中亚黄土沉积与西风区末次冰期快速气候变化

气候快速变化过程与机制一直是古气候研究的热点科学问题,随着不同地区高分辨率地质记录的增多,年代学方法的改进,此类快速气候变化事件的区域差异性日益突出,对比和认识这些区域之间的变化细节,有助于认识快速气候变化的规律和驱动机制。文章以中亚黄土为主要研究对象,根据黄土沉积特征与现代气候特征,将中亚黄土分为西部、北部和东部3个亚区,在总结中亚西风区黄土古气候研究进展的基础上,回顾了近年来中亚地区末次冰期西风区气候突变事件研究现状与问题,初步探讨了在亚轨道尺度上末次冰期快速气候变化发生过程和机制。结果表明,粒度、矿物学、地球化学等指标均指示中亚这3个黄土亚区末次冰期确实存在千年尺度的快速气候波动信号,但在年代和变率上存在区域差异,这种差异除了缺乏精确的年代学控制外,还与区域水热组合和区域地形结构有关。这些冷暖的快速气候变化与北大西洋高纬地区冰盖收缩扩张、西伯利亚高压强度和范围的变化导致风动力变化和西风带南北迁移有关。今后需进一步加强高分辨率年代序列的建立,进一步遴选中亚黄土中有效的、能够独立反映风力强度、源区信息、古温度、古降水等代用指标,并结合古气候模拟试验研究其驱动机制。     

黄土高原古气候变化定量重建的新进展

中国黄土- 红黏土沉积是可与深海沉积媲美的陆相沉积载体,记录了晚新生代东亚大陆气候环境变化历史。基于中国黄土的多种理化指标,重建了黄土高原地区构造- 千年尺度东亚季风变化历史,为探讨区域与全球气候的联系提供了关键证据。近年来,黄土高原古气候变化研究逐步从定性描述拓展到定量重建,本文旨在回顾基于中国黄土定量重建古温度和古降雨变化取得的重要进展。首先,梳理了古气候要素定量重建的指标和方法,古温度重建指标包括植硅体、碳酸盐耦合同位素、微生物脂类代用指标等;古降水变化敏感指标包括磁化率、白云石/方解石含量、生物微钙体Sr/Ca比值、有机碳同位素以及10Be等。然后,汇总了典型黄土剖面定量重建的古气候变化序列,分别从构造、轨道及千年时间尺度上探讨了古温度和古降雨的变化特征。结果表明,基于生标重建的不同时间跨度的土壤古温度变化序列,在冰期—间冰期尺度上的波动特征基本一致,但在冰盛期—冰消期时段出现了增温超前现象,说明陆地植被对土壤温度变化有重要调制作用。然而,不同指标重建的降水变化幅度差异较大,主导周期也存在差异,说明定量重建降水变化仍有较大挑战。最后,简要总结了黄土高原古气候定量重建存在的问题,明确了区分温度和降水季节性变化的重要性,指出加强地质记录与模拟结果的对比同化,将有助深化对多尺度季风变化动力学的理解。     

洛川黄土记录的最近2500ka东亚冬夏季风变化周期

对厚约１４０ｍ的陕西洛川坡头村黄土剖面进行间距３～１０ｃｍ的系统采样,测量了全部样品的磁化率和粒度,选择〉３０μｍ颗粒百分含量和磁化率分别作东亚冬,夏季风强度变化的替代性指标,以新建立的时间标尺为基础,分析了最近２５００ｋａ以来东亚季风变化的周期特征。结果表明,第四纪东亚冬,夏季风变化时间序列包括含有１００ｋａ,４１ｋａ和２３ｋａ地球运动轨道要素变化的周期,同时包含有约８０ｋａ,５６ｋａ和３０ｋａ     

黄土地层精确时间标尺的建立——以三门峡黄土地层研究为例

厚度153m的曹村剖面出露了厚145m的完整黄土地层,为L₁-L₃₃的连续风尘沉积,为黄土高原东南部三门峡地区黄土地层的代表。建立曹村黄土地层的精确时间标尺,不仅能在千年时间尺度下探讨黄土高原古季风变迁,而且着眼于全球古气候变化开展海陆对比研究。本文对现有的4种时间标尺模式进行了介绍,应用磁化率模式和粒度模式开展了三门峡黄土时间标尺研究,并进行了校验,说明了几种模式建立曹村黄土时间标尺的可行性。      

