地震电磁扰动感应式磁传感器研制

地震电磁扰动观测需要研制高灵敏度、低噪声的感应式磁传感器。本文通过对感应式磁传感器等效电路的分析,得出增加磁芯的有效磁导率以及线圈的有效面积可提高传感器性能的结论,进而完成感应式磁传感器设计。通过理论分析及实践检验,研制的感应式磁传感器可以满足地震电磁扰动观测的需要。     

地面电磁探测(SEP)系统对比试验——内蒙曹四夭钼矿

为了检验自主研制的地面电磁探测(SEP)系统各组成部分在实际勘查中的性能与可靠性,以及整体系统的野外实际工作能力,在内蒙古乌兰察布市兴和县的曹四夭钼矿开展了SEP不同类型磁传感器之间以及SEP整套系统与国外商业仪器系统的全面对比试验.试验采用多种方案,分别进行了高温超导磁传感器和感应式磁传感器之间的性能对比试验;磁通门磁传感器和感应式磁传感器之间的性能对比试验;SEP发射机与GGT-30发射机、TXU-30发射机的发射性能对比试验;SEP系统与V8、GDP-32II等国际先进仪器的CSAMT法综合对比试验;以及SEP系统和V8系统的MT法对比试验.本文对试验结果进行了分析,表明自主研制的SEP系统已经基本达到甚至优于国外同类产品的性能,能够很好地胜任野外实际勘查工作.     

地-井瞬变电磁响应特征数值模拟分析

井中瞬变电磁法(Bore-hole transient electromagnetic method-BHTEM)是指接收线圈在钻井中观测瞬变场响应用以勘查深部矿产资源的勘探方法,其中以地-井(地面激发井中接收)组合方式研究最多、应用最广.本文应用时域有限差分法(FDTD),建立包含薄板导体的均匀半空间二维数学模型,采用线源为激发源,选用Mur吸收边界条件,对矩形回线源在半空间中产生的瞬变电磁场进行数值模拟,计算了低阻板状导体在均质半空间和有低阻覆盖层影响情况下的地-井瞬变电磁异常响应,并对响应的特征及规律进行研究分析,为研究地-井TEM提供参考.     

分布式电磁法仪器系统设计及实现

本文介绍一种采用大功率稳流发射、低噪声测量、宽频带接收以及分布式同步等技术,自主研制的分布式多功能电磁法仪器系统.系统包括大功率电磁法发射机、分布式电磁法接收机、磁场传感器、整流源等设备.采用ARM芯片和FPGA芯片进行发射机的整机控制和信号整形发射,采用PC104工控机和FPGA芯片进行接收机的整机控制和信号处理.在人工场源模式下实现了可控源音频大地电磁法（CSAMT）、谱激电法（SIP）和时域激电法（TDIP）等测量功能;在天然场源模式下实现了大地电磁法（MT）、音频大地电磁法（AMT）的测量功能.发射机在满功率发射的情况下连续可靠运行时间大于12 h,接收机的动态范围大于120 dB,接收机可接收信号频率范围是0.001 Hz~32 kHz.通过典型矿区的野外实验和应用,表明本系统的性能总体上达到了国际先进水平.     

横向各向同性介质中用于井-地传输的电磁波的准确快速计算

井-地电磁传输系统是解决随钻测量(MWD)中观测的各种参数(井斜、井周速度、电导率、孔隙度)和井场的指令在井-地间实时传输问题的新思路，应用潜力巨大，受到了相关研究人员的广泛关注.本文提出了一种在横向各向同性介质中精确、快速地模拟井-地电磁传输中电磁波传播、分布的方法，为井-地电磁传输系统的设计、开发提供必要的支持.该方法利用矩量法将沿钻杆分布的电流离散，并基于钻杆上电流分布与格林函数的乘积的积分对散射电磁场进行计算，经过与基于有限元法的COMSOL软件模拟结果对比，验证了该方法的有效性.同时还讨论了钻杆电导率、工作频率、横向各向同性异常层、目标层电导率等参数对电磁场的影响.研究发现高电导率的钻杆能提高电磁波的辐射能力，钻杆上电流分布、地面接收的电压信号对地层模型横向电导率的变化较电导率垂向分量变化更敏感.     

