青海湖地区生物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素组成与影响因素

青海湖是我国最大的内陆咸水湖泊。本文应用GC-MS和GC-TC-IRMS同位素分析技术,对青海湖水生生物和周围地区陆生生物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素进行了分析,研究了生物中正构烷烃及其同位素组成。结果显示了不同生物中正构烷烃碳数分布范围在C1 5~C33之间,呈单峰型分布;主峰碳数是水生生物(除海韭菜外)相对较低,主要为C23和C25,陆生木本植物次之,为C27;陆生草本植物较高,为C27和C29;CPI值分布在4.0~29.7之间;ACL值为26.0~29.6,分布与植物类型有关。青海湖水生生物中正构烷烃氢同位素组成分布在-209.8‰~-85.6‰之间,平均值为-169.2‰~-121.2‰;陆生植物的正构烷烃δD值为-196.7‰~-84.3‰之间,平均值为-173.0‰~-108.6‰。青海湖不同水生生物和不同陆生生物之间的正构烷烃氢同位素组成差别显著。研究发现,湖泊的含盐量对水生植物的正构烷烃氢同位素具有显著影响,环境湿度和降水量明显影响了陆生植物的正构烷烃氢同位素组成;植物的正构烷烃平均氢同位素组成随着其ACL值增加,具有变轻的趋势;不同种类植物的正构烷烃合成期间具有不同的氢同位素分馏效应,与陆生植物相比较,水生植物的正构烷烃相对于环境水更富集轻氢同位素,并且随着ACL值增加,环境水和正构烷烃之间的氢同位素分馏增大。     

青藏高原东北部尕海湖沉积物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素组成与有机质源指示意义

系统采集了位于青藏高原东北部的尕海湖淡水湖泊沉积物,对沉积物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素进行了分析,研究了沉积物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素组成,探讨了它们的来源。研究结果表明,尕海湖沉积物中正构烷烃分布反映了它们来自水生和陆生植物。尕海湖沉积正构烷烃氢同位素组成平均值为-221.9‰~-190.5‰。C_(21)~C_(33)奇碳数正构烷烃δD值明显地将样品划分为两种类型。类型Ⅰ样品的C_(21)~C_(33)奇碳数正构烷烃平均δD值明显地高于类型Ⅱ样品。类型Ⅰ沉积正构烷烃δD值分布特征反映了它们主要来自尕海湖水生植物;类型Ⅱ沉积物中正构烷烃δD值特征指示了它们主要来自研究区陆生草本植物。提出了具有δD值低、丰度高和CPI值低的中等链长正构烷烃起源于改造陆源草本植物的细菌。研究成果证实了沉积正构烷烃δD值可以作为指示有机质源的地球化学指标。     

茶卡盐湖沉积物和周围地区植物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素组成特征

为了认识盐湖典型沉积环境中沉积和生物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素特征,应用GC-MS和GC-TC-IRMS同位素分析技术,首次对茶卡盐湖沉积物和周围地区陆生植物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素进行了测定,研究了正构烷烃及其氢同位素组成.结果表明,茶卡盐湖周围地区植物中正构烷烃呈单峰型分布,主峰碳数为C25和C27;存在强的奇偶优势,并...     

低纬度淡水湖沉积物中正构烷烃氢同位素组成特征及其有机质源和环境指示意义

为认识低纬度亚热带地区湖泊沉积物中正构烷烃氢同位素组成特征及其与母源输入和生态环境的关系,本文利用气相色谱-高温热转变-同位素比值质谱议(GC-TC-IRMS),对系统采集的抚仙湖沉积物样品中正构烷烃氢同位素进行了测定。抚仙湖沉积正构烷烃δD值分布在-219.3‰~-142.5‰之间,样品中平均值为-208.1‰~-154.5‰,并且奇碳数正构烷烃δD值明显地将样品划分为两种类型。类型Ⅰ样品中正构烷烃平均δD值明显地高于类型Ⅱ样品,反映了它们生物源存在明显差别。沉积物与水生植物和陆生植物中正构烷烃氢同位素组成对比结果指示了沉积C_(17)、C_(21)~C_(25)奇碳数正构烷烃来自水生植物,C_(27)和C_(29)奇碳数正构烷烃主要来自木本植物,C31和C33正构烷烃来自水生和陆生草本植物的混合。对比研究结果表明,湖泊地区生态环境是控制湖泊沉积正构烷烃氢同位素组成的重要因素之一,在利用沉积正构烷烃氢同位素研究古水文学特征时,还要考虑研究区古生态环境对沉积正构烷烃氢同位素的影响,并且结合沉积正构烷烃ACL值和Qw值,才能对沉积有机质中正构烷烃氢同位素组成及变化作出合理的解释。     