Restricted utility of δC of bulk organic matter as a record of paleovegetation in some loess-paleosol sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Molecular stratigraphic analyses using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry have been performed in the upper section (S₀, L₁, S₁) of the Yuanbo loess-paleosol sequences in northwest China, with a record extending from the last interglaciation through the present interglaciation. The CPI (Carbon Preference Index) values of both n-alkanols and n-alkan-2-ones display variations between loess deposits and paleosols, showing a correlation with the magnetic susceptibility record, an indicator of the East Asian summer monsoon. The observed variations in the indexes in relation to changes in lithology/paleoclimate are proposed to result from microbial degradation of higher plant lipids in the paleosols. The CPI values of n-alkanes, n-alkanols, and n-alkan-2-ones are negatively correlated with δ¹³C of bulk organic matter. The correlations suggest that the observed glacial-interglacial variations of δ¹³C data in the loess stratigraphy reflect the relative importance of the contribution of paleovegetation compared with microorganisms (including both the degradation and the addition of organic matter) and allochthonous loess/soil parent materials. It is thus necessary to evaluate the contributions of the latter two before the paleovegetation can be reconstructed based on the δ¹³C analysis of bulk organic matter in some loess-paleosol sequences of the Chinese Loess Plateau.     

中国黄土磁学与古气候(英文)

近二十年来中国黄土环境磁学的研究基本上是沿着两条主线进行的 ,即磁性地层学和古气候研究两个方面。对早先确定的典型黄土剖面的磁性地层研究表明风成黄土的堆积开始于Matuyama的下界 ,约 2 .6Ma。而近年来对黄土古土壤序列之下的红粘土的进一步研究显示风成堆积的开始比原先认为的要早的多 ,至少可追溯到约 7Ma。尽管目前在古土壤磁化率的增强机制和磁化率如何记录古气候变化等问题上还没有达成广泛的一致 ,而黄土古土壤系列磁化率与深海氧同位素的良好对比可证实中国黄土确是记录全球气候变化非常理想的信息载体。近年来许多学者尝试性提出的其它古气候替代性指标 ,如全岩粒度、稳定同位素组成、FeD/FeT指标、Rb/Sr比值和CaCO3 含量等必将为重建古季风变化和古气候提供重要信息。     

Holocene environmental change inferred from the loess–palaeosol sequences adjacent to the floodplain of the Yellow River, China

Chinese loess deposits are generally considered to be the product of dust storms and dust falls from the central Asia arid zones that were transported across China by the northwesterly continental monsoon. In contrast, the Zhengzhou Loess found southeast of the Loess Plateau, adjacent to the floodplain of the Yellow River, records a different eolian regime and dust source. The Zhengzhou Loess was investigated by field observations, measurements of magnetic susceptibility, particle-size distribution, loss-on-ignition, CaCO₃ and chemical contents. Both field observations and the laboratory results indicate that, during the last glacial, the Zhengzhou Loess was supplied by two different eolian regimes and dust sources, one was from the fresh flood deposits of the Yellow River driven by the northeast winds from the low-lying floodplain, and the other was from the dust storms and dust falls that traveled across the Loess Plateau driven by the northwesterly continental monsoon from the central Asian arid lands. The early Holocene, 11,500–8500 a BP, was a transition during the change in eolian regime and dust source because of the weakened northwesterly monsoon along with the global climatic amelioration. Following the retreat of the northwesterly monsoon from the onset of the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum at 8500 a BP, dust supply from the drifting sand zone on the Yellow River floodplain became dominant because of the intensified strength of the northeast winds from the Bohai Sea. From 3100 a BP onwards, climatic aridity and extensive human disturbance have resulted in intensive eolian processes causing the incursion of the drifting sand into the Zhengzhou Loess zone. These results show that loess accumulation is more complex than traditionally assumed. The origin of loess deposits elsewhere outside the Loess Plateau may be related to dust sources derived from alluvial sediments of major river systems.     

