中国黄土的物质来源及其粉尘的产生机制与搬运过程

长期以来,黄土高原的物质来源被笼统认为来自包括西北三大内陆盆地(准噶尔、塔里木、柴达木)在内的广阔的沙漠、戈壁地区,而且中国黄土被看作“沙漠”黄土的典型代表。但我们最新的研究揭示出,源自准噶尔和柴达木盆地的粉尘主要由低空气流搬运,受下风方向的山脉阻挡,就近堆积成山麓黄土。源自塔里木盆地的粉尘如果被近地面风搬运,则不可能移出盆地,而是堆积在昆仑山北麓,但如果被飙升到高空,则被西风急流携带,移出盆地而降落在北太平洋地区,无论哪种情况,该盆地的粉尘都不可能对黄土高原有重要贡献。因此,西北三大内陆盆地并非黄土高原的重要物源,而蒙古国南部及与之相邻的包括巴旦吉林、腾格里、乌兰布和、库布其、毛乌素等在内的戈壁、沙漠地区才是黄土高原的主要物质来源区,且主要由近地面风(基本在3000m以下)从上述戈壁、沙漠地区搬运而来。中国黄土并不能简单看作“沙漠”黄土,包括冰川研磨作用、山体剥蚀作用、山前冲洪积作用等在内的“高山过程”,才是产生大量粉土级物质的原因,戈壁、沙漠、黄土的带状分布,只不过是近地面风对山前冲、洪积物质的风力分异而已。     

阿拉善高原干涸湖床沉积物与华北地区沙尘暴

文章通过内蒙古阿拉善高原古居延泽干涸湖床沉积物、周缘活动沙丘、沙质草原地表土壤及古代弃荒土地的粒度组成分析,论述干涸湖床沉积物对沙尘天气的影响。古居延泽湖床沉积粒度分析结果表明,干涸湖床的地表湖相沉积物粒径小于10μm的颗粒占64%以上,可以在一般风暴条件下在大气中搬运几千公里,这意味着西北地区干涸湖床产生的粉尘在风暴作用下可以横扫整个东亚北部地区。中国西北地区冬、春季多西北风造成沙尘暴或扬沙天气,西部沙漠、沙地或沙质草场遭遇强风时沙尘被席卷进气流,但其中粗砂粒扬起的高度、搬运的距离有限,当风力稍稍减弱,粗颗粒砂粒沉降,而粉尘继续悬浮运移。当强风途径下一个沙区时新的沙尘加入,沙尘暴呈“接力方式”继续向东南部移动。     

沙粒不能“远走高飞”———有关“尘暴”的一条根本原理

沙与尘虽然都是岩石物理风化的产物, 但在风力作用下, 习性截然不同。拜格诺用严格的物理实验证明, 尘粒能随风远走高飞, 而沙粒却只能在地面附近跳跃前进。从北方侵袭华北平原的所谓沙尘暴, 实质上都是尘暴。对历次重大天气事件沉积物的分析, 也完全证明了这一点。因此, 尘暴物质的源头不是来自有沙, 而是有尘的地方; 从而可以使人们采取正确的治理方法。      

中国北方沙漠-黄土体系的沉积和侵蚀过程与未来趋向探析

中国北方有大面积的土地被沙漠和黄土覆盖,是现代沉积和侵蚀比较活跃的地区。强烈的地表过程不仅影响着区域的生产生活活动,还通过粉尘传输影响北半球甚至于更大范围的气候和环境。长期以来,由于综合研究不够,对沙漠-黄土体系的沉积和侵蚀规律以及未来趋向的认识有限。结合对沙漠沙地-黄土沉积的高密度光释光年代测试结果,基于地统计法和遥感分析的黄土堆积量估算以及现代降尘、地表侵蚀的观察研究,认为沙漠沙地-黄土堆积区的沉积和侵蚀过程受气候变化控制,这里既是堆积区,又是侵蚀区,处于动态变化过程中;黄土比沙地沉积保存着更完整的过去气候变化信息。黄土高原水蚀和风蚀在地质历史时期就存在,人类活动加强了侵蚀过程,但可能还没有实质性地改变这一趋向。通过对地质记录和古气候模拟结果的分析,在未来全球变暖的背景下,沙地地区可能由于有效湿度减少变干而使风尘活动加强,黄土高原地区的粉尘沉积速率也将随之加快。     

