南海东北部剪切流场对内波影响的研究进展

南海东北部受黑潮入侵、季风等动力因素的影响,背景剪切流场复杂,涡旋众多,水体垂向层结季节性变化明显,同时又因吕宋海峡的复杂底地形和强潮流的影响,内潮、内孤立波现象显著。但是,以往关于内潮、内孤立波的研究很少考虑到背景剪切流场和涡旋对其影响,因而难以揭示内波的生成、传播和演变规律。主要概述了南海东北部的剪切流、涡旋和内波等多种中尺度物理现象及其之间的相互作用的研究进展,进而提出未来关于南海东北部剪切流场对内波生成、传播和演变影响研究中的一些问题和研究思路。     

Interannual variability in the structure of the Kuroshio front along the western boundary of the North Pacific Ocean associated with the 1982 ENSO event

The vertically averaged temperature (T_av) over the upper 200 m of ocean in the W boundary of the N Pacific is used to detect changes in the strenght and path of the Kuroshio Front along the W boundary from Luzon (18° N) to Honshu (34° N) during the period, 1979–1982. During this time period the Kuroshio Front experienced significant interannual changes associated, both with the disappearance of the Kuroshio Meander in late 1980 and with the development of the 1982 ENSO event in early 1982. When the Kuroshio Meander S of Honshu disappeared in the fall of 1980, lasting until the summer of 1981, the intensity of the Kuroshio Front increased, associated with warmer than normal temperatures all along the W boundary of the N Pacific from Luzon to Honshu. The amplitude of the Kuroshio Meander was also correlated with fluctuations in the path of the Kuroshio Front at the Tokara Strait (30° N) and the Bashi Strait (20° N), and with the amplitude of the East China Sea Meander. The East China Sea Meander occurs W of the Ryukyu Islands at 25° N, formed when the Kuroshio Current enters the East China Sea from the Philippine Sea NE of Taiwan Island. It had large amplitude in winter and smaller amplitude in spring and early summer, similar to that in the Kuroshio Meander when it was present during this period. It also had related interannual variability; i.e., when the Kuroshio Meander disappeared in fall of 1980, the East China Sea Meander was weak. These results and earlier ones dealing with the Kuroshio Front E of Japan (e.g., White and He) indicate that fluctuations in the amplitude of the Kuroshio Meander S of Honshu were associated with similar changes in the meandering character over the entire Kuroshio Current System during this four year period. During the 1982 ENSO event, the temperature in the region of the Kuroshio Front in the W boundary became colder than normal, while the Kuroshio Meander S of Honshu and the East China Sea Meander NE of Taiwan Island developed larger amplitudes. This is consistent with the results of White and He, who found during this same time period that the mesoscale meander pattern in the Kuroshio Extension intensifying during the 1982 ENSO period. During this time, the magnitude of the Kuroshio Front all along the W boundary and in the Kuroshio Extension region was weaker in comparison with the three years prior to the 1982 ENSO event.     

南海海流和涡旋概况

 提要:本文综述了南海海流、涡旋和上升流研究等三个方面迄今所取得的一些成果和在某些问题(例如关于台湾海峡中的黑潮分支)上的不同观点。指出南海海流中、上层的基本流型、广东沿岸流的变化等方面都不同于东海、黄海;南海中珠江冲淡水和上升流都显示出自身的特色，在南海北部，中、上层海流主要有三支流系:广东沿岸流、南海暖流和南海黑潮分支。沿
岸流基本上呈sw向流动，南海暖流终年自sw流向NE，而南海黑潮分支则终年偏sw向流动，它们构成sw-irE--sw向相间分布状态。
        

Impact of the Kuroshio Current on the South China Sea based on a 115 000 year diatom record

We used the tropical oceanic planktonic diatom species Nitzschia marina, Rhizosolenia bergonii and Azpeitia africana/Azpeitia neocrenulata, most commonly found in the surface sediments of the northeasternmost South China Sea (SCS) where the Kuroshio Current enters the SCS through the Bashi Strait north of Luzon, to analyse the influence of the the Kuroshio Current on the SCS. The impact of the Kuroshio Current seems to be relatively strong during major warm periods and, to a lesser degree, in minor warm periods during the last 115 000 years. The strongest influence took place during the main part of the Holocene and during the very late phase of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e. It is possible to distinguish two magnitudes of change in the impact of the Kuroshio Current on the SCS: large changes occurred at shifts between glacial and interglacial conditions, while smaller changes seem to have recurred in both glacial and interglacial episodes as well as during the Holocene. Climatic/oceanographic changes and sea‐level variations were possibly the two most important mechanisms for the varying influences of the Kuroshio Current on the SCS. The interaction between the Kuroshio Current and monsoon‐related processes may also have played a role. However, because of restricted knowledge of the present‐day Kuroshio Current and the absence of a modern analogue to the ancient SCS due to the marked changes in palaeogeography, this relationship is difficult to establish. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Review of the Atmospheric Response to the Ocean Mesoscale Eddies