中更新世以来不同时间尺度亚洲中纬度气候演化的区域差异

亚洲中纬度气候主要受两大环流控制,继而划分出受亚洲季风控制季风区和受西风环流控制的西风区。已有研究发现在年代际至千年尺度上,两气候区的湿度演化存在错相位、甚至反相位的现象。文章综述了中更新世以来,多千年至轨道尺度上,两气候区的湿度演化模态的异同,以此深入了解亚洲气候演化的系统性。结果表明:二者的间冰期气候演化的整体趋势存在明显差别,尤其MIS 13以来,二者的演化趋势基本相反。在间冰期的多千年至万年尺度上,二者的气候演化模态呈现非同相位:高精度的释光测年结果显示天山地区的湿度变化滞后于黄土高原地区大概3~5 ka,且该现象在更早的间冰期可重复。在冰期的千年尺度上,两地的湿度演化基本一致,但西风区湿度的波动幅度更大。     

中国第四纪古地磁学研究进展

本文扼要介绍了中国第四纪古地磁学研究的进展,其主要结论为：中国黄土－古土壤的主要磁性矿物是磁铁矿、赤铁矿和磁赤铁矿,特征剩磁载体为磁铁矿;Ｌ８和Ｌ３３分别记录了Ｍ／Ｂ和Ｇ／Ｍ地磁极性转换过程;Ｊａｒａｍｉｌｌｏ极性亚带的顶、底分别位于Ｌ１０和Ｌ１２;六盘山以东的黄土剖面,由于土壤化作用强烈,成土过程产生的次生剩余磁性已将持续时间只有５０００ａ左右的Ｂｌａｋｅ极性亚时的原始磁信息掩盖,无法分离出来;只有六盘山以西的黄土剖面才有可能记录Ｂｌａｋｅ极性亚时。黄土的剩余磁性受“Ｓｍｏｏｔｈｉｎｇ”和“Ｌｏｏｋ－ｉｎ”效应的影响很小,因此是研究极性转换期间地球磁场形态学和古风向的合适物质。     

风成沉积物叶蜡氢同位素在揭示东亚季风区干湿变化中的原理及应用

沉积物叶蜡正构烷烃氢同位素是指示气候和环境变化的一种新的生物地球化学指标,由于其存在广泛、成因机制清晰、易于保存等特点,被认为是具有很大潜力的重建古环境的替代指标。分析了正构烷烃的形成过程与其氢同位素的分馏机制,讨论了叶蜡正构烷烃氢同位素在不同气候区指示湿度变化的能力,总结了在东亚季风区半干旱区的一些应用案例。相比于风成黄土中其他气候代用指标,沉积物正构烷烃氢同位素更直接地指示了区域干湿变化,对区域气候和环境变化响应敏感,在长时间尺度上记录了水汽变化过程,并存在显著的太阳辐射岁差周期。正构烷烃氢同位素是一种理想的东亚季风区干旱半干旱地区湿度重建的代用指标,未来需要进一步研究大气降水同位素和本地分馏过程对其变化的控制规律,加强其在古气候定量重建中的研究应用。     

近13万年来黄土高原干湿气候的时空变迁

第四纪时期，黄土高原粉尘物质的搬运、沉积及其后的成土过程受控于干湿气候的变化。对黄土高原这一特定地区而言，风成沉积序列在地域上的差异主要与东亚地区的季风环流在时间和空间上的变化有关。本文的研究揭示出，近１３万年里，最为显著的成壤期有６期，与这６个成壤期对应的时段也应当是夏季风环流加强、气候温湿的时期；在空间上，全新世适宜期及末次间冰期中与深海氧同位素阶段５ａ，５ｃ，５ｅ对应的时期，夏季风足可以深入到毛乌素沙漠腹地，并具有占优势的环境效应。在阶段３的早、晚期及５ｂ时期夏季风虽然也能深入沙漠－黄土边界带，但其环境效应在黄土高原北部及毛乌素沙漠南缘已不再显著。在阶段２、阶段４及阶段３的中期夏季风已不能深入沙漠－黄土边界带。     

轨道尺度亚洲气候演化机理的数值模拟:历史与展望

轨道尺度亚洲气候演化是古气候热点问题之一,其变化过程和机理对理解当前全球变暖下亚洲气候变化具有重要参考意义。最近几十年,基于黄土、石笋、湖泊等载体的轨道尺度亚洲气候重建研究获得显著进展,气候演化历史的基本框架已被构建,不同区域和指标记录之间的差异暗示了气候演化机理的复杂性。数值模拟作为研究气候动力学的重要工具之一,在轨道尺度亚洲气候变化中也得到广泛应用和快速发展。基于此,本文尝试对最近十数年轨道尺度亚洲气候演化机理的数值模拟研究做一简单总结和梳理。目前的数值模拟尚未对地质记录给出的各种变化特征、区域差异等现象,尤其是东亚夏季风的黄土和石笋差异、季风和干旱气候的耦合关系等,给出合理解释。因此,在未来工作中亟须涵盖多轨道旋回的高分辨率瞬变试验,结合良好定年的重建记录,以期对轨道尺度亚洲气候变化机理获得更深入完整的认识。     