北京地区盐碱尘暴粉尘物质的主要来源

北京的"沙尘暴"在地质学研究分类中应属于尘暴,且属含大量盐碱物质(水溶盐物质)的盐碱尘暴。盐碱尘暴对人体健康和经济发展造成严重威胁,已引起普遍关注。通过调查北京尘暴源区蒙古国东南部和中国内蒙古中部、河北省西部地区表土和部分降尘的理化特性,为探讨北京盐碱尘暴粉尘物质的来源提供新的证据。对尘源区农耕地、沙化土地、退化草地、撂荒地、沙漠、沙地等不同代表性区域的表土进行较系统的采样,收集北京和部分尘源区附近城镇的大气降尘,分析其水溶盐和水溶性元素或离子的含量、酸碱度、粒度、比重、起尘风速。结果表明,干盐湖盆区以高百分含量的细微粉尘物质(200目)、水溶盐含量和部分水溶性元素或离子(如Na、Cl-)为主要特征,其较高的pH值、极小的粒径、很大的比表面积、偏小的比重、偏低的起尘风速等,与北京及尘源区附近城镇大气降尘的特性相对应,明显不同于沙漠、沙地、沙堆和农耕地、撂荒地、退化草地等,因此推测干盐湖盆区是现阶段北京盐碱尘暴最主要、最关键的源区之一。而水溶盐含量、粒度大小、酸碱度、比重、起尘风速等,是判断北京盐碱尘暴粉尘物质来源的关键性指标。     

Nebkha dune morphology in the gobi deserts of northern China and potential implications for dust emission

Nebkhas (coppice dunes) have formed throughout the gobi desert regions of China in response to the decreased near-surface wind speed caused by vegetation, combined with deposition of aeolian sediment in and around the vegetation. Although nebkhas have been extensively studied on several land surfaces, they have not yet been fully described where they form in areas of gobi desert. Based on field investigations of nebkha morphology and adjacent land surface sediment content on and inside the surface of these dunes, the following were found: (i) the nebkhas that develop in gobi deserts consist of two types – dunes with or without a depositional tail (a shadow dune); (ii) the nebkhas in the area of gobi desert were smaller than those found in sandy deserts, oases, or other areas with a rich sediment source, with a mean height of 0.28 m, mean width 1.63 m and mean length 1.34 m; and (iii) the dune height, length and width were significantly positively linearly related to the vegetation height, length and width. These patterns were similar at all four of the study sites, but the relationships with dune width differed among the sites. The average particle-size distributions on and inside the vegetation did not differ between the four sites. However, significant spatial differences in the sediments on and inside the dunes indicate that nebkhas can capture both local and distant sediments driven by the wind. These findings suggest a potential role of nebkhas in dust emission, although this role must be confirmed in future research.     

Adsorption of copper(II) from aqueous solution by Beidellite

Dry lakes, degraded sandy grasslands, abandoned farmland and mobile dunes which are widely distributed throughout the arid areas of northern China have been investigated in this work. Gain-size distribution of the surface sediments of Manas lake in Junggar basin, Juyan lake in the Alxa plateau, Zhuye lake in Minqin basin and most deserts (such as Mu Us desert, Otindag desert, Horqin desert and Hulun Buir desert) in China have been analyzed. The results show clay with particle sized <10 μm on the surface sediments of dry lakebed and sandy grassland developed from dry lakebed, respectively, account for >60% and ∼50% of the total mass. Since the tiny particles on the surface of abandoned farmland are blown away easily and rapidly, the content of clay particles in Minqin basin is <14%. The grain-size distribution of mobile dunes in northern China mainly consists of particles >63 μm and few particles <10 μm. Consequently, although sand/dust storms originate primarily in the western deserts, the gobi areas of the Alxa plateau, the north and east of Hexi Corridor and in central Mongolia, the widely distributed dry lakebeds, sandy grasslands and abandoned farmland adjacent to the deserts also contribute to aeolian dusts. Hence, the material sources for sand dust storm in East Asia include inland deserts, but also dry lakes, sandy grasslands and abandoned farmland, which are widely distributed throughout the arid inlands of northern China.     