As one of the most important mesoscale ocean features, the mesoscale eddies are omnipresent and have significant impact on the overlying atmosphere. Based on the comprehensive review of the influence of mesoscale eddies on the atmospheric boundary layer and the local circulation, the corresponding physical mechanisms and their impacts on weather systems were presented systematically. ①Eddy-induced SST anomalies may modify the surface wind speed, horizontal divergence, cloud and precipitation through turbulence heat flux anomalies. Meanwhile, additional secondary circulations arise over the eddies. What is more, there are obvious regional and seasonal differences for atmospheric responses. ② Studies in the South China Sea, the Kuroshio Extension region and the Southern Ocean indicate that atmospheric responses to mesoscale eddies can be explained by the changes of sea level pressure or the vertical momentum transport. These two mechanisms can be distinguished by the phase relationship between the atmospheric anomaly center and the eddy core. Diagnosis on the inner dynamical processes may draw better conclusions. ③The energy conversions are affected by mesoscale eddies, which may affect storm tracks and jet streams, and finally result in distant influences on weather patterns. Moreover, sea temperature anomalies from sea surface to the thermocline associated with mesoscale eddies have significant impacts on the intensification and the maintenance of tropical cyclones.     

南海中尺度波动现象研究进展

Kelvin波和Rossby波是经常出现于海洋中的边界波;南海的复杂岸线、陡变地形和热盐场时空结构的不均匀性具有形成强迫Kelvin波和地形Rossby波的条件。现有研究表明,南海大部分中尺度涡形成于东部一些较大岛屿附近;这些中尺度涡一旦形成后,就在β效应作用下向西移动并最终耗散于西边界,且其波动一般以Rossby波的形式向西传播。因此,南海环流的多涡结构与中尺度波动之间存在着一定的联系。在南海北部,中尺度涡主要由黑潮入侵和风应力旋度所诱生,而在南海南部而以风应力旋度为主要成因。提出了利用线性波动动力学模式来研究南海南部中尺度波动、分析风应力强迫所产生的中尺度波动特征和规律,并据此建立相应的数值模式来揭示该海区环流的动力学和热动力学机制的思路,以便了解该海区流场季节性变化与中尺度波动之间的内在关系。     

黑潮化学物质输入东海的途径与通量

在对黑潮水文特征分析的基础上,探讨了黑潮对中国近海化学物质输入途径,归纳总结了黑潮对东海生源要素、痕量元素、同位素及其他化学物质的输入特征,提出了黑潮对中国近海化学物质输入研究应着重关注的问题。主要的结论包括:吕宋海峡、中国台湾东北部及日本九州西南海域是黑潮向中国近海输送化学物质的3个关键区域;黑潮表层水向东海陆架的扩展、次表层水和中层水的涌升以及黑潮季节性流轴摆动是黑潮向东海输送化学物质的基本途径。黑潮主体生源要素的浓度随深度的增加而增大。黑潮对东海生源要素的影响夏季最弱、春季次之、秋冬季最强,其对东海生源要素的输入通量要远高于河流、大气等其他输入源,并且各水层中以中层水的生源要素输入通量为最大。痕量元素在黑潮主体的分布、对东海的输入通量等方面均表现出了与生源要素的差异,各痕量元素的分布及输入通量随痕量元素的不同而不尽相同,其中次表层水的涌升在对邻近海域痕量元素分布的影响中起到了重要作用。同位素可指示黑潮对东海陆架的入侵程度及变化规律,并与营养盐等有一定的相关性。黑潮是东海微量温室气体N2O,CH4等其他化学物质的重要输入源,进而对东海生态环境产生影响。进一步研究应着重从系统性外海观测、痕量元素及同位素等化学物质调查、黑潮对中国近海输入化学物质的控制过程等方面深入开展。     