黄土剖面中赤铁矿和针铁矿的定量分析与气候干湿变化研究

为了了解黄土剖面中赤铁矿和针铁矿的分布特征,文章采用对铁氧化物矿物灵敏的漫反射光谱法(DRS),开展了赤铁矿和针铁矿的鉴定和测定研究,提出了定量分析赤铁矿和针铁矿含量的DRS新方法.选择天然典型黄土和古土壤样品,首先采用柠檬酸盐-重碳酸盐-连二亚硫酸盐(CBD)方法去除其中成壤成因的铁氧化物矿物,以其为基体配制含不同赤铁矿和针铁矿的系列标样,然后进行DRS测试和多元逐步回归分析,分别建立测定赤铁矿和针铁矿含量的校准方程并加以检验.利用DRS方法,分析了多个黄土剖面的赤铁矿和针铁矿含量,发现黄土-古土壤剖面的赤铁矿/针铁矿比值可作为东亚季风干/湿变化的敏感指标.该比值较高时反映了干燥土壤环境,而较低时指示了潮湿土壤环境.对灵台和洛川剖面中赤铁矿/针铁矿比值的分析,初步揭示了2.6Ma年以来黄土高原东亚季风阶段性变强的特征.     

Changing color of Chinese loess: Geochemical constraint and paleoclimatic significance

Two loess–paleosol sequences on the central Chinese Loess Plateau were investigated to understand spatial and temporal variations in the soil color (e.g., lightness and redness) and factors that control those variations. Color difference between the original samples and pretreated samples suggests that loess lightness is influenced by the pedogenic matter (e.g., iron oxides, organic matter, and calcium carbonate) to varying degrees, depending on the concentrations. Iron oxides and organic matter darken the loess lightness, whereas carbonate lightens the loess lightness. By contrast, the redness is dominantly controlled by the types and concentrations of iron oxides. Variations in magnetic susceptibility and redness are associated with different magnetic minerals that formed mainly during post-depositional processes, and therefore both proxies can be employed to reconstruct the history and variability of the East Asian summer monsoon. Since the sensitivity of these two proxies to the summer monsoon variation is different, we generate a stacked summer monsoon index by combining these two records and interpret the stacked index as most indicative of precipitation variability. The fidelity of this new index is supported by an independent ratio, estimated from the first-derivative values of the color reflectance spectra. Our loess-based proxies provide a new understanding of the East Asian summer monsoon variability as a two-phase strengthening of summer monsoon intensity during the penultimate deglaciation.     

East Asia winter monsoon variations on a millennial time‐scale before the last glacial–interglacial cycle

Grain size and magnetic susceptibility measurements on samples from a typical loess–palaeosol sequence on the central Chinese Loess Plateau are used to reconstruct the Pleistocene East Asian monsoon climate. The coarse‐grained fraction, i.e. the weight percentage > 30 μm of the bulk grain‐size distribution, is used as a sensitive proxy index of the East Asia winter monsoon strength. On the basis of an absolute time‐scale, time‐series variations of this proxy show that winter monsoon strengths varied on millennial time‐scales during the periods 145–165, 240–280, 320–350, 390–440, 600–640, 860–890, 900–930 and 1330–1400 kyr BP. The wavelength of these climatic oscillations varied between 1.89 and 4.0 kyr, as is shown by spectral analysis using the multitaper method. Although numerical simulation experiments show that high frequencies also can arise from measurement errors in the grain‐size analysis, the frequencies prove to be sufficiently stable when the spectral analysis is repeated with a different number of tapers. For the time being, we do not correlate these climatic oscillations with palaeoclimatic records in the North Atlantic deep‐sea sediments because both time‐scales need to be further improved. Our data, however, certainly demonstrate that millennial‐scale East Asian winter monsoon variations in the last 1.4 million years can be detected from terrestrial loess records. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

最近13万年来黄土高原黄土剖面中绿泥石的化学风化与古气候变迁

对黄土高原不同纬度地区的4个黄土—古土壤剖面和lO个现代土壤样品中绿泥石的化学风化进行研究，发现黄土—古土壤剖面中的绿泥石在最近13万年发生了明显的化学风化，其风化程度受剖面位置和气候控制；黄土—古土壤剖面中ω(绿泥石 高岭石)／ω(伊利石)的比值与磁化率之间具有良好的负相关关系，绿泥石的化学风化与古土壤中铁氧化物矿物的形成和磁化率的增强之间有成因联系；黄土高原现代地表样品中ω(绿泥石 高岭石)／ω(伊利石)比值与现代年平均温度和年平均降水量有着良好的相关关系。认为ω(绿泥石 高岭石)／ω(伊利石)的比值可作为新的指示夏季风变化的替代性指标，对于定量重建古气候的变迁历史具有重要意义。     

