抗大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)蛙虹彩病毒药效模型的构建及其抗病毒中药筛选

大口黑鲈蛙虹彩病毒(LMBV)是一种严重危害大口黑鲈养殖的病害,但目前缺乏有效的防控手段。通过研究水温、鱼体大小以及攻毒剂量等条件对大口黑鲈感染蛙虹彩病毒的影响,构建体内抗病毒药效筛选模型,同时利用MTT法构建体外药物筛选模型,进而通过体外和体内药效模型,对29种中草药进行抗病毒药效评价,对筛选出药效最佳的2种中药进行体外和体内抗病毒药效评价。结果表明:水温和鱼体大小是影响体内药效模型的2个关键因子,最佳体内药效模型条件为:水温为25℃,鱼体大小20g,攻毒剂量为0.1mL 10^9.33 TCID₅₀/mL。结合体内和体外药效模型结果,筛选出紫花地丁和黄连这2种中药具有较好的抗病毒效果的中草药。体内药效结果表明:黄连和地丁的添加量为0.6g/kg和1.2g/kg时,其对大口黑鲈的保护率最高均达到40%,而两者用药后病毒在肝组织的抑制率分别可达71.5%和67.0%。组织病理学结果表明,当药物使用浓度为0.6g/kg和1.2g/kg时,可有效降低因大口黑鲈蛙虹彩病毒感染所导致的肝和肾等组织的病理学损伤。上述结果表明,黄连和地丁均具有较好的抗蛙虹彩病毒的作用。     

一例异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)暴发性出血病病原分析

2016年6月,江苏某异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖场暴发一种传染性急性出血病,造成养殖银鲫大量死亡。为分析此次疾病病因及流行规律,本研究从发病养殖场采集患出血病的异育银鲫,从细菌、病毒及寄生虫三个方面对病原进行了分析。采用病原菌分离、组织病理学观察、超薄切片电镜观察、病毒核酸分析、回感实验等对病原进行鉴定。结果显示从发病鲫鱼体内分离到病毒一株,未发现寄生虫及细菌感染。经测序及序列分析,该病毒为鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(Cyprinid herpesvirus2,CyHV-2)病毒,组织病理学观察结果显示患病鱼的鳃和肾脏有明显病变,电镜下可观察到病鱼脾脏组织有带囊膜的球形病毒,囊膜直径约为170—200nm,病毒衣壳直径约为110—120nm,核心直径约为60nm,用组织匀浆感染鲫鱼囊胚细胞系(CGB)可稳定地观察到典型的细胞病变,用患病鱼组织匀浆液人工感染异育银鲫的死亡率高达100%,荧光定量PCR检测到该病毒可感染多器官,其中以脾脏中病毒含量最高,其次是脑,肝脏中最少。本研究可为CyHV-2的诊断防控及疫苗研制提供资料。     

一株大口黑鲈源ST-873型肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

从患腹水病大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)的头肾、脾脏、肝脏组织中分离到一株优势菌,生长出圆形、边缘整齐的灰白色黏液状菌落;染色镜检可见短粗、卵圆形、有荚膜的革兰氏阴性杆菌。结合形态、生理生化特征、16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae),MLST分析进一步确定其为ST-873型,与ST-65型聚为一支;该菌株携带aere、alls、wca和ybt四种毒力基因,具有溶血活性;人工感染大口黑鲈,发现患病鱼呈现腹水等与自然发病类似的症状,且病鱼内脏的分离菌株与攻毒菌株相同;经统计,其LD50为3.4×10⁷ CFU/mL,具有中等生物被膜形成能力。耐药性分析结果显示,该菌株携带bla-shv、sul2、aadA和tetB四种耐药基因,对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、黏菌素类药物敏感,对四环素类、磺胺类、林可酰胺类、利福霉素类耐药;中药三七、款冬花对分离菌株有明显抑制作用。研究探明了大口黑鲈腹水病的主要病原,可为鱼源肺炎克雷伯菌的诊断和防治提供科学依据和数据参考。     