Distribution Characteristics of n-Alkanes in Surface Sediments on Lake Bottom in Koh Xil Area, Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau

湖泊沉积物中有机质正构烷烃分布特征对有机质母源、沉积环境等有较好的指示作用.本文通过对青藏高原高寒地区可可西里不同盐度的现代湖泊表层沉积物样中有机质正构烷烃的分析,表明正构烷烃分布主要受陆生植被、水生植物和水体盐度的控制.结果表明,有机质以眼子菜为主的沉水植物来源的正构烷烃有较高的C23正构烷烃峰和高丰度中等链长正构烷烃,以及高丰度C31、C29、C27正构烷烃峰;而没有C23正构烷烃峰,仅有高丰度C31、C29、C27正构烷烃峰,代表了陆生草本植物来源的特征.咸水、微咸水还原环境有明显高Ph丰度.C17的高丰度代表了藻类植物来源特征.不同的中等碳数正构烷烃、高盐度沉积物中未见偶碳数正构烷烃特征表明有机母质的差异是沉积物中正构烷烃组成和分布差异的主要原因.同时,C27、C29的存在不一定就是陆生木本植物来源有机质,水生植物也具有相似的特征.     

青藏高原可可西里地区湖泊沉积物中有机质正构烷烃分布特征

湖泊沉积物中有机质正构烷烃分布特征对有机质母源、沉积环境等有较好的指示作用。本文通过对青藏高原高寒地区可可西里不同盐度的现代湖泊表层沉积物样中有机质正构烷烃的分析,表明正构烷烃分布主要受陆生植被、水生植物和水体盐度的控制。结果表明,有机质以眼子菜为主的沉水植物来源的正构烷烃有较高的C23正构烷烃峰和高丰度中等链长正构烷烃,以及高丰度C31、C29、C27正构烷烃峰;而没有C23正构烷烃峰,仅有高丰度C31、C29、C27正构烷烃峰,代表了陆生草本植物来源的特征。咸水、微咸水还原环境有明显高Ph丰度。C17的高丰度代表了藻类植物来源特征。不同的中等碳数正构烷烃、高盐度沉积物中未见偶碳数正构烷烃特征表明有机母质的差异是沉积物中正构烷烃组成和分布差异的主要原因。同时,C27、C29的存在不一定就是陆生木本植物来源有机质,水生植物也具有相似的特征。     

天津地区河流沉积物中中等分子量正构烷烃的分布特征

分析了天津地区几条具不同环境功能特征的河流沉积物中正构烷烃的组成，重点介绍了中低分子量正构烷烃的分布特征，并通过与表层土壤、大气降尘及TSP中正构烷烃的分布特征的对比，分析了中等分子量正构烷烃的成因。分析表明，天津地区主要河流沉积物和大气降尘中正构烷烃普遍具有正十七烷（nC17）明显优势的特征，nC17单体烃同位素值也相对偏低，与来源于化石燃料的正构烷烃化合物存在明显的差别。在土壤和TSP中不存在这一现象，表明正十七烷化合物来源水体中的低等水生生物体，推测主要来源于藻类生物。由于这类化合物含量明显高于其他化合物，具有环境地球化学意义。     

湖泊沉积物中风成和水成组分定量判据的初步研究———以青海湖为例

对青海湖沉积物进行物质来源进行聚类分析, 并对周边风成黄土与现代湖泊表层沉积物进行粒度分析, 在此基础上, 以青海湖周边典型风成黄土作为风成组分端元, 以青海湖表层沉积物作为水成组分端元, 首次利用已知端元的粒度分布特征对青海湖沉积物中典型粒度分布进行拟合, 进而估算了其中风成和水成组分的比例。结果表明, 青海湖沉积物粒度分布特征可分为三大类:1.水成组分占主导; 2.风成组分占主导(风成黄土主导); 3.两者以不同比例混合。希望此方法能成为未来湖泊沉积物中不同组分的定量判据和古环境的解读提供新途径。      

