基础隔震单层偏心结构扭转地震反应分析

采用微分型滞回恢复力模型模拟隔震支座的恢复力特性，对基础隔震单层偏心结构的扭转地震反应进行分析，研究隔震系统偏心距和上部结构偏心距对结构扭转反应的影响。结果表明，采用隔震技术可以显著降低隔震结构的扭转地震反应。     

高层隔震结构扭转分析

为研究高层隔震结构在地震作用下的扭转效应,用Etabs软件建立1个高层抗震结构和4个具有不同扭转特性的高层隔震结构的空间模型进行地震响应分析,以验证此原则上部结构质量中心与隔震层刚度中心的重合与否对结构扭转效应的影响程度,而后考察偏心高层隔震结构在偶然偏心地震作用下结构的扭转效应。结果表明:由于地震作用的减小,扭转效应要远小于原抗震结构,且隔震本身对于结构扭转效应的抑制效果要好于上述原则;扭转效应的减震率大于平动效应的减震率。布置在隔震层平面外围的铅芯橡胶隔震支座对隔震层的扭转有一定的控制作用。     

平面不规则基础隔震结构抗扭设计研究

针对平面不规则结构在水平地震作用下的振动特性,通过调整隔震层隔震支座的布置,得到3种不同工况的隔震层刚心与上部结构质心、刚心相对位置关系,分别以楼层位移和层间位移为指标的扭转位移比,作为平面不规则基础隔震结构扭转响应指标,利用弹塑性时程分析方法,通过对3种不同工况的扭转指标对比分析研究,提出适用于平面不规则基础隔震结构的抗扭设计方法。结果表明：对于平面不规则结构,应在保证隔震层扭转位移比小于1.2的基础上,使隔震层的刚心和上部结构的刚心分别位于上部结构质心的两侧,可有效控制上部结构的扭转。     

摩擦摆基础隔震上部偏心结构地震反应影响因素分析

对上部结构存在偏心的摩擦摆基础隔震结构进行了水平双向地震作用下的地震反应分析,研究了上部结构偏心距和抗扭刚度对结构地震反应的影响。分析表明:上部结构偏心距对上部结构和隔震层的位移反应和加速度反应均有较大影响,即使在上部结构偏心距较小时,其对结构地震反应仍有一定程度的影响;上部结构的抗扭刚度对上部结构的加速度反应影响较小,而对上部结构的位移反应影响较大;上部结构的抗扭刚度对隔震层的加速度反应和位移反应影响较小。因而,对于上部结构存在偏心的摩擦摆基础隔震结构,应减小上部结构偏心距并增大其抗扭刚度以减小摩擦摆基础隔震结构的扭转反应。     

层间隔震偏心结构双向地震耦合响应研究

建立双向地震作用下层间隔震双向偏心结构侧扭耦联分析模型;考虑上部结构及下部结构的弹塑性模型,隔震支座采用双向耦合非线性Bouc-wen模型模拟;分析偏心参数对层间隔震双向偏心结构的影响规律;评价双向地震作用下我国抗震规范给出的扭转影响系数静力预测值的准确性。结果表明,双向地震作用下设置中间柔性隔震层可以减小上\,下部结构扭转的耦连效应;下部结构存在双向偏心会对隔震层和下部结构扭转反应带来不利影响;LRB耦合效应对层间隔震地震响应影响较小;当下部结构偏心率较大时现行规范计算扭转系数偏于不安全。     

多向地震作用下隔震配电建筑物的非线性动力反应分析

本文结合我国首例将隔震技术应用于变电建筑物的工程———西安市330kV西北郊变电站110kV配电楼工程,研究隔震结构在多向地震作用下的非线性动力反应,并把计算结果与单向地震作用的结果进行分析比较。结果表明,本工程采用隔震技术是可行的,采用基础隔震措施可有效地控制结构的偏心扭转效应,使屋面层及楼面层的运动规律趋于一致,建筑物整体趋于平动,同时还可显著降低上部结构及电气设备的地震作用,并且在多向地震作用下的结果比单向地震作用时的隔震效果更加合理。目前该工程已竣工投产,本文工作将为隔震技术在电力系统的更广泛应用打下一个良好的基础。     

组合基础隔震结构双向地震反应分析

本文采用双向耦合恢复力模型模拟组合隔震系统中隔震支座的双向耦合效应,对组合基础隔震结构进行了单向和双向地震反应对比分析,分析表明在水平双向地震作用下结构各层的加速度反应较小,隔震层的层间位移较大,而上部结构的层间位移较小,并且在水平双向地震作用下,支座的最大位移明显大于单向地震作用时支座的最大位移,因而应考虑水平双向地震作用对组合基础隔震结构地震反应和隔震支座性能的影响。     