黑潮与毗邻陆架海域的碳交换

作为沟通陆架边缘海与开放大洋的北太平洋西边界流,黑潮对毗邻中国陆架海域碳循环有着不可忽视的影响。分析总结了黑潮与毗邻陆架海域海水中溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶解无机碳(DIC)和颗粒无机碳(PIC)分布与交换的现有研究成果。分析表明,黑潮通过表层水涡旋、入侵以及次表层以下水体上涌等形式携碳进入毗邻陆架海域。在黑潮与毗邻陆架海域,DOC和POC的分布受生物活动、水团混合以及沉积物—水界面相互作用的共同影响,表层与陆架水中含量较高,DIC受海水碳酸盐体系平衡影响,表层含量低于底层,在陆架海域与上升流区有高值,PIC含量较低。在台湾东北海域,DOC,POC和DIC由东海陆架海域向黑潮有净输出,输出量分别为2 431×109,1 051×109和21 733×109mol C/a,PIC通过陆架源悬浮颗粒物向黑潮主流输送,通量为1 852×109mol C/a。DOC,POC和PIC由南海经吕宋海峡向黑潮有净输出,输出量分别为2 652×109,1 009×109和230×109mol C/a,但DIC由黑潮向南海有净输出,通量为13 005×109mol C/a。台湾海峡碳循环受黑潮输运的影响,但影响机制及过程至今并不清楚。因此,黑潮与毗邻陆架海域的碳交换过程研究还有若干重大科学问题亟待解决,尚需深入系统的研究。     

Evolution of intrathermocline eddies moving over a submarine hill

Anticyclonic and cyclonic mediterranean eddies are formed on continental slopes of the Iberian Peninsula. Cyclonic eddies commonly live for 0.5–1 year at most. Anticyclonic eddies (meddies) live for 4–5 years, on average, but there are eddies of 7–8 years in age drifting at the distance of up to 6000 km from the region of its formation. According to the results of observations, in some regions of the Atlantic Ocean, the meddies are destructed partially or completely after contact with submarine mountains. However, it is impossible to trace evolution of the lens moving over the submarine obstacle by the field data. We studied the modeled influence of variable-height submarine hills on movement of cyclonic and anticyclonic intrathermocline eddies by the contour dynamics method. The evolution of lenses appeared to be quite sensitive to variations in hill height. Cyclonic and anticyclonic lenses interact with the hill in different ways. The data of unique field observations of Mediterranean lenses in the North Atlantic are confirmed by the results of our model experiments. Hence, it is possible to predict basic, similar to real, scenarios of interaction of intrathermocline eddies under conditions of complex bottom relief in the context of the three-layered ocean model.     

北太平洋副热带环流变异及其对我国近海动力环境的影响

我国东部陆架海和南海是国防安全的重要门户;位处第二岛链以西的副热带北太平洋既是各国争夺的重要海区,又是我国从近海走向大洋的重要通道.围绕"北太平洋副热带环流变异如何通过黑潮与我国近海动力环境之间相互作用"这一国际前沿科学问题,国家重点基础研究发展计划项目"北太平洋副热带环流变异及其对我国近海动力环境的影响"于2007年9月正式立项.该项目不仅有助于拓展和丰富海洋动力学理论,揭示我国近海及邻近大洋动力环境变异机制,提高预测能力,而且也将为维护我国国防安全和海洋权益,为可持续开发利用海洋资源提供海洋动力环境保障.该项目主要研究内容包括:①北太平洋副热带环流变异和调整机理;②黑潮与我国近海的能量与水体交换过程及机制;③北太平洋副热带环流变异与大气驱动力的耦合效应;④我国近海及邻近大洋动力环境变异的可预测性研究.拟解决的关键科学问题为:北太平洋副热带内区环流变异的机理及其对黑潮的影响;黑潮源头变异机理及其对吕宋海峡水交换的影响和黑潮变异机理及其对东部陆架海域动力环境的影响.     

The Surface and Three-dimensional Characteristics of Mesoscale Eddies: A Review

Mesoscale eddies, which are widely found in the oceans, play a vital role in momentum, energy, heat and mass transport. The Euler method for identifying mesoscale eddies using satellite altimeter data was presented in detail, including closed SLA contours, OW numbers, Winding-Angle and flow vector methods. The results show that mesoscale eddies are almost nonlinear and solid-body rotation. The long-lived eddies with lifetimes ≥16 weeks have an average lifetime of 32 weeks and an average propagation distance of 550 km. Their mean amplitude and a speed-based radius scale as defined by the automated procedure are 8 cm and 90 km, respectively. The method combining with SLA and Argo profiles to composite the three-dimensional structure were addressed. Due to the different temperature and salt structure in the various oceans of the world, the eddies in different oceans show different three-dimensional structures, which are influenced by both the generation and local temperature and salinity. Two special types of eddies were introduced from the perspective of generation, evolution and dissipation processes, namely the Loop Current Ring in the Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean eddy in the Atlantic Ocean. Finally, issues including submesoscale processes, dissipation of eddies and subthermocline eddies were discussed, and some future research directions were proposed.     