宁晋泊晚更新世以来气候变化的正构烷烃分子记录

华北地区晚更新世以来气候变化研究具有重要的意义.选择宁晋泊地区开展河湖相沉积物的分子化石研究.结果表明,沉积物中正构烷烃碳数分布范围为C₁₅~C₃₃,高碳数奇碳优势明显,多以C₂₉和C₃₁为主峰的单峰分布,少量样品出现以C₁₇为次主峰的双峰分布,表明有机质以陆生植物和大型水生植物为主.结合正构烷烃参数,分析了宁晋泊地区晚更新世以来的气候演变过程,展现了"83~68 ka气候较为温和,湖泊水位较低;68~30 ka气候暖湿,湖泊扩张;30~22 ka气候冷干,湖泊萎缩;22~10 ka气候好转,湖泊水位上升;全新世气候温和适度,湖泊水位略有降低"的特征.区域对比分析表明,末次冰期以来宁晋泊地区与延庆盆地等地的气候变化基本一致,具有冰期-间冰期旋回特征,说明其主要受太阳辐射的控制.      

珠江澳门河口沉积物柱样品正构烷烃研究

报道了珠江澳门河口沉积物柱芯榈中正构烷烃的浓度和分布类型,并通过因子分析方法对正构烷烃的来源加以初步探讨。沉积物柱芯样品于１９９７年３月采自珠江澳门河口区,沉积年龄以＾２１０Ｐｂ法稳恒初始放射性模式（ＣＡ模式）测定。样品中的有机污染物以二氯甲烷／丙酮混合溶剂索氏提取后,正构烷烃组分以ＧＣ／ＭＳＤ定量分析测定。研究结果表明,该现代沉积物桩芯样品沉积时间约历时４０ａ,桩芯样品中正构烷烃的含量范围为０．     

Research Progress of Leaf-wax Hydrogen Isotope Paleoaltimetry

Leaf waxes/lipids which are derived from terrestrial higher plants are ubiquitous in fluvial, lake, and marine sediments. N-alkanes are an important component of leaf waxes. Modern leaf wax n-alkanes from terrestrial higher plants are characterized with long chains with 27 to 33 carbon atoms (nC₂₇-nC₃₁) and high carbon preference index (CPI) values (>5). The hydrogen isotopes in n-alkanes are determined by meteoric water compositions, which makes them a potential proxy in paleoaltimetry studies. The lapse rates at which n-alkane hydrogen isotopes in modern soils change with altitude vary in different areas, implying that local calibration has to be conducted. The enrichment due to evapotranspiration and difference in fractionation during biosynthesis also influence n-alkane hydrogen isotopes values. When using long-chain n-alkanes to reconstruct paleoaltitude, many factors such as paleoclimate, paleolatitude and paleobotany should be considered.     

北京延庆古湖正构烷烃分布特征及古气候意义

为了更好地了解华北平原核心区延庆盆地古气候演化,利用气相色谱仪对北京延庆盆地阜高营剖面湖相沉积物中的正构烷烃进行了检测.结果表明其正构烷烃含量丰富且连续,碳数分布范围为C₁₆~C₃₃,高碳数奇碳优势明显,中链和短链烷烃均无奇偶优势,多以C₂₉或C₃₁为主峰的单峰分布为主,同时存在少量低碳数和高碳数并存的双峰型.延庆古湖有机质以陆生植物为主,包含少量的菌藻类和水生植物.综合ESR年代序列、有机碳同位素（δ13C_org）、长链正构烷烃平均链长（average chain length,ACL）碳优势指数（carbon preference index,CPI）和正构烷烃Paq参数,将延庆盆地晚更新世中期以来的环境演变划分为:56.8~45.6 ka,气候暖湿,湖泊发育良好,湖面较高;45.6~31.5 ka,气候温湿,湖泊发育缓慢,水位略有下降;31.5~20.0 ka,气候冷干,湖泊水位严重下降;20.0~13.4 ka,气候较为干冷,有转暖趋势;13.4~9.2 ka,气候转暖,湖泊有所发育,但水位较低;9.2 ka至今,气候变干,湖泊萎缩.延庆古湖沉积物中正构烷烃参数的变化与古里雅冰心、李家塬黄土、深海氧同位素反映的气候变化较为一致,呈现冰期-间冰期旋回,且受控于同纬度太阳辐射量的变化.      