不规则框架结构的组合隔震反应分析

为研究不规则框架隔震结构的地震反应,分别对一个传统抗震结构、一个铅芯叠层橡胶支座隔震结构和四个组合隔震结构(隔震层由铅芯支座和滑板支座组成)进行了弹塑性地震反应时程分析,研究隔震支座参数对隔震效果的影响。结果表明:采用组合隔震技术时,合理选择隔震层的铅芯支座布置位置、滑板支座的摩擦系数和铅芯叠层橡胶支座的型号,可以有效地降低上部结构的扭转效应;对于不规则的建筑隔震结构,为减小地面运动带来的扭转效应,建议采用由铅芯支座和滑板支座组合而成的隔震层,可对上部结构的扭转起到很好的抑制作用。     

摩擦摆基础隔震结构双向地震反应分析

采用双向耦合力学模型模拟摩擦摆支座的双向耦合效应,对摩擦摆基础隔震结构进行了单向和双向地震反应对比分忻,分析表明在双向地震作用下结构各层的加速度反应较小,隔震层的层间位移较大,而上部结构的层间位移较小,并且在双向地震作用下,支座的最大位移明显大于单向地震作用时的支座最大位移,因而应考虑双向地震作用对摩擦摆基础隔震结构地震反应和隔震支座性能的影响。     

上部结构与基础隔震层偏心对结构地震响应的影响

随着基础隔震技术的发展,我国在高烈度地区广泛开展基础隔震技术的工程应用必将成为一种趋势,但由于建筑功能和建筑造型的丰富多彩,结构的质量中心和刚度中心也趋于分布不均匀,以三层的钢框架结构为分析模型,利用结构分析软件Sap2000对上部结构质量中心和隔震层质量中心、刚度中心分布不均匀的三种方案进行单向水平地震作用下的非线性时程分析,分析结果表明:上部结构质量中心与隔震层质量中心存在偏心距对结构的扭转效应以及地震响应有较大的影响,减小上部结构的偏心距对调整结构的水平地震响应的影响成效最为显著;对于隔震层而言,隔震层的刚度中心偏心距较质量中心偏心距对上部结构的影响更大,有效控制隔震层刚度中心的偏心距在隔震设计中会更加有效。     

Seismic response of a cut‐and‐cover tunnel isolated by polymer material

An effective method for the seismic retrofitting of the sidewalls of cut‐and‐cover tunnels has not yet been established. Thus, a new method of seismic retrofitting for cut‐and‐cover tunnels, called the ‘polymer isolation method’, is developed here. In this method, thin walls made of polymer materials, called ‘isolation walls’, are inserted between the ground and the sidewalls of a tunnel. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing the seismic response of tunnels by using some numerical simulations. It is found that the proposed method depends on the thickness of the soil cover over the tunnel and the ratio of the stiffness between the soil and the structure. Furthermore, a simple chart is proposed for convenience to represent the applicability of the polymer isolation method to the design of seismic retrofits for cut‐and‐cover tunnels. Although this particular chart has been obtained through a limited case, some other typical cases in which the chart can also be implemented for special conditions are addressed, and the applicability and the limitations of this chart are suggested for possible conditions of the ground and of tunnel structures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical investigation of the seismic response of a UHV composite bypass switch retrofitted with wire rope isolators

An ultra-high voltage(UHV)composite bypass switch(BPS)faces increasing seismic challenges when UHV projects extend to high seismic intensity areas.The UHV composite BPS still generates excessive stress at the bottom section although hollow composite insulators with high flexural strength are adopted.Since the standard retrofitting strategy by using stiffer supports cannot reduce stress responses,wire rope isolation is introduced.The optimal design of isolation considers both stress and displacement responses since the slenderness and composite material of insulators contribute to significant displacement.The results show that properly designed isolation can significantly reduce stress without excessive displacement responses.A larger radius configuration helps to improve the applicability of small stiffness isolators under high winds.When the isolation still cannot satisfy the requirement,smaller stiffness isolators with a larger radius,or isolators with increased loops and smaller radius,can be introduced to gain better energy dissipation capacity and effectiveness in response mitigation.Accordingly,a three-step design procedure is proposed to increase the damping force but fix the rotational stiffness of isolation.Hence,the application of wire rope isolation can be extended to UHV composite BPS with a low natural frequency,but conductors with enough redundancy should be used.     

Comparison of adaptive structural damage identification techniques in nonlinear hysteretic vibration isolation systems

Early structural damage identification to obtain an accurate condition assessment can assist in the reprioritization of structural retrofitting schedules in order to guarantee structural safety. Nowadays, seismic isolation technology has been applied in a wide variety of infrastructure, such as buildings, bridges, etc., and the health conditions of these nonlinear hysteretic vibration isolation systems have received considerable attention. To effectively detect structural damage in vibration isolation systems based on vibration data, three time-domain analysis techniques, referred to as the adaptive extended Kalman filter （AEKF）, adaptive sequential nonlinear least-square estimation （ASNLSE） and adaptive quadratic sum-sqnares error （AQSSE）, have been investigated. In this research, these analysis techniques are compared in terms of accuracy, convergence and efficiency, for structural damage detection using experimental data obtained through a series of laboratory tests based on a base-isolated structural model subjected to E1 Centro and Kobe earthquake excitations. The capability of the AEKF, ASNLSE and AQSSE approaches in tracking structural damage is demonstrated and compared.     