坑（井）-地电阻率成像技术数据处理方法研究

开发坑（井）一地电阻率成像技术数据处理软件包,对分布式地面一坑道电磁信号接收仪记录的时间序列进行分析处理,最终得到相应的视电阻率和相位参数。实际资料处理结果表明,在远区情况下,需考虑信噪比水平,选择合适的计算方法。当信噪比很低或较高时,可选择根据卡尼亚电阻率定义式直接比值的方法,该方法计算简便、效率高;当信噪比一般时,采用最小二乘或Robust等估算方法,能在一定程度上改善数据处理质量。     

大井间距井间地震观测试验

介绍了井间地震数据采集方面取得的最新进展．为了使我国井间地震技术实用化,开展了大井间距井间地震数据采集试验．通过地面浅井激发深井接收、深井激发深井接收、不同炸药量、不同传播距离试验,确定了井间地震观测参数．应用改进后的井中安全炸药震源、一个三分量井中检波器和常规数据记录系统,在陕北顺宁油田的顺3井、顺4井和顺5井3口生产井中成功采集到两对大井间距、深井、油井中的井间地震资料,两对井的井距分别为307．92m和470．36m,采集井段为904．31-1272．32m．共设计了4种观测方式,采集到800多炮井间地震记录,对油井无损害．改进型井中安全炸药震源在使用效率和寿命方面有显著提高,可用于商业性并间地震数据采集．     

地面电磁探测系统(SEP)研究

近年来,大地电磁法作为深部找矿与地球电性探测的感应类电法有了迅猛的发展,国内电磁法仪器基本上都是美、加、德三国地球物理公司所生产,中国已进口了几百套这些设备.随着中国国力的增强,地面电磁探测系统的自主研制被提到议事日程.从2010年开始,中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所牵头,联合中科院院内及高校等单位在国土资源部探测技术与实验研究专项(SinoProbe)中承担了《地面电磁探测(SEP)系统研制》项目的研究,目前已取得阶段性成果.本文详尽地论述了大地电磁法仪器发展现状、系统研究目标和总体设计,SEP发射系统、感应式磁传感器、分布式电磁数据采集系统、3D EM数据正反演成像软件和可视化数据管理软件、SEP系统集成和野外测试结果,最后对地面电磁探测系统研究进行了讨论、总结和展望.     

一种用于TEM高灵敏度感应式磁场传感器设计

瞬变电磁法(TEM)作为地球物理非地震探勘主要电磁方法之一,广泛应用于油气、矿产等地下资源探测.本文分析TEM磁场传感器频率响应特点,采用欠阻尼匹配拓展传感器线性响应频率范围;分析磁传感器各类噪声源分布,提出不同频段上影响磁传感器性能的主要因素.最终研制一款高磁导率磁芯的TEM感应式磁场传感器,工作频段为10 mHz~1 kHz,等效输入噪声水平为4pT/√Hz@1Hz, 15fT/√Hz@200 Hz,传感器直径为50 mm,长度800 mm,重量3.2 kg,相比现有TEM接收磁场传感器,体积小、重量轻、工作频段低.实验测试与生产作业表明:最新研制的高灵敏度TEM磁场传感器更加适合大深度、3D阵列电磁勘探.     

井间电磁探测接收的理论考察和实验研究

井间电磁测井技术测量井间地层电磁波传播特性,通过正反演获得井间电阻率分布信息,由此揭示地层油气水的分布信息.井间电磁接收是井间电磁测井技术中一项重要内容,是开展井间电磁成像测井系统研制中必须攻克的难题之一.本文通过对比磁反馈与无磁反馈两种天线接收幅度与相位特性,发现磁反馈接收天线频带平稳无相位跳变点,相比无反馈天线具有明显优势.在磁反馈天线的基础上,本文分析不同天线磁芯、不同天线缠绕方式对天线幅频特性的响应,发现这些参数均对天线幅频特性有不同影响,为天线设计与研制提供参考设计参数.在接收天线研究的基础上,采用噪声匹配放大、1/f滤波、工频压制、数字锁相放大、相敏检波等软硬件处理技术,进一步降低噪声,提高接收精度和灵敏度.为有效开展井间同步发射与接收采集,采用高精度时间同步技术,提高同步与电磁波相位提取的精度.针对接收线路与系统中存在的误差,采用两距离井间电磁刻度方法进行压制.井间电磁接收样机研制完成后,分别在现场进行井下噪声测试、非金属套管井间、金属套管井间等系列井间电磁接收测量实验,研究与实验结果表明:本文所研究的井间电磁接收技术可实现500 m以上大井距和双层金属套管井间测量．     

