolifera)是构成黄海绿潮的优势种,通过构建浒苔稳定转化系统,可以为相关基因功能验证提供有力工具。本文以浒苔原生质体再生苗为材料,试验了对除草剂草丁膦和6种抗生素的敏感性,发现浒苔对氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素、硫酸链霉素、Zeocin 4种抗生素不敏感,对氯霉素、潮霉素较敏感,对除草剂草丁膦极为敏感,进一步统计得出草丁膦对浒苔的半致死剂量(LD50)和95%可信限,发现敏感性与光周期明显相关。上述结果为进一步筛选转化子、构建浒苔稳定转化系统打下了基础。     

苏北浅滩沉积物中的大型绿藻微观繁殖体的垂直分布和物种多样性

本研究通过在2017年秋冬季组织实施的2个绿潮种源调查航次,研究苏北浅滩紫菜养殖区沉积物中的大型绿藻微观繁殖体的垂直分布和物种多样性。对沉积物中的微观繁殖体的定量实验结果表明:表层泥样中绿藻微观繁殖体的丰度最高,随着深度的增加迅速降低。在9月份表层沉积物中丰度为9±2ind./g,而在11月份表层丰度达到98±25ind./g;与9月份相比, 11月份浅滩沉积物中绿藻繁殖体数量呈现出显著升高的趋势。通过对51个绿藻样品的分子鉴定发现:沉积物中存在石莼属(Ulva)、尾孢藻属(Urospora)、盘苔属(Blidingia)等大型绿藻的微观繁殖体;数量占优是石莼属繁殖体,主要包括曲浒苔(Ulva flexuosa)、浒苔(Ulva prolifera)、扁浒苔(Ulva compressa)、缘管浒苔(Ulva linza);其中曲浒苔占据的比例最高,在9和11月份分别达到80.94%和73.33%。在2个调查航次中,都从沉积物中发现了绿潮浒苔的微观繁殖体,这些微观繁殖体是绿潮浒苔在苏北浅滩种源维持的重要方式和关键阶段,也构成了黄海浒苔绿潮连年暴发的"种子库"。     

苏北浅滩绿藻从定生到漂浮过程中的组成及其生长特性

本文研究了苏北浅滩紫菜养殖筏架上附生的定生绿藻及海面上的漂浮绿藻在3月底和5月初的群落组成及其演替变化。分别通过设置滩涂围隔实验和船基围隔实验,研究附着态和漂浮态绿藻和浒苔(Ulvaprolifera)的相对生长率,分析浒苔在苏北浅滩的实际生长状况以及滩涂潮水涨落对于浒苔成为优势种的影响,以期了解其暴发绿潮的原因。结果显示3月底定生绿藻群落主要以曲浒苔(U. flexuosa)和盘苔(Blidingia minima)为主要优势种,未见浒苔出现。5月初定生绿藻群落中主要以盘苔和扁浒苔(U.compressa)为优势种,其中浒苔只占15%。而在5月初海面漂浮的绿藻中,浒苔成为主要优势种,比例达到76%。在设置的船基围隔和滩涂围隔的生长实验中,均以5月初定生绿藻为初始生物量,其中附着态浒苔在转变为漂浮态浒苔过程中都获得了较高生长率,其平均相对生长率分别为53.0和64.2%/d,而漂浮态浒苔在船基围隔中获得相对生长率则较低,为19.1%/d。实验结果表明,定生绿藻中定生浒苔更快适应漂浮状态,可以通过高生长率迅速成为漂浮绿藻中的绝对优势种,为其暴发绿潮奠定生物量基础。     

浒苔(Ulva prolifera)共附生细菌群落结构分析的引物优化

海藻共附生细菌密切参与宿主的生长发育、营养吸收等重要过程,浒苔(Ulva prolifera)是构成黄海绿潮的唯一优势种,对其共附生细菌开展群落结构分析,有望为成灾机制研究提供重要线索。由于植物叶绿体基因组同时具备原核特征和高拷贝数,会严重干扰共附生细菌基于16S rDNA的序列扩增。高等植物中开发了通用引物799F,利用其3′末端与植物同源区的非配对双碱基,可实现对细菌来源序列的特异性扩增。本文针对多个浒苔群体样本,首次评价了引物799F在藻类中的适用性,发现799F的3′末端与浒苔叶绿体同源区仅存在非配对单碱基,其扩增仍会受到浒苔叶绿体严重干扰。在引物799F的基础上,设计了新引物800F,与通用反向引物1492R配对扩增细菌16S rDNA中具高分辨率的V5-V9可变区,配合使用具热启动功能、同时不具校对功能的DNA聚合酶,可基本完全避免浒苔叶绿体来源序列的扩增,并阐明了方法的原理。优化的引物扩增方案可用于浒苔共附生细菌群落结构分析。