Direct displacement loss assessment of existing RC buildings pre- and post-seismic retrofitting: A case study

The seismic retrofitting of a high-rise RC building, recently realized in Italy using the seismic isolation technique, is examined in terms of cost of the intervention (compared to the replacement cost of the building), seismic performances and expected benefits (compared to the building in the as-built configuration), expressed in terms of reduction of direct and indirect seismic losses in case of attainment of different limit states.In the paper, the comparison of the building performance before and after seismic retrofitting is performed in terms of Expected Annual Loss (EAL), applying a direct displacement-based loss assessment approach. The results show a considerable reduction of the EAL (approximately of 70%), passing from the as-built to the retrofitted configuration. The time needed to get the balance between costs of the intervention and benefits due to EAL reduction turns out to be of the order of 13 years.     

Recent progress and application on seismic isolation energy dissipation and control for structures in China

China is a country where 100% of the territory is located in a seismic zone. Most of the strong earthquakes are over prediction. Most fatalities are caused by structural collapse. Earthquakes not only cause severe damage to structures, but can also damage non-structural elements on and inside of facilities. This can halt city life, and disrupt hospitals, airports, bridges, power plants, and other infrastructure. Designers need to use new techniques to protect structures and facilities inside. Isolation, energy dissipation and, control systems are more and more widely used in recent years in China. Currently, there are nearly 6,500 structures with isolation and about 3,000 structures with passive energy dissipation or hybrid control in China. The mitigation techniques are applied to structures like residential buildings, large or complex structures, bridges, underwater tunnels, historical or cultural relic sites, and industrial facilities, and are used for retrofitting of existed structures. This paper introduces design rules and some new and innovative devices for seismic isolation, energy dissipation and hybrid control for civil and industrial structures. This paper also discusses the development trends for seismic resistance, seismic isolation, passive and active control techniques for the future in China and in the world.     

Experimental study on retrofit of school buildings by adding sandwich columns to partition brick walls

Thousands of buildings were damaged by the devastating Chi‐Chi earthquake on September 21, 1999. Of all the public buildings, school buildings are the most vulnerable to earthquake damage, and the retrofitting of existing school buildings becomes a stringent issue. In addition to cost effectiveness, the impact of retrofitting methods on the functions of the school buildings needs to be considered. This paper therefore proposes the retrofitting of school buildings by adding sandwich columns onto partition brick walls. The sandwich column is divided into two parts and is added to the two sides of the partition brick wall held with pairs of U‐shaped bars. The retrofit does not require the removal of windows or doors in the longitudinal direction making the proposed method cost effective and minimizes the impact on the function of the school buildings. Five full‐scale specimens without and with retrofitting were designed and fabricated for testing based on the partition brick wall frames of the existing school buildings. The specimens were subjected to cyclic loading in the out‐of‐plane direction through a loading frame so that the columns deformed with double curvatures. The experimental results verified the feasibility of the proposed retrofit method. The data showed that the lateral strength of the retrofitted specimen doubled that which was not and that the residual strength of the retrofitted specimen was just as high as the ultimate strength of the specimen without retrofitting. The analytical results in lateral strength yielded conservative figures compared with experimental measurements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pin‐supported walls for enhancing the seismic performance of building structures

An application of a pin‐supported wall‐frame system in retrofitting an eleven‐story steel reinforced concrete frame is introduced. The retrofit aims at enhancing integrity and avoiding weak story failure in an existing moment‐resisting frame. Seismic performance of the building before and after the retrofit is assessed through nonlinear dynamic analysis. The results show that the pin‐supported walls are effective in controlling the deformation pattern of the ductile frame and hence in avoiding weak story failure. With the well‐controlled deformation pattern, carefully arranged energy dissipating devices are able to concentrate energy dissipations so that damage to the rest of the structure can be significantly reduced. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of post-earthquake availability of hospital system and upgrading strategies

A model for the regional hospitals system behaviour in case of a seismic event is developed. The aim is the evaluation of the vulnerability of the system as well as the selection of the best intervention strategy for the retrofitting of the hospitals so as to minimize the cost benefit ratio and to evaluate the effect of different post-earthquake emergency measures like the use of camp hospitals. The efficiency of the system is measured in terms of the mean distance to be cured for persons injured by the earthquake and by damages to the system. Some simplifying assumptions are used and discussed; these can be easily removed if necessary. Results allow to clearly indicate the most convenient interventions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

空沟、碎石填充沟和排桩隔振效果试验研究

高速铁路、地铁、轻轨等轨道交通迅速发展深入城市内部人群密集地区,对环境产生的振动影响不容忽视。空沟、碎石填充沟和排桩是三种常用的轨道交通隔振措施。通过大比例尺试验,采用加速度作为振动的评价指标,分别研究空沟、碎石填充沟和排桩的隔振效果。各组试验除隔振措施外其他条件均完全相同,使不同隔振措施的隔振效果具有较强的可比性,通过比较三种隔振措施与无隔振措施下影响区的加速度衰减率,评价其隔振效果,同时通过三种隔振措施下距离振源不同位置处的加速度比较其隔振效果。研究成果可为轨道交通隔振措施及方案的选取提供依据。