江苏大丰潮间带粉砂滩的潮流边界层特征

对江苏大丰潮间带粉砂滩的潮流观测数据，运用Karman-parndtl模型分析了流速对数剖面的出现频率和边界层参数（摩阻流速与粗糙长度）。结果表明，不同时间尺度（10^1-10^3s）的平均流速对计算u-lnz线性关系出现频率的影响不大，而不同层位组合的影响较为显著，影响流速对数剖面分布的自然因素为波浪、风、潮流旋转、表底层流向差异、滩面坡度和水流加减速等。相邻层位的流速在时间序列上存在很高的线性关系，回归直线的斜率与水层距底床的高度、粗糙长度和摩阻流速有关。涨潮阶段床面粗糙长度大于落潮阶段，涨潮阶段摩阻流速小于落潮阶段。     

长江口南港底部边界层特征的观测与分析

对长江口2002年和2003年共4个潮周期的数据进行了分析,通过流速对数剖面公式计算边界层参数,并对各个潮周期内的边界层参数的变化规律进行了分析,同时也对悬沙输送可能对垂向水流结构以及边界层参数造成的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,悬沙的时间分布特征对温度、盐度、水体密度的分布格局有重要影响,主要表现在水体的Rf值普遍较高,分层稳定。此外,悬沙也可影响边界层参数,从而对水流结构产生影响。由于水体的层化作用,使层间的摩擦阻力增大,相当于在垂向上产生不同内边界层,因而影响了流速在垂向上的变化。     

江苏大丰潮滩潮流边界层特征研究

2003年7月中小潮期间使用MIDAS-400用户化数据采集系统在江苏大丰潮滩上进行了垂向多层位同步的流速和悬沙浓度观测。根据观测资料研究了潮流作用下的潮滩底部边界层过程,结果表明,观测地点的潮汐不对称现象十分明显,落潮流速、历时和输水输沙量皆明显大于涨潮;在潮周期内的多数时间里流速剖面符合对数分布,但在风力较强、水流快速增加和流速缓慢的情况下,流速剖面常偏离对数分布;悬沙颗粒垂向混合均匀,悬沙浓度剖面符合Rouse公式;落潮时的底部切应力和摩阻流速明显大于涨潮,摩阻流速与各水层流速通常有较好的线性关系;滩面糙度主要与沙纹形态和推移质运动强度有关,它与摩阻流速存在密切关系;悬沙浓度具有明显的减阻效应,受其影响,摩阻流速和底部切应力分别减小了28%~41%和40%~62%。     

悬沙浓度分布对鸭绿江河口流速结构的影响

对鸭绿江河口1994和1996两年两个站位共4个潮周期的数据进行了分析,通过流速对数剖面公式计算了边界层参数,并对各个潮周期内的边界层参数的变化规律进行了分析,同时也对悬沙输送可能对垂向流速结构以及边界层参数造成的影响进行了探讨,分析结果表明,正是由于悬沙分布的影响,打破了原有的温度、盐度、水体密度在水层间的分布格局,改变了原有水体的纵向密度梯度,除少数时刻对应的水体Rf值减小之外,水体的Rf值被普遍提高,并且分层稳定。应用改造后的Von karmen-Prandtl流速对数分布剖面公式,重新对原先公式计算的边界层参数进行了修正,修正后结果表明,u*、C100和τ分别比通过原公式的计算值平均减少了21%、56%和36%,而由于水体悬沙则使τ比在没有悬沙存在的情况下的τ值平均减少了22%。     

台风期间厦门湾潮流边界层特征研究

本文基于2007年8月圣帕台风影响台湾海峡期间的厦门湾垂向海流流速剖面观测资料,运用Karman-Prandtl模型统计和分析了流速对数剖面的出现频率和边界层参数（摩阻流速与粗糙长度）．结果表明流速剖面满足对数分布出现频率都超过50％,但进行内部一致性原则分析后,流速剖面满足对数分布情况均不足30％．造成流速剖面偏离对数分布的因素主要有：台风、径流、流速加减速、水体分层、底床结构、海底悬沙浓度等等．台风期间的摩阻流速和粗糙长度都大于非台风期间的数值．     

长江河口区边界层参数的观测与分析

2003年11月在长江口南槽用ADCP进行定点水文观测,结果表明研究区为不规则半日潮,在水流转向期流速较低时常出现悬沙浓度峰值。根据流速对数剖面分布模型与悬沙分布模型,分别计算了海底边界层参数,其中潮周期内摩阻流速可达0.15 m/s,粗糙长度为0.01~1.2 m,拖曳系数为10-3~10-4,边界层厚度为2~4 m,悬沙的沉降速率为0.2~6 mm/s。     

根据流速剖面估计海底粗糙长度的研究

由于底床的摩擦作用,河口海岸近底层的水体流动与远离海底上层的水体流动产生很大的差别,形成重要的底边界层。在近底层由于水层与床面有频繁的物质交换,所以研究河口海岸边界层对水流、泥沙、温度、盐度垂向混合、底沙运动等物质过程有着重要的作用。底床粗糙度是研究河口海岸沉积物运移和水流结构的重要因素,它由颗粒粗糙度、底形粗糙度和推移质输沙粗糙度组成。目前还没有一个经验公式来计算底床粗糙度,但是在无波浪的情况下粗糙度可以通过拟合流速的对数分布(卡门-普朗特公式)来求得。利用对数拟合方法必须满足两个条件:一是必须测量近海底三个层面以上的流速,二是测得的流速剖面必须满足对数分布。     