淋巴囊肿病毒实时定量PCR检测方法的建立和应用

选取淋巴囊肿病毒(Lymphocystis disease virus,LCDV)主衣壳蛋白(MCP)基因保守序列,利用Primer Express2.0软件设计引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量PCR的检测方法,并进行了敏感性、特异性分析.SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量PCR反应体系的最佳引物浓度为0.5 μmol/L,方法的检测限为30个病毒拷贝,扩增产物的Tm值为74.5 ℃.该方法对淋巴囊肿病毒有特异性,不能扩增流行性造血器官坏死病毒(EHNV)、虎纹蛙病毒(TFV)、蛙虹彩病毒(BIV)、新加坡石斑虹彩病毒(SGIV)、鳜鱼传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)及真鲷虹彩病毒(RSIV).对12份发病牙鲆鱼样品进行检测,均感染淋巴囊肿病毒;20份无临床症状的牙鲆经检测不含淋巴囊肿病毒.建立的LCDV的SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量PCR方法,具有成本低、特异、灵敏、快速等优点,可用于淋巴囊肿病毒的早期诊断.     

大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)致病性维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定及其特性分析

大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)是我国重要的淡水养殖经济鱼类品种,目前包括细菌性疾病在内的诸多因素影响了其养殖业的健康发展。维氏气单胞菌是引起淡水鱼败血症和溃疡综合征的重要病原菌。从患病大口黑鲈肝脏组织中分离到1株病原菌,通过形态学观察、生理生化特性分析、16S rRNA序列和特定毒力基因分析对其进行鉴定,并通过人工回归感染试验和药敏试验分析其致病性和耐药性。结果表明该菌为致病性维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii),含有aer、act、lip、fla、gcaT和OMPA I等毒力基因;药敏试验显示其对头孢曲松、氯霉素、氟苯尼考、强力霉素、四环素、多粘菌素、复方新诺明、左氟沙星等8种抗生素高度敏感,对新霉素、恩诺沙星、庆大霉素、链霉素、阿齐霉素、环丙沙星等6种抗生素中度敏感,对其他8种抗生素具有一定耐药性;人工回归感染实验表明该菌具有较高的致病性,对大口黑鲈的半致死浓度为1.4×10⁶ CFU/mL。维氏气单胞菌是水产养殖中的条件性致病菌,研究结果揭示了该菌株的部分生物学特性,有利于丰富维氏气单胞菌属的基础数据,同时也为鲈鱼养殖过程中的病害防控提供了一定的参考依据。     

海洋球石藻Emiliania huxleyi(Prymnesiophyceae)病毒主要外壳蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

在实验室纯培养条件下,用过滤的海洋球石藻特异性病毒(Emiliania huxliyi virus,EhV)EhV-99B1株感染球石藻(E.huxleyi,Eh),建立病毒与宿主之间稳定的感染体系,病毒裂解滤液经卷式切向流超滤和PEG 8000浓缩、CsC1密度梯度离心,获得足量高纯度的病毒颗粒.根据已报道的其它EhV株系主要外壳蛋白(MCP)基因内保守片段设计合成一对特异引物,从EhV-99B1病毒基因组中克隆到了长度约为300bp的病毒外壳蛋白基因保守片段.该片段与pBS-T载体连接后转化Escherichia coli DH5α,对筛选到的阳性克隆进行序列测定与分析.结果表明,该克隆片段与GenBank中EhV163(AF453851)分离株的同源性最高,该区域内的核苷酸与对应推导的氨基酸序列同源性均为100%,证实获得的DNA片段是EhV-99B1的外壳蛋白基因;与EhV203(AF453855)分离株的核苷酸及氨基酸序列的同源性较低,分别为93%和100%.表明该病毒在自然海域中分布广泛并具有一定的多态性,同时在进化上也存在相当的复杂性.因此,MCP基因可以作为一种新的分子遗传标记以区分自然群落中EhV的不同基因型,对于理解海洋球石藻类病毒与宿主之间复杂的相互作用关系将是一个十分有价值的工具.     