Reflection of intrathermocline eddies on the ocean surface

In the northeastern portion of the Atlantic Ocean, at depths of 500–1500 m, there are regular intrathermocline eddies that are characterized by high temperature and salinity. As these eddies interact with the ambient medium, they can transmit a dynamic signal to the ocean surface. These eddies are clearly identifiable on altimetric maps showing variations in the ocean’s surface level obtained by satellites. Such observations allow recording not only the complex interaction pattern of surface cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, but also the processes of merging and separation of intrathermocline eddies.     

基于海洋分析资料的吕宋海峡水交换的月际变化特征

利用1993—2006年1~12月AIPO(The joining area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean)流场数据,分析了吕宋海峡120°E断面水交换流速结构的平均月际变化特征,并计算了通过该断面的水通量,探讨了水通量及其垂向结构的月际和季节变化特征。结果表明:1在断面的南北方向,西向流和东向流分别大致以19.5°N和21.5°N线为界,二者交替相间分布,呈"两进(西向流入南海)两出(东向流出南海)"的结构;21.5°N以南的300 m以深和21.5°N以北的1 000 m以浅海域,常年存在南海水东向流入太平洋。2上层、深层和整个断面的净水通量几乎均为西向流,净水通量冬季最大,春季和秋季次之,夏季最小。中层除12月外,其他各月的净水通量均为东向流出南海,净水通量春季最大,夏季和秋季次之,冬季最小。3整个断面的净水通量,1~5月和8~11月呈"三明治"结构,6~7月呈2层结构;12月呈单层结构,年平均呈"三明治"结构。     

Thermohaline features of the subsurface cyclonic Eddy the south central Bay of Bengal during August 1999

Analysis of the spatial data collected along two sections of temperature and salinity from Chennai to 13‡N and 87‡E and back to Chennai onboard INS Sagardhwani during the Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX) from 10th to 20th August 1999 revealed the presence of a prominent cyclonic eddy centered around 280 km away from the coast. Analysis of the dissipation rate of the cyclonic eddy from transect one to transect two and from the analysis of the TOPEX data, it may be inferred that the cyclonic eddy is possibly due to the presence of westward propagating Rossby waves in the Bay of Bengal.     

西北太平洋黑潮延伸体观测回顾和展望

西北太平洋黑潮延伸体是全球海洋动力过程最复杂、对全球气候变化最敏感和全球海洋渔业产量最大的区域之一,然而,目前对该海区物理、生态及生地化循环等过程的认识仍受限于长期连续海洋观测资料的缺乏。本文回顾了国际上针对黑潮延伸体海区的相关观测情况和取得的主要进展,介绍了近年来我国在该区域观测系统的构建工作及取得的初步成果,包括构建了全球首个西北太平洋黑潮延伸体定点观测系统;发现黑潮延伸体海区海洋涡旋的平流效应对该海区模态水的总潜沉率贡献超过一半,所携带当地的模态水只需要一年半的时间就可到达海盆的西边界;基于潜标首次展示了黑潮延伸体区域3种不同类型次温跃层涡旋流速的直接观测结果,为开展其生成消亡机制及其全球次表层物质能量输运提供了重要的现场观测基础。最后,本文展望了今后观测系统的发展方向,即在跨圈层和多学科交叉方面发展成为我国在西北太平洋重要的深远海综合观测网络。这将为揭示多尺度物理-生物过程耦合、深海能量串级及其气候效应与深海碳循环等领域实现突破提供重要的观测支撑。     

Influence of mesoscale eddies on sound propagation in the northwest Pacific Ocean

The influence of a warm anticyclonic eddy occurring in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean near the Kuroshio flow on the sound field structure under radiation of acoustic signals with the frequencies of 232, 348, and 696 Hz is studied. The results of field measurements are compared to the acoustic field calculations in parabolic approximation and by the normal mode method. Calculations are in good compliance with experimental data, which makes it possible to estimate the influence of the eddy on transmission losses and the interference structure of the sound field.     

On meteotsunamis around Tsushima Strait generated by the Baiu front

On July 15, 2009, a meteotsunami occurred over Tsushima Strait and flood damage was recorded on the west coast of Tsushima Island. This study investigated the meteorological systems related to that meteotsunami event using surface observation data, grid-point value data, and a mesoscale meteorological model. The mid-latitude trough in the mid-troposphere approached the moist air of the Baiu precipitation system, and a cold downdraft occurred over a wide area of western Japan. In the western Tsushima Strait, the warm, moist air of the lower atmosphere kept the front of the cold downdraft stationary. Around this area, an atmospheric gravity wave was generated continuously with the wave-conditional instability of the second kind mechanism and propagated toward Tsushima Island. The atmospheric gravity wave generated a pressure disturbance at sea level, which produced the meteotsunami. The frequency of the pressure disturbance using the numerical model had a peak in the 5- to 20-min period range, which corresponded with the peak frequency range of the observed tidal records.     