Wind tunnel experiments on vertical distribution of wind-blown sand flux and change of the quantity of sand erosion and deposition above gravel beds under different sand supplies

Wind tunnel experiments were carried out with respect to the vertical distributions of wind-blown sand flux and the processes of aeolian erosion and deposition under different wind velocities and sand supplies above beds with different gravel coverage. Preliminary results revealed that the vertical distribution of wind-blown sand flux was a way to determine whether the gobi sand stream was the saturated one or not. It had different significances to indicate characteristics of transport and deposition above gobi beds. Whether bed processes are of aeolian erosion or deposition was determined by the sand stream near the surface, especially within 0–6 cm height, while the sand transport was mainly influenced by the sand stream in the saltating layer above the height of 6 cm. The degree of the abundance of sand supply was one of the important factors to determine the saturation level of sand stream, which influenced the characteristic of aeolian erosion and deposition on gravel beds. Given the similar wind condition, the sand transport rates controlled by the saturated flow were between 2 and 8 times of the unsaturated one. Those bed processes controlled by the saturated flow were mainly of deposition, and the amount of sand accumulation increased largely as the wind speed increased. In contrast, the bed processes controlled by the unsaturated flow were mainly of aeolian erosion. Meanwhile, there was an obvious blocking sand ability within the height of 0–2 cm, and the maximal value of sand transport occurred within the surface of 2–5 cm height.     

成像雷达干涉测量数据相关性与干旱-半干旱地区地表类型特征的关系

利用欧洲资源卫星1号和2号获取的重轨干涉测量雷达数据，首先进行干涉测量数据相关性估测，并结合干涉测量数据的振幅信息，开展新疆喀什试验区地表土地类型的识别与分类，区分和识别出裸土、盐碱地、灌丛、裸岩/戈壁、沼泽和水体 6类土地类型。最后通过对不同土地类型的后向散射特性和相关性的分析，探讨了干涉测量数据相关性与干旱-半干旱地区地表特征的关系。     

The equilibrium gravel coverage of the deflated gobi above the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang, China

Blown sand has caused considerable damage to the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes of China. Controlling the blown sand requires a clear understanding of the processes that govern its production and movement. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel and in the field to define the relationships between sand production and gravel coverage in the gobi above the Mogao Grottoes. The gravel that covers the gobi’s surface controls wind erosion, irrespective of its shape and size. The equilibrium coverage by gravel over which no further sand is emitted due to wind erosion increases and the equilibration time that is taken to form the equilibrium gravel coverage decreases with increasing wind velocity. Gravel coverage has reached an equilibrium state in the portion of the gobi directly above the grottoes, but decreases towards the Mingsha Mountains. Drifting sand from these mountains is the main source of sand damage at the Mogao Grottoes. If no additional sand from the mountains were supplied to the gobi, gravel pavements would reach an equilibrium level of coverage and prevent further production of blowing sand. Sand blown from the gobi represents secondary reactivation of sediments originally produced in the Mingsha Mountains. Therefore, to control the blowing sand above the Mogao Grottoes, emphasis should be placed on controlling erosion from the Mingsha Mountains rather than local erosion of sand in the gobi.     

基于GRAPES的西北地区沙尘暴数值预报模式及其应用研究

介绍了中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所和中国气象科学研究院数值预报研究中心合作研制的耦合于GRAPES（Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System）的沙尘暴数值模式GRAPES_SDM。该模式包括沙尘的起沙、传输、吸湿增长、并合、干沉降与云下清洗等详细的物理过程，可以对沙尘暴的起沙和空气中沙尘浓度进行模拟和预报。在此基础上形成了西北地区的沙尘暴数值预报模式系统，并于2005年4月开始在兰州中心气象台试运行，同时还将模式结果与卫星遥感资料反演的沙尘暴监测结果进行了对比验证。以2005年4月17~19日和5月28~29日发生在西北地区的2次强沙尘暴为例，利用GRAPES_SDM对这两次沙尘天气的起沙、传输、扩散直至消散进行了数值模拟。结果表明，模式输出的沙尘时空分布与实况观测和卫星云图监测的沙尘分布范围基本一致，说明该模式系统对西北地区沙尘暴天气的起沙、传输有较好的模拟和预报能力。     