白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)囊膜蛋白VP28基因的克隆及在蓝藻中表达载体的构建

用蔗糖密度梯度离心法分离纯化白斑综合症病毒（WSSV）。设计并合成引物，提取WSSV中国株的基因组DNA作为模板，通过PCR，扩增克隆出VP28基因，利用BamHI和EcoRI切点将VP28基因插入克隆载体pUC19 的多克隆位点上，得到VP28基因的重组克隆质粒，对其进行双向DNA测序。测序结果表明，该基因含有615个核苷酸，与GenBank中已有不同来源的WSSV的序列片段同源性为100％。利用BamHI切点将VP28的基因插入到穿梭表达载体启动子PpsbA的下游，EcoRI酶切鉴定，得到正向连接的可在蓝藻表达的重组穿梭表达载体，命名为pRL-VP28。     

虹彩病毒在海水鱼类间感染的研究

本研究通过对人工养殖的真鲷、石鲷进行虹彩病毒人工感染实验，结果表明：随感染时间的推移，被感染鱼的脾脏中病毒感染细胞和吞噬细胞群数量增多；利用虹彩病毒感染的真鲷脾脏分离提纯的病毒悬液，可在真鲷、石鲷等鱼种间交叉感染；病毒悬液由尾柄血管注射比由腹腔注射，感染快、程度严重；较小鱼体有易被病毒感染的趋势；病毒悬液注射量增多，被病毒感染趋强；脾脏、肾脏和肝脏提取的病毒悬液，具较强的感染力。     

淋巴囊肿病毒mcp基因变异特征及其基因型分析

淋巴囊肿病毒是引起多种海、淡水鱼淋巴囊肿病的病原,且不同淋巴囊肿病毒分离株间存在一定的差异。本文对25株淋巴囊肿病毒分离株mcp基因的变异特征进行分析,结果表明:分离自同一宿主的淋巴囊肿病毒mcp基因序列并非完全一致,有些同宿主分离株间存在着较少的变异,其MCP蛋白序列间的变异位点多位于不规则结构域、属于非蛋白相互作用位点;分属不同基因型淋巴囊肿病毒分离株MCP蛋白序列间的变异位点也多位于不规则结构域,变异位点为蛋白相互作用位点的比率仅占21.98%。金头鲷淋巴囊肿病毒分离株LCDV-sa是一种新的淋巴囊肿病毒基因型,此25株淋巴囊肿病毒可分为7个基因型。对淋巴囊肿病毒变异的研究,可加深对其感染机制的认识,有助于了解其传播途径,可为淋巴囊肿病的防控提供重要的理论依据。     

4株长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)致病性哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)鉴定及其毒力基因检测

为明确江苏连云港养殖长牡蛎大规模死亡病因,对分离自长牡蛎的4株病原菌开展了致病性、表型特征、分子特征等研究,结果表明4株病原菌均具致病性,4株病原菌ML1、ML2、ML3、ML4对长牡蛎的半数致死量LD50分别为2.8×105、1.1×105、1.8×105和1.6×105 CFU/mL;4株病原菌均为呈短杆状革兰氏阴性细菌,氧化酶阳性,还原硝酸盐,能利用甘露醇、纤维二糖,形态及理化特性结果表明4株分离菌与弧菌属的哈维氏弧菌亲缘关系最近;16SrRNA、gyrB、rpoA基因同源性检索及系统发育学分析结果表明4株分离菌与GenBank数据库中哈维氏弧菌的基因序列相似性最高且在系统发育树中聚为1个分支;根据4株分离菌的致病性、表型与分子特征,表明引起长牡蛎大规模死亡的病原为哈维氏弧菌。为进一步明确分离菌株毒力基因的携带情况,检测了分离鉴定的4株病原菌的9种毒力基因,结果表明,4株病原菌均可检测到luxR、toxR、vhhA和vhhB 4种毒力基因,扩增片段大小分别为679bp、390bp、1324bp和216bp,其他5种毒力基因未检测到,且分离鉴定的4株病原哈维氏弧菌携带相同的毒力基因,这些毒力基因可作为检测致病性哈维氏弧菌的分子标记。     

GSTA is a major glutathione S-transferase gene responsible for 4-hydroxynonenal conjugation in largemouth bass liver

