青海湖西岸镭同位素的解吸和扩散特征

对青海湖布哈河河口悬浮颗粒物、底部沉积物和青海湖湖底沉积物中的镭(Ra)同位素进行不同盐度和pH值的解吸实验以及扩散实验,得到不同盐度湖水(2.8‰、5.8‰、8.8‰、11.8‰和14.8‰)对悬浮颗粒物中镭的解吸活度,和不同时间段沉积物中镭同位素的扩散速率,探讨盐度、pH值与颗粒物中镭同位素解吸的关系.结果表明,224Ra的解吸活度均高于~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra的解吸活度;在盐度为12‰附近时布哈河河口悬浮颗粒物中223Ra、~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra的解吸程度达到最大值,当盐度9‰时,~(226)Ra解吸活度大于~(228)Ra,当盐度9‰时,~(228)Ra的解吸活度大于~(226)Ra,这可能与当地岩石中富铀矿有关.河流沉积物~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra的扩散速率分别是0.039和0.290 dpm/(m~2·h);湖底沉积物~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra的扩散速率分别为0.018和0.092 dpm/(m~2·h),湖底沉积物扩散速率小于河流沉积物扩散速率.     

青海湖泉湾镭同位素的空间分布与沿岸地下水排放评价

青海湖是青藏高原的重要组成部分,它是维系青藏高原东北部生态安全的重要水体.其沿岸地下水的排放直接影响了青海湖的水文生物地球化学过程,然而对该问题的研究仍然不充分.本研究于2014年对青海湖泉湾湖水、河水和地下水进行223Ra和224Ra活度的测定分析,并对泉湾湖水水平向和垂直向的Ra活度分布进行深入分析,最后估算并探讨了泉湾水体的停留时间和布哈河口沿岸地下水的排放通量.表层湖水、河水、地下水不同端元的水体223Ra和224Ra活度值分别为0.441和0.026 dpm/100 L、0.22和0.016 dpm/100 L以及0.061和1.30 dpm/100 L,最高值为地下水,其次湖水,河水最小;总体上泉湾湖水223Ra和224Ra活度随离岸距离增加分别由0.047到0.011 dpm/100 L和1.4到0.2 dpm/100 L的减小,垂向上Ra活度呈楔形分布,Ra活度在不同方向上的非保守性分布主要受到悬浮颗粒物解析的影响;通过水体滞留时间模型计算获得青海湖泉湾水体的平均停留时间为1.8天,进一步分析泉湾水体Ra的源汇项,应用镭同位素质量平衡模型获得泉湾布哈河口沿岸地下水排放通量为0.054～0.109 m3/(m2·d).     

太湖底部沉积物放射性元素分布特征及其成因研究

通过对太湖底部沉积物中放射性元素U,Ra,Th,~(40)K及~(210)Po的测定,研究它们的分布规律及其成因。研究结果表明,Th,~(40)K的分布是由湖边缘向湖中心呈减少规律,湖中心最低;U,Ra,~(210)Po则是由湖边缘向中心先是呈降低趋势,而至湖中心又有升高。前者以机械搬运及吸附等物理作用为主的陆源沉积物再分配。后者以溶解、还原、吸附、沉淀等化学作用为主,既有陆源,并有由地下水沿裂隙从深部搬运上来以及地下其他地质原因造成的放射性元素在湖中心的沉淀富集。     

内蒙古—辽宁交界地区地下水化学类型及其成因分析

通过对内蒙古东部—辽宁西部地区主要活动断裂带及其周边25个泉、井、河流、水库取样点的氢氧同位素组成及主要离子含量进行测试,讨论了该地区地下水的物质来源及其与地震活动的关系。结果表明：(1)研究区地下水主要来源于大气降水。水样TDS范围为40.14～1 720.87 mg/L,低矿化度(TDS<200 mg/L)水样的离子主要来源于岩石溶解和大气输入,而其它水样的离子主要来源于岩石溶解和深部流体,大气输入相对很小,但各测区深部流体的贡献有明显差别;(2)低温热水、中温热水及高温热水均为花岗岩裂隙水,其水化学类型为硫酸型和重碳酸型,富含碱性长石的火成岩溶解导致地下水富Na⁺,周围构造活动相对活跃。其中,RST水样更接近深部储水层的热水特征,表明其受深部流体影响为主;(3)NS和AES水样位于阴山北部高原区,为CO₂过饱和水,属重碳酸钠型;AES受干旱区季节性降水淋滤表层可溶盐、水体的蒸发以及深部富CO₂流体混入造成其矿化度最高;(4)KZHQ和BYNE水样分别处于碳酸盐岩含水层和含砾砂岩含水层,由于Ca^2+<...     