A land controlled‐source electromagnetic experiment using a deep vertical electric dipole: experimental settings,processing, and first data interpretation

A multichannel borehole‐to‐surface controlled‐source electromagnetic experiment was carried out at the onshore CO₂ storage site of Hontomín (Spain). The electromagnetic source consisted of a vertical electric dipole located 1.5 km deep, and the electric field was measured at the surface. The subsurface response has been obtained by calculating the transfer function between the transmitted signal and the electric field at the receiver positions. The dataset has been processed using a fast processing methodology, appropriate to be applied on controlled‐source electromagnetics (CSEM) data with a large signal‐to‐noise ratio. The dataset has been analysed in terms of data quality and repeatability errors, showing data with low experimental errors and good repeatability. We evaluate if the induction of current along the casing of the injection well can reproduce the behaviour of the experimental data.     

浅海底瞬变电磁法接收天线频率特性研究——带宽对浅层分辨的影响

运用电路理论建立接收线圈的等效电路;分析接收线圈的频率特性;探讨多匝小线圈的带宽对探测效果的影响,线圈的谐振频率较高,截止频率也相应较高,可以提高地下浅层的分辨率;设计一种高带宽多匝接收小线圈,通过对比高、低带宽接收线圈对同一断层进行的实测结果,阐明了接收线圈带宽在浅层瞬变电磁探测中的重要性.实验表明,高带宽的接收线圈会提高探测结果的浅层分辨率.     

A NOVEL FIXED-SOURCE ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM1

A novel fixed-source electromagnetic system has been developed. The transmitter is a large rectangular loop or grounded dipole. The transmitted waveform consists of up to five superimposed pure sinusoids at well-separated frequencies. The receiver measures the amplitude and phase at two frequencies from a single receiver coil. The amplitude ratio is routinely calculated. Field trials with both surface and downhole configurations show that the method has advantages over the more traditional frequency-domain Turam type and downhole electromagnetic (DHEM) systems. Among such advantages are the use of a single receiver coil and the removal of noise due to free-space variations in transmitter-receiver geometry. The latter is important for DHEM surveys. In terms of field procedures and quantities measured, the system is similar to time-domain methods.     

瞬变电磁探测系统(CASTEM)试验对比——安徽颖上大王庄铁矿

为推进国产电磁勘探设备的高端化进程,自主研发了CASTEM瞬变电磁系统.在前期系统开发、测试及集成基础上,开展野外试验研究,以检验CASTEM系统的稳定性及探测能力.选择已取得显著勘探成果的安徽颖上县大王庄铁矿进行试验,试验内容包括大功率发射机性能、接收系统噪声性能、实测响应曲线和反演效果,并与国际高端瞬变电磁仪在上述几方面进行了对比.试验结果表明CASTEM系统的各项指标性能稳定、可靠,已达到国际先进水平;探测成果与高端瞬变电磁仪器探测成果以及钻孔资料相吻合,表明CASTEM系统可以用于深部勘探.     

基于等值反磁通原理的浅层瞬变电磁法

基于等值反磁通原理的瞬变电磁法是一种新的探测地下纯二次场的方法.该方法采用上下平行共轴的两个相同线圈通以反向电流作为发射源,且在该双线圈源合成的一次场零磁通平面上,测量对地中心耦合的纯二次场.理论计算和物理实验论证了该方法能够有效消除接收线圈本身的感应电动势,从而获得地下纯二次场的响应.理论推导和数值计算证明了该方法采用的双线圈源比传统瞬变电磁法采用的单线圈源对地中心耦合场能量更集中,因而有利于减少旁侧影响、提高探测的横向分辨率.实测试验表明该方法是浅层探测的一种有效方法.     

Small fixed-loop transient electromagnetic in tunnel forward geological prediction

Tunnel forward geological prediction is indispensable to tunnel construction. The transient electromagnetic method is widely used in the field of tunnel forward geological prediction. A small fixed-loop transient electromagnetic method adapted to the limited space of a tunnel face is proposed for tunnel forward geological prediction for the first time. This method makes use of a large number of non-central points inside the loop. The obtained numerical simulation and field data show opposite trends owing to mutual inductance and self-inductance. A correction method for the field value of non-central points is proposed. The influences of different parameters are verified and the correction function is established by a test method. The validity of the correction function is verified through controlled field tests. The small fixed-loop transient electromagnetic has been successfully applied to a tunnel under the Weiwu expressway. This method can effectively improve the detection depth and better detect unfavourable geological bodies, such as karsts in front of the tunnel face.     