桐花树红树林潮滩近底层悬沙浓度垂向剖面变化特征分析*

观测红树林潮滩在波浪和潮流作用下的近底层垂向剖面悬沙浓度变化过程, 对理解海岸带植被的消能促淤机制和滨海湿地生态修复工程有着重要作用。本文以北部湾七星岛岛尾桐花树红树林潮滩为例, 基于剖面流速仪HR、声学多普勒单点流速仪ADV、浪潮仪T-wave及剖面浊度仪ASM, 获取了研究区域2019年夏季大潮连续3天的水文数据, 同时结合桐花树典型植株实测参数, 分析了潮周期内红树林潮滩近底层垂向剖面悬沙响应波浪、潮流作用及桐花树空间结构的运动过程。结果表明: 1) 桐花树潮滩近底层悬沙浓度和悬沙通量具有涨潮明显大于落潮的潮汐不对称现象, 剖面垂向高悬沙浓度区域在涨潮初期—涨急由距底部0.1~0.37m转变为距底部0.5~0.67m, 落急—落潮末期则由上部转变为下部; 2) 潮周期内悬沙起动和再悬浮阶段发生在以波浪作用主导的涨潮初期和落潮末期, 平流和沉降发生在以潮流作用为主的涨急至落急整个阶段; 3) 涨潮阶段桐花树冠层的茂密枝叶通过减缓流速拦截多于冠层上部40%以上的悬沙, 落潮水体则挟沙自陆向海经过桐花树群落, 使得悬沙浓度下降超过71%。该不对称涨、落潮动力沉积机制有利于悬沙向岸输运, 促进潮滩扩张过程。     

长江口浑浊带核心区北槽水动力特征研究

本文根据2015年长江口洪季浑浊带水域座底三脚架全水深范围观测数据,对北槽中下段纵横向流、余流结构、边界层特征等进行了深入研究,结果显示:（1）大潮潮流矢量特征在垂向上的变化差异最为显著;北槽中下段水流出现明显的横向输移,指向航槽北面;（2）横向流速在大潮期间的变化（垂线平均）为-0.10~0.39 m/s,小潮期间的变化为-0.13~0.25 m/s;横向平流对于北槽纵向物质输运有显著调整作用;（3）余流垂向差异大,底部几乎为0,小潮期间余流更强;周期性再悬浮的细颗粒泥沙可作为北槽最大浑浊带的重要物质来源;（4）传统六点对数流速拟合法获得摩阻流速误差较大,近底1 m区域高分辨流速剖面是准确获取底边界层参数的有效途径。     

桑沟湾筏式海带养殖对潮流垂直结构的影响

利用桑沟湾海带播苗前和成熟期的海流剖面资料,对最显著的M₂分潮流椭圆四要素(最大流速、椭圆率、最大流速方向和最大流速出现时间)的垂直分布特征进行对比分析,结果表明筏式海带养殖对潮流垂直结构有显著影响,由海带播苗前的单一海底边界层,变为海带成熟期的海表和海底双重边界层。海带播苗前,M₂分潮流椭圆要素在垂向上变化不大;而在海带成熟期,从中层向海面和海底,最大流速迅速减小、椭圆率逐渐增大、最大流速方向左偏、最大流速出现时间提前。湾口中部的最大流速方向从海带播苗前的南北方向转为海带成熟期的西北—东南方向,这是由水位梯度的变化造成的。     

Study on the double-logarithmic profile of tidal flow velocity in the near-bed layers

Tidal current velocity profile in the near-bed layers has been widely studied. The results showed that velocity profile in the near-bed layer obviously departure from the traditional logarithmic profile, due to the acceleration or deceleration. Although the logarithmic linear profile can reduce the rate of deviation from this, only it is a lower-order approximate solution. In this paper, considering the unsteady and non-linear features of tidal motion, the double logarithmic profile near-bed layers in estuarine and coastal waters is established on the assumption that the turbulent shear stress along the water depth was parabolic distribution, and on the basis of Prandtl''s mixing length theory and von Karman''s self-similar theory. Having been verified the data observed at the West Solent in the south of England, and comparison of the logarithmic linear profile, it found that the double logarithmic profile is more precious than the latter. At last, the discussed results showed that:(1) The parabolic distribution of the tidal shear stresses verified good by the field data and experimental data, can be better reflected the basic features of the tidal shear stress deviating from linear distribution that is downward when to accelerate, upward when to decelerate. (2) The traditional logarithmic velocity profile is the zero-order approximation solution of the double logarithmic profile, the logarithmic linear profile is the first order, and the logarithmic parabolic profile is the second order. (3) Ignoring the conditions of diffusion and convection in the tidal movement, the double logarithmic profile can reflect the tidal properties of acceleration or deceleration, so that the calculation of the friction velocity and roughness length are more reasonable. When the acceleration or the deceleration is about zero, the double logarithmic profile becomes the logarithmic profile.     