Movement of seasonal eddies and its relation with cyclonic heat potential and cyclogenesis points in the Bay of Bengal

Movement of seasonal eddies in the Bay of Bengal (BOB) and its relation with cyclonic heat potential (CHP) and cyclogenesis points have been investigated in this study using 6 years (2002–2007) of global ocean monthly analysis datasets based on the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) package (SODA v2.0.4) of Carton et al. (2005) and Indian Meteorological Department cyclogenesis points. The region dominated by anticyclonic eddies with CHP greater than 70 × 10⁷ J/m² as well as good correlations (>0.9) with sea surface height (SSH) and 26°C isothermal depth (D ₂₆) can be a potential region of cyclogenesis. The region dominated by cyclonic eddies with CHP greater than 50 × 10⁷ J/m² and good correlation (>0.9) with both SSH and D ₂₆ can serve as a potential region of high-level depression. Potential cyclogenesis regions are the southern BOB (5°N–12°N) for the post-monsoon season and the head of BOB (north of 15°N) during southwest monsoon. Seven potential regions are identified for the eddy formation for different seasons, which are consistent with the cyclogenesis points. The CHP distributions alone are able to explain the cyclone tracks for the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons but not for the monsoon season.     

粤西-琼东北近海沉积物的运移和沉积

为了深入认识珠江现代入海物质在粤西陆架随海流迁移扩散的路径和沉积中心,利用Gao-Collins方法分析了粤西-琼东北近海1 515个站位的粒径趋势,并用²¹⁰Pb法测定了8支柱样的现代沉积速率。结果表明,在粤西沿岸流和南海暖流这两个相向海流的共同作用下,珠江口外珠江来源的泥质沉积物的主体被限制在-50 m等深线以浅的内陆架。现代珠江入海物质能维持粤西陆架泥质沉积区0.1 cm/a左右的现代沉积速率。在川山群岛至海陵岛一带和琼州海峡东侧泥质区,分别受岛屿阻挡和逆时针中尺度涡旋的影响,形成了现代沉积中心。在沉积物不同粒级的来源和搬运方式存在差异的地方,粒径趋势分析结果可能主要反映的是粗颗粒沉积物的运移趋势,而非细颗粒沉积物的运移方向。     

南海中北部表层沉积硅藻的高分辨空间分布及其与现代环境因子的关系

本文通过对南海中北部1 266个站位19种硅藻的生物地理分布格局及其对环境因子偏好的研究,查清了南海中北部沉积硅藻高分辨的空间展布特征,并探讨了硅藻分布与海洋环境因子的关系。南海北部陆架和西部陆架表层沉积硅藻以广温的半咸水潮间带种或沿岸种和咸水-半咸水浅海种为主,珠江口以东的粤东北部陆架Paralia sulcata呈集中分布,粤西北部陆架多样性最佳,Cyclotella stylorum相对富集,西部陆架则以Cyclotella striata占显著优势。北部陆坡和西部陆坡以热带浮游远洋种为主,其中Azpeitia nodulifera和Nitzschia marina分别在琼东南陆坡、西部陆坡和东北部陆坡占优势地位,Chaetoceros messanensis、Fragilariopsis doliolus集中分布于北部陆坡。深海盆以热带浮游远洋种为主,A.nodulifera最具优势,其次为N.marina,Thalassionema nitzschioides和Thalassiosira eccentrica在吕宋海峡入口、深海盆东部和东南部礼乐岛坡集中分布。硅藻种和环境因子的Pearson相关性分析和冗余分析表明,热带远洋种与表层海水温度显著正相关,广温广布种与温度和盐度呈一定正相关,多数沿岸种和浅海种与盐度显著负相关。硅藻组合与海洋流系控制下的环境因子关系密切。可分为6个硅藻组合,其中陆架区3个组合主要受到盐度和营养盐(NO₃,PO₄,SiO₄)浓度的影响,陆坡区2个组合主要受表层海水温度、盐度和营养盐(PO₄)浓度的影响,而深海盆硅藻组合主要受温度的影响。对比前人研究,本文提高了对南海沉积硅藻空间分布认识的分辨率,充实了研究相对薄弱的西部陆架和深海盆的最新资料,佐证并修正了前人基于少量数据而得出的硅藻组合分区认识,消弭了前人观点的分歧。生物因素和沉积过程会使沉积硅藻对环境因子变化的响应关系更为复杂。