We have previously shown that largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) has a remarkable ability to conjugate 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), a mutagenic and cytotoxic α,β-unsaturated aldehyde produced during the peroxidation of lipids. In addition, we have isolated a glutathione S-transferase cDNA (bass GSTA) that encodes a recombinant protein which is highly active in 4HNE conjugation and structurally similar to plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) GSTA. In the present study, HPLC-GST subunit analysis revealed the presence of at least two major GST isoforms in bass liver, with one peak constituting 80% of the total bass liver GST protein. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and electrospray ionization analysis of the major bass GST subunit yielded a molecular weight of 26,396 kDa. Endo-proteinase Lys-C digestion and Edman degradation protein sequencing of this GST peak demonstrated that this protein was encoded by bass GSTA. Analysis of genomic DNA fragments isolated by nested PCR indicated the presence of a GST gene cluster in bass liver that contained GSTA, and was similar to a GST gene cluster characterized by Leaver et al., in plaice. Collectively, our data indicates the presence of a major GST in bass liver involved in the protection against oxidative stress. This GST is part of a gene cluster that may be conserved in certain freshwater and marine fish.     

GSTA is a major glutathione S-transferase gene responsible for 4-hydroxynonenal conjugation in largemouth bass liver

We have previously shown that largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) has a remarkable ability to conjugate 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), a mutagenic and cytotoxic alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde produced during the peroxidation of lipids. In addition, we have isolated a glutathione S-transferase cDNA (bass GSTA) that encodes a recombinant protein which is highly active in 4HNE conjugation and structurally similar to plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) GSTA. In the present study, HPLC-GST subunit analysis revealed the presence of at least two major GST isoforms in bass liver, with one peak constituting 80% of the total bass liver GST protein. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and electrospray ionization analysis of the major bass GST subunit yielded a molecular weight of 26,396 kDa. Endo-proteinase Lys-C digestion and Edman degradation protein sequencing of this GST peak demonstrated that this protein was encoded by bass GSTA. Analysis of genomic DNA fragments isolated by nested PCR indicated the presence of a GST gene cluster in bass liver that contained GSTA, and was similar to a GST gene cluster characterized by Leaver et al., in plaice. Collectively, our data indicates the presence of a major GST in bass liver involved in the protection against oxidative stress. This GST is part of a gene cluster that may be conserved in certain freshwater and marine fish.     

Protective immunity of orange-spotted grouper(Epinephelus coioids) against a nervous necrosis virus isolated from China,and determination of the complete sequences of the virus

1 IntroductionNervous necrosis virus( NNV) is one of theworldwide pathogens in cultured species and breed-ing from the late 1980s (Bovo et al.,1999; Tan etal., 2001; Breuil et al., 2001; Munday et al.,2002; Lin et al., 2001). The virus is isometric andnon…     

Conjugation of 4-hydroxynonenal by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) glutathione S-transferases

The glutathione S-transferases (GST) are a major group of conjugative enzymes involved in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds and products of oxidative stress. We have previously described the kinetics of hepatic GST conjugation in largemouth bass using a variety of synthetic GST reference substrates. In the present study, we investigated the ability of largemouth bass hepatic GSTs to conjugate 4-hydroxynon-2-enal (4HNE), a mutagenic and cytotoxic alpha-beta-unsaturated aldehyde produced during oxidative injury. Hepatic cytosolic fractions from largemouth bass rapidly catalyzed GSH-dependent 4HNE conjugation, with the rate of GST-4HNE conjugation in bass liver exceeding those of several other mammalian and aquatic species. No apparent sex-related differences in GST-4HNE activity were observed among adult bass. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis of GSH affinity-purified bass liver cytosolic GST revealed the presence of two major GST subunits of approximately 30 and 27 KDa that exhibited slight cross-reactivity when probed with a rat alpha class GST antibody, but not to rat mu, pi or theta class GST. The rapid conjugation of 4HNE by hepatic GST suggests an important role for GSTs in protecting against peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in bass liver.     