中国和北非沙漠地区沙尘运动的原因剖析

本文着重分析中国和北非沙漠地区沙、尘搬运输送的动力学机制,作者根据野外观察和观测数据,依持续时间和强度为标尺,对风进行了系统的描述和分类.导言部分首先阐述了造成沙漠地表温度差异的主要因素.一个至关重要的要素就是物质的热传导性.例如,坚硬的岩石表面的加热往往没有在松散的沙质表面的快,但在胶结紧实的岩石上,阳光加热可以影响到表面下lm深,而在松散的河流和风成砂上只可达30cma的深度.正是由于这种差异,在很小的范围内,裸露的基岩和沙面上的温度可以有20℃的区别,这种温差难免会导致空气的运动.由于沙面上的空气增温而向上运动,在垂直方向上形成一个"气泵”,而在水平方向上则形成小的锋面.当沙质表面范围较大时,则会产生干绝热对流过程,有时这个过程极为强烈,导致了携带沙、尘的"气尾”.这就是笔者所说的第1类起沙扬尘风.例如,沙漠地区的小"龙卷风”就属于这类.由坡面倾向、地表起伏和积云阴影等造成的增温差异都会形成这类沙尘的运动过程.文章中阐述到干绝热对流时,选用利比亚Hon-Graben,美国PanamitValley及北非的萨赫勒地区的例子.第2类沙尘现象是指增温面积较大时形成积云,干绝热对流十分强烈,对流过程上升到云层,起沙扬尘的面积之大已可以称为沙尘暴.文中叙述的例子是库尔勒和嘎顺诺尔的沙尘天气.文中划分的第3至第5类现象都与雷雨天气所诱发的气流运动直接相关.第3类指的是由单个雷雨气团造成的,第4类是由多个雷雨气团造成的,而第5类则是由大的雷雨天气所造成的.就沙尘暴的影响范围而言,第1至第4类只导致沙尘在就地或小范围内的移动,而第5类则会导致远距离甚至全球尺度上的沙尘输送.笔者所说的第6类沙尘搬运的形式是指沙尘随锋面的运动,诱发因子在北非是南下的极地气团,而在西非是西南季风.第7类沙尘运动则是由全球性的信风和西风天气体系所造成的.但在第4类以上,很难区分不同类型沙尘暴的诱发要素,原因是在信风和西风的锋面上常伴随出现多个或较大的雷雨气团.从沙尘天气过程的强度来讲,主要是第5至第7类会在区域地貌上留下烙印.低等类型的沙尘输送虽然通过对地表物质的搬运也会造就沙丘和风蚀地形,但其形态都很小.只有较大的天气系统才能塑造有主导地位的地貌形态.这种形态被J.Hovermann和H.Hagedorn定义为风营力地形,其在北非的分布上线可达海拔l000m,在垂直带上与其它地貌形态相间.在撒哈拉地区风地形仅出现在一个地貌带上.而在中国风营力地形则分布于3个高度范围的台阶上,其垂直带的形态变化类同于撒哈拉地区.在低台阶上分布上线为1800m,在中台阶上分布范围为2800～3200m,而在高台阶上则出现在4300～4900m的高度作者简介:DieterJakel男60岁教授地理学专业2000-10-25收稿范围内.但就垂直带谱、地貌过程和天气系统而言,中国和北非则不尽相同.     

基于涡动相关仪验证的SEBS模型对黑河中游地表蒸散发的估算研究

在我国西北干旱和半干旱地区, 农业收获主要依靠灌溉保证, 灌溉绿洲的蒸散发(ET)是当地水资源的主要消耗. 通过遥感估算区域灌溉绿洲的ET对于地区合理利用水资源极其重要, 利用MODIS/Terra 影像, 基于物理过程的地表能量平衡模型(SEBS), 结合WRF模式输出的气候驱动数据和地面观测数据来估算黑河中游地区的地表通量和日蒸散发(ET_daily). 估算的ET用不同下垫面的涡动相关仪观测数据进行验证, 结果显示: SEBS模型估算的不同下垫面的ET_daily具有很好的拟合效果(R²=0.96, P<0.001), 在灌溉绿洲估算的ET_daily比实测值偏高, 说明干旱、半干旱地区灌溉绿洲土壤水分胁迫是影响ET的主要因素. 模型估算绿洲作物生长期间的ET_daily和实测的ET_daily平均相对误差为12.5%, 精度在观测的能量不闭合误差以内且精度比戈壁和沙漠地区高.     