Late Quaternary aeolian dust input variability on the Chinese Loess Plateau: inferences from unmixing of loess grain-size records

The grain-size distributions (GSDs) of loess–paleosol sequences may provide valuable information on provenance, transport and paleoclimate variability, and consequently, a wide range of methods to extract genetic information from loess GSDs has been proposed. Here it is shown that a genetically meaningful decomposition of a series of Late Quaternary loess grain-size records extending across the Chinese Loess Plateau can be accomplished with the end-member modelling algorithm (EMMA). The unmixing results in conjunction with loess accumulation rate estimates reveal that two contrasting dust supply patterns were active over the Loess Plateau during the last glacial–interglacial cycle: (i) a background sedimentation pattern that was dominant during interglacial periods, especially over the central and southern parts of the Loess Plateau, is reflected by the constant flux of the fine-grained loess component, (ii) an episodic, highly variable dust input pattern, that was dominant during glacial periods throughout the Loess Plateau and noticeable during interglacial periods mainly over the northern Loess Plateau and almost disappearing over the southern Loess Plateau, is reflected in the admixture of two coarse-grained loess components. A genetic interpretation and the paleoclimatic significance of the mixing model are provided by comparison of the modelled end members with modern dust samples in terms of their GSD and flux rates.     

黄土高原35万年来冬、夏季风变化周期的差异——陆生蜗牛化石的证据

针对我国北方风积黄土广泛分布、不同地点黄土-古土壤序列可准确对比和黄土沉积剩磁稳定等特征,通过对不同地壳块体上相同层位的黄土样品沉积剩磁方向的测定,进一步探讨了应用"虚磁极法"研究鄂尔多斯块体与相邻块体的相对运动的可能性.初步的研究结果显示:该方法有可能应用于块体相对运动的定量研究,并初步得到,在第四纪时期鄂尔多斯块体相对于邻近块体作逆时针转动,自2.5Ma B.P.以来相对秦岭块体的转动约为31.5°±11.4°,自1.17Ma B.P.以来相对西宁块体的转动约为29.8°±14.7°,自0.46Ma B.P.以来相对太行山块体的转动约为8.2°±5.8°,相对于西宁块体的转动约为10.5°±6.4°.本文还根据这些块体间相对转动的角度初步估算了鄂尔多斯块体与相邻块体之间的活动断裂带不同时期的水平位移总量.     

中国黄土高原洛川剖面S5以来的孢粉学记录

中国黄土-古土壤序列记录了距今约2.6 Ma以来的环境变迁。孢粉作为恢复植被演替的敏感指标,被广泛用于古植被重建,但是针对高原中部地区长时间尺度植被演替历史的孢粉学研究还较缺乏。通过对黄土高原洛川剖面S5以来的黄土-古土壤序列开展较高分辨率的孢粉学工作,揭示出该区约0.6 Ma以来的植被演化历史。孢粉谱分析表明,洛川地区0.6 Ma以来以温带草原植被为主,不支持塬区历史时期存在大范围落叶阔叶林的观点。现代黄土高原缺少森林植被主要是由自然原因引起,因此塬区的现代生态恢复应以退耕还草为主。     

Paleogeography,stratigraphy and genesis of the loess-paleosol formation of Northern Eurasia (Palynological data)

The palynological data collected by the author in the course of a detailed study of the loess-paleosol sections in the Russian Plain and Central Asia and the yedoma loess-like sediments of Northern Asia as well as data published by others concerning the pollen-and-spore studies on the loess-paleosol formations of Northern Eurasia revealed discrepancy between the boundaries of the loess-paleosol horizons and the borders of the chronostratigraphic subdivisions and the course of the reconstructed paleoclimatic curves. Loess and soil in a paleogeographic context are not mutually exclusive. On the Russian Plain loess horizons were formed during the glacial climatic rhythms and also during the thermoxerotic maxima and endothermal coolings of the interglacial rhythms, while the formation of fossil soils took place during all stages of the interglacial climatic rhythms and also during interstadial warming and cryohygrotic maxima of the glacial climatic rhythms.