固定翼航空电磁系统的线圈姿态及吊舱摆动影响研究与校正

固定翼时间域航空电磁探测系统在实际飞行测量过程中,发射线圈、接收线圈姿态和吊舱摆动状态不断变化,在测量数据中引入如发射磁矩方向、接收分量方向以及系统收发距等参数的误差,影响数据反演成像效果.本文基于固定翼时间域航空电磁正演理论,利用姿态变换,引入发射线圈、接收线圈双旋转矩阵;根据发射、接收线圈相对位置的几何关系,求得摆动格林张量;推导了任意姿态角度以及任意摆动角度情况下的固定翼航空电磁响应三分量计算表达式.通过层状大地模型的仿真计算,分别研究了发射、接收线圈各姿态以及吊舱摆动状态对航空电磁响应的影响,得出发射线圈、接收线圈俯仰旋转和吊舱同向摆动对系统电磁响应影响最强;仿真分析了实际测量中,三种角度同时存在情况下,航空电磁响应的定量变化规律.在此基础上,讨论了响应系数与大地电导率的关系,同时给出基于响应系数的固定翼航空电磁系统线圈姿态和摆动状态校正方法,准二维层状大地模型反演结果表明,校正后数据的反演精度提高了33.1%.     

Coaxial coil towed EMI sensor array for UXO detection and characterization

A new broadband electromagnetic induction (EMI) array sensor, GEM-5, for detecting and characterizing Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) has been developed in order to provide high production rates for EMI surveys. The sensor consists of a single rectangular loop transmitter around a linear array of seven pairs of coaxial receiver coils, with each coil in a pair located at the same vertical distance above and below the loop transmitter. The coil pairs are wired in an inverted series so that the signal consists of the difference between the voltage induced in the upper and lower coils. This particular configuration provides a high degree of primary field cancellation, dense spatial sampling rate due to simultaneous and continuous operation of all sensors, suppression of motion-induced and environmental noise, and strong source fields at typical UXO burial depths providing deep detection range. Our prototype tests indicate that the array yields a lower static and motion-induced noise over the critical low frequencies than that of existing sensors, and in particular, the signal-to-noise ratio at 90 Hz is 32 dB higher. Environmental noise can be largely removed from the difference measurements. The field test results from UXO test sites show that the prototype sensor has smoother background and appears to detect more seeded targets than the GEM-3 concentric sensor, however some of that gain can be attributed to higher power transmitter electronics.     

Coil response inversion for very early time modelling of helicopter‐borne time‐domain electromagnetic data and mapping of near‐surface geological layers

Very early times in the order of 2–3 μs from the end of the turn‐off ramp for time‐domain electromagnetic systems are crucial for obtaining a detailed resolution of the near‐surface geology in the depth interval 0–20 m. For transient electromagnetic systems working in the off time, an electric current is abruptly turned off in a large transmitter loop causing a secondary electromagnetic field to be generated by the eddy currents induced in the ground. Often, however, there is still a residual primary field generated by remaining slowly decaying currents in the transmitter loop. The decay disturbs or biases the earth response data at the very early times. These biased data must be culled, or some specific processing must be applied in order to compensate or remove the residual primary field. As the bias response can be attributed to decaying currents with its time constantly controlled by the geometry of the transmitter loop, we denote it the ‘Coil Response’. The modelling of a helicopter‐borne time‐domain system by an equivalent electronic circuit shows that the time decay of the coil response remains identical whatever the position of the receiver loop, which is confirmed by field measurements. The modelling also shows that the coil response has a theoretical zero location and positioning the receiver coil at the zero location eliminates the coil response completely. However, spatial variations of the coil response around the zero location are not insignificant and even a few cm deformation of the carrier frame will introduce a small coil response. Here we present an approach for subtracting the coil response from the data by measuring it at high altitudes and then including an extra shift factor into the inversion scheme. The scheme is successfully applied to data from the SkyTEM system and enables the use of very early time gates, as early as 2–3 μs from the end of the ramp, or 5–6 μs from the beginning of the ramp. Applied to a large‐scale airborne electromagnetic survey, the coil response compensation provides airborne electromagnetic methods with a hitherto unseen good resolution of shallow geological layers in the depth interval 0–20 m. This is proved by comparing results from the airborne electromagnetic survey to more than 100 km of Electrical Resistivity Tomography measured with 5 m electrode spacing.