Effects of time dependence in unstratified tidal boundary layers: results from large eddy simulations

A three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model is used to simulate oscillating tidal boundary layers and test previous results obtained from one-dimensional boundary layer models and turbulence measurements in tidal channels. The LES model produces low-order turbulence statistics in agreement with the semi-analytic theory and observations. It shows a logarithmic layer in the mean velocity profile and a linear distribution of Reynolds stress with water depth. However, the eddy viscosity profile predicted by the LES model is not parabolic but better matches a parabolic profile modified by wake effect observed in the outer part of depth-limited steady boundary layers. Low-order turbulence statistics can be scaled by the instantaneous friction velocity at the bottom boundary. Although turbulence intensities in three directions fluctuate over a tidal cycle, their normalized values are in good agreement with those determined from laboratory experiments of steady open-channel flows. The LES model confirms that tidal turbulence is in quasi-equilibrium. However, it also demonstrates the importance of flow acceleration/deceleration term in the depth-integrated momentum balance for the mean flow. Phase differences are found between flows at different heights above the bottom boundary.     

Observations of boundary layer parameters and suspended sediment transport over the intertidal flats of northern Jiangsu, China

A current-turbidity monitoring system (CTMS) was deployed on the intertidal flat at Wanggang, northern Jiangsu during October 16-17, 2000, to measure the tidal current speeds and seawater turbidities at 5 levels above the seabed. Based upon the logarithmic-prof‘de equation, the boundary layer parameters, i.e., u*, Z0 and C60, were obtained for 247 tidal flow velocity prof‘des. Around 90% of the profiles were logarithmic according to the critical correlation coefficient. Internal consistency analysis shows that these parameters derived by different methods are consistent with each other. In addition, the height of the bedforms observed is close to the seabed roughness lengths calculated from the velocity prof‘des, indicating that the boundary layer parameters obtained can reveal the conditions at the sedimentwater interface on the intertidal flats. Suspended sediment concentrations were obtained from the 5 CTMS turbidity meters using laboratory and in-situ calibrations. The results show that the in-situ calibrated SSCs have a much higher accuracy than the laboratory calibrated ones. Calculation of suspended sediment fluxes on the intertidal flats, with a magnitude of 104 kg/m per spring tidal cycle, indicates that suspended sediment moves towards the northwest, which is reversal to the transport pattern controlled by the southward Northern Jiangsu Coastal Current in the sub-tidal zone and adjacent shallow waters.     

Study on the Log-Linear Velocity Profile of Near-Bed Tidal Current in Estuarine and Coastal Waters

Many observed data show that the near-bed tidal velocity profile deviates from the usual logarithmic law. The amount of deviation may not be large, but it results in large errors when the logarithmic velocity profile is used to calculate the bed roughness height and friction velocity （or shear stress）. Based on their investigation, Kuo et al. （1996） indicate that the deviation amplitude may exceed 100%. On the basis of fluid dynamic principle, the profile of the near-bed tidal velocity in estuarine and coastal waters is established by introducing Prandtl＇ s mixing length theory and Von Kannan selfsimilarity theory. By the fitting and calculation of the near-bed velocity profde data observed in the west Solent, England, the results are compared with those of the usual logarithmic model, and it is shown that the present near-bed tidal velocity profile model has such advantages as higher fitting precision, and better inner consistency between the roughness height and friction velocity. The calculated roughness height and friction velocity are closer to reality. The conclusions are validated that the logarithmic model underestimates the roughness height and friction velocity during tidal acceleration and overestimates them during tidal deceleration.     

Tidal boundary layer measurements in the presence of waves

Measurements of tidal current and wave velocity made at 0.69 and 1.85 m above a rough seafloor exhibit large current gradients (boundary layer) in the water column. The logarithmic boundary layer flow model was fitted to the measurements, and thus roughness (z₀) and friction velocity (u^*) parameters were derived. The roughness parameter values were generally consistent with the observed upstream physical roughness. The values of both parameters for conditions in the rough turbulence flow regime are generally larger (much larger for ebb) than earlier published values for similar measurements of currents in the absence of significant waves but are comparable to values from recent measurements of currents in the presence of storm waves. The high parameter values here appear to relate more to the magnitude of the current and to the upstream physical bottom roughness than to the magnitude of the seastate. Large boundary layers in the flow at the seabed have a profound effect on the design of offshore structures such as offshore pipelines.     

珠江河口底边界层憩流动力特征

通过在珠江黄茅海河口进行的25 h定点连续观测,分析了潮流底边界层在憩流时刻的动力特征。结果表明,憩流期非恒定性增强,改变了平均流和湍流结构。主要表现:1)平均流结构出现三种不同类型,分别是对数分布(摩擦力主导)、垂向均匀分布(惯性主导)和过渡状态(摩擦力和惯性力平衡);2)湍流各向异性增强,湍谱惯性子区带宽减小。各湍流特征参数在转流时刻达到最小值,表明惯性作用抑制了湍流的发育。