郯庐断裂及胶辽断块区现代地热流体地球化学

地下水深循环过程产生的同位素物理分馏是地热水的δD ,δ18O值总是低于当地浅层地下水的主要原因 .给出了地热水可能的最大循环深度与其δD ,δ18O值降低幅度的关系式 .研究区内地热流体逸出气体属于壳内气体 .郯庐深断裂现今以压性为主的活动方式一直延续至深部 ,基本阻断了深源气体向地表的迁移     

青海湖意外湖花介(Limnocythere inopinata Bird)壳体稳定氧同位素组成对盐度的可能响应

介形类壳体的氧同位素组成已成为恢复湖区古气候/古环境的有效代用指标,而其氧同位素分馏及环境意义目前还缺乏研究.为评价青海湖介形类壳体氧同位素分馏及其环境意义,在青海湖进行系统的表层沉积物和水样的采集,测定表层沉积物中的意外湖花介(Limnocythere inopinata Bird)和相应水样的氧同位素组成.结果表明:意外湖花介壳体的氧同位素组成主要受控于水体的氧同位素组成,除温度的影响外,还可能受到盐度的影响,随着盐度变化,该种壳体与水体之间的同位素分馏呈减小趋势,而两者的氧同位素组成均呈偏正趋势.青海湖意外湖花介壳体的氧同位素组成在一定程度上可能间接反映水体盐度的变化,值得进行更深入的研究.     

47个水氡监测点的天然放射性水平

本文报道了47个水氡监测点的天然放射性水平的调查结果。通过数理统计分析:~(226)镭和总α、~(222)氡和~(210)钋、~(222)氡和~(226)镭的含量,具有显著的相关。讨论了测定地下水总α放射性和~(210)钋的含量,作为氡气含量预报地震参考值的可能性。     

九江地震台观测井水氢氧同位素特征及意义

在地震地下流体观测研究中,基于氢氧同位素示踪技术研究地下水补给源及循环过程是常用的技术方法之一。本文给出了九江地震台2号观测井水、大气降水、周边水库水及高山泉水等样品的氢氧同位素测定结果,表明地下水δ~(18)O测值介于-7.59‰～-6.09‰,平均值-6.99‰,δD测值介于-45.22‰～-39.69‰,平均值-42.32‰,变异异数分别为0.09、0.16;大气降水δ~(18)O测值介于-13.00‰～-1.27‰,平均值-4.74‰,δD测值介于-96.13‰～-4.74‰,平均值-46.87‰,变异异数分别为0.40、0.56,与降水相比,地下水氢氧同位素变化更为稳定。大气降水氢氧同位素2017年5～10月表现为明显的降水效应,2018年11～4月表现为明显的温度效应,而地下水氢氧同位素并未表现出明显的降水效应和温度效应。氢氧同位素及过量氘揭示地下水在下渗补给前经历了明显的蒸发分馏作用,并与围岩进行~(18)O交换,δ~(18)O与δD计算得出的补给高程分别约为647、440m。九江台观测井的观测层地下水为大气降水成因的构造裂隙水,属于大气成因型且循环过程为较稳定的裂隙水补给并形成承压自流井。     

同位素地球化学方法与地震研究及地震预报

通过在地震活动区对有关地质体的K—Ar、Ar—Ar、FT、TL、~(14)C、ESR、U系等同位素年代学、地下水及其释放气体的D/H、~(13)C/~(12)C、~(18)O/~(16)O等稳定同位素以及He、Ar等稀有气体同位素的研究,可获得有关新构造运动的时间序列、断层运动的时间、地质体热历史以及地下断层流体运动的许多重要信息。因而,同位素地球化学已逐渐在研究地震成因机制以及监测预报地震中发挥重要作用。     

内蒙古达里诺尔湖流域地表水和地下水环境同位素特征及补给关系

为了探明达里诺尔湖流域地表水与地下水的氢(H)、氧(O)同位素的变化特征及相互补给关系,于2013年对达里诺尔湖及其周围的河水、井水、泉水中H、O同位素进行了取样分析,并结合总溶解性固体悬浮物(TDS)和区域水文地质对达里诺尔湖流域的补给关系进行讨论分析.结果表明:1)河水、泉水、井水中H、O同位素的值基本落在全球雨水线上,湖水H、O同位素落在全球雨水线的右下方,说明河水、井水、泉水没有发生蒸发分馏,而湖水则发生较大程度的蒸发分馏;对达里诺尔湖流域地表水与地下水的H、O同位素进行回归模拟,得出该区域的蒸发趋势线方程:δD=4.8753δ18O-20.139(n=32,R2=0.9968).蒸发线表明,这些水样具有相同水源的特征.2)从实地考察发现,泉水补给河水,泉水和河水补给湖水,同时井水、泉水和河水有相似的δD、δ18O和TDS值,且不随季节变化而变化,推断达里诺尔湖附近地下水补给湖水;区域水文地质条件亦证明达里诺尔湖周边地下水补给湖水.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.