四川珙县石碑恐龙化石埋藏地红层分子化石特征及其古环境意义

利用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC/MS)从四川珙县石碑恐龙化石埋藏地早侏罗世红层中检出了包括正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、长链三环萜、藿烷和甾烷等系列分子化石,这些分子化石来源于低等菌藻类生物和水生、陆生高等植物。利用这些分子化石的特征讨论了恐龙生活时代的古环境特征。姥鲛烷与植烷的比值(Pr/Ph)表明该恐龙化石埋藏地的沉积环境应为淡水、弱氧化的湖泊环境。所研究样品高碳数的正构烷烃均以与水生大型植物有关的C25为主峰,并具有来自陆生高等植物的C27～C31正构烷烃,反映出研究区湖盆水体中发育水生高等植物,周围陆地上发育木本和草本植物的古植物特征,体现了分子化石在恢复古环境研究方面的潜力。     

Compound-specific isotopic analyses: a novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochemical processes

Patterns of isotopic fractionation in biogeochemical processes are reviewed and it is suggested that isotopic fractionations will be small when substrates are large. If so, isotopic compositions of biomarkers will reflect those of their biosynthetic precursors. This prediction is tested by consideration of results of analyses of geoporphyrins and geolipids from the Greenhorn Formation (Cretaceous, Western Interior Seaway of North America) and the Messel Shale (Eocene, lacustrine, southern Germany). It is shown (i) that isotopic compositions of porphyrins that are related to a common source, but which have been altered structurally, cluster tightly and (ii) that isotopic differences between geolipids and porphyrins related to a common source are equal to those observed in modern biosynthetic products. Both of these observations are consistent with preservation of biologically controlled isotopic compositions during diagenesis. Isotopic compositions of individual compounds can thus be interpreted in terms of biogeochemical processes in ancient depositional environments. In the Cretaceous samples, isotopic compositions of n-alkanes are covariant with those of total organic carbon, while delta values for pristane and phytane are covariant with those of porphyrins. In this unit representing an open marine environment, the preserved acyclic polyisoprenoids apparently derive mainly from primary material, while the extractable, n-alkanes derive mainly from lower levels of the food chain. In the Messel Shale, isotopic compositions of individual biomarkers range from -20.9 to -73.4% vs PDB. Isotopic compositions of specific compounds can be interpreted in terms of origin from methylotrophic, chemautotrophic, and chemolithotrophic microorganisms as well as from primary producers that lived in the water column and sediments of this ancient lake.     

Characterisation of n-alkanes and their hydrogen isotopic composition in sediments from Lake Qinghai, China

The distributions of n-alkanes and their hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) in surface and core sediments from the saline Qinghai Lake were measured to assess whether or not biological source information was recorded in the δD values of n-alkanes. The results indicate that the n-alkane distributions between shallow water surface and core sediments were similar, and closer to those of terrestrial herbaceous plants from the Qinghai Lake surrounding areas, rather than the aquatic plants living in the lake. The n-alkanes in the surface and core sediments had similar mean δD values, ranging from −185‰ to −133‰ and −163‰ to −142‰, respectively. The mean δD values of n-alkanes in the sediments showed that the even n-alkanes were heavier in D compared with the odd homologues.     

Hydrogen isotope ratios of recent lacustrine sedimentary n-alkanes record modern climate variability