Effects of β-naphthoflavone on hepatic biotransformation and glutathione biosynthesis in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

We are investigating the effects of in vivo exposure of prototypical enzyme inducing agents on hepatic biotransformation enzyme expression in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), a predatory game fish found throughout the United States and Canada. The current study targeted those genes involved in biotransformation and oxidative stress that may be regulated by Ah-receptor-dependent pathways. Exposure of bass to β-naphthoflavone (β-NF, 66 mg/kg, i.p.) elicited a 7–9-fold increase in hepatic microsomal cytochrome P4501A-dependent ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities, but did not affect cytosolic GST catalytic activities toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) or 5-androstene-3,17-dione (ADI). Glutathione S-transferase A (GST-A) mRNA expression exhibited a transient, but non-significant increase following exposure to β-NF, and generally tracked the minimal changes observed in GST–CDNB activities. Expression of the mRNA encoding glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis, was increased 1.7-fold by β-NF. Changes in GCLC mRNA expression were paralleled by increases in intracellular GSH. In summary, largemouth bass hepatic CYP1A-dependent and GSH biosynthetic pathways, and to a lesser extent GST, are responsive to exposure to β-NF.     

The proposed introduction of the large‐mouth black bass micropterus salmoides (lacepede) into New Zealand

Known characteristics of the largemouth black bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède), in its natural habitats in North America and as an introduction in other areas are discussed in relation to the suggestion that the fish should be introduced into New Zealand. It is concluded that much more research on the New Zealand ecosystems is necessary before a realistic assessment can be made of the likely effects of the predatory bass on indigenous fish and on trout fisheries.     

Diagnosis of iridovirus in large yellow croaker by PCR

A rapid and sensitive PCR-based method for the detection of the large yellow croaker iridovirus(LYCIV) is described,which involves the amplification of a 295 bp fragment of the LYCIV ATPase gene from DNA isolated from naturally infected fish spleen.Sequencing of LYCIV ATPase gene fragment showed it shared 100% nucleotide sequence homology with the corresponding region of the ATPase gene of red sea bream iridovirus(RSIV) and sea bass iridovirus(SBIV),suggesting that LYCIV was homologous with RSIV and SBIV at least in part of the gemone.The specificity and sensitivity of the PCR procedure were tested on the iridovirus-infected fishes,the expected fragment was detected from spleen DNA samples of infected fishes,whereas no fragments were amplified from healthy fish spleen DNA,white spot syndrome baculoviruses(WSBV) DNA and pseudorabies virus(PRV) DNA.Detection limit of this method was 10^-7 ng positive plasmid DNA containing target sequence,equal to about 100 virions.In the infected experiment,first positive detection(1/4) appeared at Day 3 post-infection,all fish(4/4) tested positive at Day 7,however obvious symptoms were observed at Day 8,so LYCIV infection could be detected prior to the appearance of obvious symptoms.These results indicate that this PCR method could be used for early,rapid and specific detection of LYCIV infection.     

斑鳢(Channa maculata)微囊藻毒素去毒相关基因sGST的克隆与序列分析

采用RT-PCR技术和RACE技术成功克隆淡水鱼类斑鳢sGST基因cDNA全序列,推测得到氨基酸序列,初步分析其结构功能域及系统进化关系。结果表明,斑鳢sGST基因cDNA序列全长为898bp,编码225个氨基酸。斑鳢sGST与真鲷、金头鲷、鲽、黑头鲦、川鲽、大口黑鲈等最新定名为ρ型的sGST氨基酸同源性较高,ρ型sGST为水生生物所特有并共同占据进化树上独立的分枝;与大鼠、小鼠、人等哺乳动物sGST现有所有类型同源性均很低,并且在进化树上距离也较远,表明本研究成功克隆的sGST基因应属于ρ型,可能在鱼类等水生生物对水栖环境的适应上有重要作用。     

Use of suppressive subtractive hybridization and cDNA arrays to discover patterns of altered gene expression in the liver of dihydrotestosterone and 11-ketotestosterone exposed adult male largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

In this study male largemouth bass (LMB) were exposed to the naturally occurring androgens, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in order to identify genes that are differentially regulated by these steroid hormones. Using subtractive hybridization on livers of fish treated with DHT against vehicle control, many novel LMB genes were cloned. These genes were added to our gene library and arrayed. Six genes were up-regulated and five were down-regulated by both androgens. But, each androgen also regulated specific genes. One gene that was identified as a potential androgen marker was spermidine-spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase that was up-regulated by both androgens. Determining which genes are responsive to natural androgens will help to identify biochemical pathways that are impacted.