Estimation of areas of sand and dust emission in the Hexi Corridor from a land cover database: an approach that combines remote sensing with GIS

The present study combined remote sensing with geographical information system (GIS) technology to interpret Landsat TM images from 1996 to 2000 and establish a land cover database for the Hexi Corridor of China’s Gansu Province. The areas of sand and dust emission and trends in their change were extracted by analyzing the database, with the following results: In 2000, the source area for sand and dust storms totaled nearly 170,000 km², accounting for 75.1% of the study region. The emission area decreases from as much as 70,000 km² in winter and spring to around 58,000 km² in summer and autumn, accounting for 41.1 and 34.1% of the source area, respectively. During the 4 years of the study period, the emission area decreased by nearly 57 km² in winter and spring (a 0.1% change); however, the vulnerability of the land surface to wind erosion increased in ca. 190 km² and decreased in ca. 102 km². Although the area of dust emission decreased from 1996 to 2000, the area vulnerable to wind erosion increased by ca. 87 km², and the increased number of sand and dust storm days in the region between 2000 and 2003 appears to be correlated with this increase.     

粉尘释放和沉积机制的研究进展

风蚀地表释放的粉尘气溶胶在其输送和沉积过程中产生的直接和间接环境效应促进了对其释放和沉积机制的研究.随着土壤风蚀研究的发展,对粉尘释放机制有了较为深入地研究,从简单的经验方程模型发展到目前考虑粉尘释放微观过程的具有清晰物理机制的释放模型,并在大尺度沙尘预报研究中得到了广泛应用.粉尘沉积主要集中于对干沉积和云下清除过程的研究,而对云内清除过程认识不足.简要回顾了粉尘释放和沉积机制研究的发展历史,系统地评述了研究的现状,提出了粉尘释放和沉积模拟研究中存在的问题和今后的发展趋势.     

内蒙古中西部地区不同土壤类型下土壤水分的研究

以2002—2003年连续两年自行观测的内蒙古中西部地区二连浩特、乌拉特中旗和乌海的土壤水分为基础，重点分析了沙尘暴发生季节反映下垫面特征的土壤水分的时间变化以及大气影响对不同土壤类型(棕钙土，灰漠土，栗钙土)水分的作用。土壤水分的变化被分为3个阶段进行分析，分别是解冻期至沙尘暴开始的春季、雨期的秋季和冰雪覆盖的冬季。土壤水分受气象条件和土壤类型的影响较大。在气象条件的影响下，土壤水分含量在土壤融化期最低，在雨季达到最大值，其中以栗钙土受的影响最明显。沙尘暴发生依赖于土壤融化时间、土壤融化期的土壤条件和上年冬季的冻土深度。     