Hydrogen isotope ratios were measured on n-alkanes (n-C₁₂ to n-C₃₁) extracted from recent lake surface sediments along a N-S European transect to test if modern climate variability is recorded in these biomarkers. δD values of the n-alkanes are compared to δD values of meteoric water from the IAEA-GNIP database spanning a range from −119‰ in northern Sweden to −41‰ in southern Italy, to lake water δD values, and to mean annual temperatures, varying between −2.0°C in the north and 13.7°C in the south.δD values of the short-chained n-alkanes n-C₁₂ to n-C₂₀, excluding algal derived n-C₁₇ and n-C₁₉, are higher in the north and lower in the south. The isotopic fractionation ε for hydrogen between meteoric water and the short-chained n-alkanes is increasing from N to S by more than 100‰ and is significantly correlated to mean annual temperature for n-C₁₆ and n-C₁₈. This suggests that these n-alkanes may originate from a different source in the northern lakes, possibly due to petroleum contamination, or are synthesized using a different biochemical pathway.The n-C₁₇ and n-C₁₉ alkanes of algal origin, the n-C₂₁ and n-C₂₃ alkanes originating from water plants, and the long-chain n-alkanes n-C₂₅, n-C₂₇, n-C₂₉, and n-C₃₁ of terrestrial origin, clearly correlate with δD values of meteoric water, lake water, and mean annual temperature, indicating that they excellently record the δD value of meteoric water. The mean hydrogen isotope fractionation ε_C17/w of −157‰ (SD = 13) between n-C₁₇ and meteoric water is fairly constant over the wide range of different climates and lake environments, suggesting only minor influence of environmental factors on this biochemical fractionation. This suggests that δD values of n-C₁₇ are suitable to reconstruct the isotopic composition of source water. The mean fractionation between the long-chain n-alkanes and water is −128‰ (SD = 12). The mean difference of 31‰ between both ε values is likely due to evaporative enrichment of deuterium in the leaf water. If this is the only influence on the enrichment, the difference between the δD values of terrestrial and aquatic compounds might be suitable to reconstruct terrestrial evapotranspiration of the lake environment.     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟现代盐湖地质特征及形成条件分析

呼盟盐湖面积都比较小，盐湖卤水组分较复杂，但其中所沉积的相应的厚层盐类沉积物组分却比较简单，多为不同纯度的芒硝或泡碱层。盐类沉积的组分和盐湖公布地区有关，也受沉积过程中沉积环境的变化所控制。呼盟盐湖主要形成于古河道盆地、砂丘间洼地和丘陵地区的山间洼地，盐类物质来自周缘地区。由于盐类物质溶解度变化规律的不同和沉积环境变化，盐湖演化过程中产生盐类物质沉积分异作用，因此即使在相邻的盐湖和同一盐湖中，也可形成不同的盐类沉积。     

若尔盖高原湖沼沉积剖面饱和烃组分特征及地球化学意义

利用GC-MS技术对若尔盖高原一湖沼沉积剖面（深346 cm）沉积有机质的饱和烃馏分进行了分析,结合已有的AMS 14C年代、剖面岩性和TOC资料,探讨了该剖面分子化石分布特征及其相关参数对有机物来源、微生物活动和气候变化等环境信息的指示意义。分析表明,中高碳数占绝对优势的正构烷烃反映了有机物主要来源于高等植物,且草本高等植物输入丰富;岩相、TOC和Pr/Ph比值很好地指示了该剖面沉积物从早全新世（约11.4~7.3 cal ka BP,深度346~203 cm）强还原深湖条件到中全新世（约7.3~4.5 cal ka BP,>203 cm）弱还原沼泽条件的演化过程,正构烷烃参数奇偶优势（OEP1和OEP2）、C25/C31和轻烃/重烃比值（∑C21-/∑C22+）详细反映了这种水文演变过程中生物源的变化,尤其剖面120 cm以上很可能有泥炭藓(Sphagnum)的重要输入,而且敏感地指示了剖面120 cm以上有机物遭受了明显的微生物改造作用,从而引起正构烷烃组分的改变。另外,在约9.8~8.6 cal ka BP（深度286~240 cm）期间剖面岩性及其以上各项代用指标发生明显快速变化,说明早全新世若尔盖高原气候相对暖湿阶段具有不稳定性。     

察尔汗盐湖正构烷烃和单体碳同位素分布特征及其古植被意义

对察尔汗盐湖ISL1A钻孔沉积物样品进行了有机分子地球化学分析, 检测出了丰富的类脂物, 包括正构烷烃、一元正脂肪酸、一元正脂肪醇等, 本文主要讨论正构烷烃类脂物的分布特征。正构烷烃的分布型式表明其来源于低等菌藻类生物和陆生高等植物, 正构烷烃的高碳数部分均有显著的奇偶优势, 高碳数正构烷烃全部以C31 为主峰碳。正构烷烃分布特征表明在110.1~50.1 ka B.P.期间, 察尔汗盐湖地区为草原植被景观。对C27、C29、C31 长链正构烷烃进行了单体碳同位素测定, 利用二元模式估算了C3 和 C4 植物的相对输入贡献, 结果表明, 以C3 植物为主。