不同粒级组分碳酸盐与碳同位素分布特征及其对风尘物源的指示意义

在科尔沁沙地采集沙地表土样品16组,松嫩平原杜蒙沙地样品15组,同期还收集了城市道路表土样品10组,对各组样品进行粒度分级（全样、>63 μm、63~30 μm、30~11 μm和<11 μm）,分别测定碳酸盐含量和碳同位素组成。结果显示,不同区域不同性质样品各粒级组分碳酸盐含量的变化幅度不同,科尔沁沙地最小（0.8%）,其次为杜蒙沙地（1.9%）,道路表土最大（2.7%）。大部分杜蒙沙地样品（66.7%）和小部分科尔沁沙地样品（37.5%）以及全部道路表土样品的碳酸盐含量随粒度变细而增大,且变化模式各不相同。碳酸盐含量随粒度变细而增高是非匀速的,先是增幅较大（>63 μm→63~30 μm→30~11 μm）,后增幅较小（30~11 μm→<11 μm）。沙地样品碳酸盐含量与粒度的关系并不限于随粒度变细而增大这一种,风成砂和经历过强烈成壤作用改造的沙地样品中的碳酸盐含量与粒度的关系皆表现为随粒度变细而减小,沉积物中碳酸盐含量随粒径变细而增高是否是一种普遍规律还需要更多区域的更多样品来检验。大部分沙地样品和道路表土样品不同粒级组分的碳酸盐δ13C值变化范围较小（<1.8‰）,并表现出随粒度变细而趋于偏正的特征,但变化幅度很小。杜蒙沙地和科尔沁沙地碳酸盐含量的地区差异性极不明显,且各粒级组分碳酸盐含量的变化幅度大大超过了杜蒙沙地与科尔沁沙地的碳酸盐差异值,不能作为区分杜蒙沙地和科尔沁沙地风尘源区的示踪指标;而科尔沁沙地和杜蒙沙地碳酸盐δ13C组成存在明显差异（在63~30 μm粒级组分表现最为明显）,且不同粒级组分碳酸盐δ13C值差别较小,说明它是一个比碳酸盐含量更好的风尘源区示踪指标,但是不同粒级组分碳酸盐δ13C组成的差异会随离中国西部沙漠沙地风尘源区距离的加大或者风尘物质成壤作用的增强而变大,增加其风尘源区示踪的复杂性。     

中国北方沙漠化的若干问题

随着经济、社会的发展,沙漠化问题对自然环境和社会发展的影响愈来愈深刻,已得到国际社会的普遍重视,作为沙漠化问题极其严重的国家,我国在对沙漠化的认识及治理上,经过多年工作取得了一些成就.本文根据已有的经验和研究成果,就中国北方沙漠化的成因、发展过程、灾害评价及防治机理等方面做一简单探讨,以便为今后更好地开展沙漠化研究工作起一定的参考作用.     

中国东部沙区的荒漠化过程与起因

历史时期中国东部沙区的荒漠化是在自然与人为因素共同作用下实现的,但是不合理的人类活动才是导致荒漠化发生、发展的决定因素。对毛乌素沙地而言,其腹地的荒漠化主要是全新世湖沼层在人类活动参与下被破坏而使未次冰期的古风成砂翻新的结果;而在毛乌素沙地与黄土高原交接带(即沙漠－黄土边界带),荒漠化过程要复杂得多,除了人为因素起决定性作用外,流水侵蚀、风力吹蚀及重力崩塌也共同参与在使古风成砂翻新的荒漠化过程之中。在沙漠－黄土边界带,历史时期荒漠化主要与末次盛冰期、末次冰期阶段3中期及阶段4时期的古风成砂被翻新有关,更老的古风成砂由于埋藏较深、受人类活动影响较小因而不是历史时期荒漠化的主要沙源。     

Study on Water Internal Recycle Process and Mechanism in Typical Mountain Areas of Inland Basins,Northwest China: Progress and Challenge

The water resource and its change of mountainous area are very important to the oasis economic system and ecosystem in the arid areas of northwest China. Accurately understanding the water transfer and circulation process among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere over different hydrological units in mountainous areas such as snow and ice, cold desert, forest and grassland is the basic scientific issue of water research in cold and arid regions, which is also the basis of water resource delicacy management and regulation. There are many research results on the hydrological function of different land covers in mountain areas, basin hydrological processes, however, there are only very limited studies on the water internal recycle at basin scale. The quantitative study on the mechanism of water internal recycle is still at the starting stage, which faces many challenges. The key project “Study on water internal recycle processes and mechanism in typical mountain areas of inland basins, Northwest China” funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China will select the Aksu River and Shule River Basin, which have better observation basis, as study area. The internal mechanism of moisture transfer and exchange process of different land cover and atmosphere, the internal mechanism of water cycle in the basin, and water transfer paths in atmosphere will be studied through enhancing runoff plot experiments on different land cover, analyzing the mechanism of water vapor transfer and exchange between different land covers in the watershed by isotope tracing on the water vapor flux of vegetation water, soil moisture and atmospheric moisture, improving the algorithms of remote sensing inversion and ground verification on land surface evapotranspiration on different land cover, and analyzing the water vapor flux from reanalysis data, and the coupling modeling of regional climate model and land surface process model. At last, the effect of different land cover in hydrological process of mountain area, and the impact of land cover on downstream oasis will be systematically analyzed.