大断面矩形顶管减阻技术应用研究:以苏州综合管廊矩形顶管为例

以苏州城北路人民路段综合管廊矩形顶管工程为例，分析了影响矩形顶管顶进力的关键因素，提出了管节配重、管节涂蜡和管节注浆等综合减阻方法以降低管壁摩阻力。在管节内放置重物平衡管节所受周围泥浆的浮力；通过涂蜡和喷蜡使管壁光滑，降低管壁与周围介质的摩擦系数；选择合适的材料和配比配制适合地层的泥浆，调整注浆量和注浆压力，使管节周围形成完好的泥浆套。基于实测顶进力与理论计算值的对比分析表明，管壁单位面积摩阻力降低了40%左右，证实该综合减阻方法解决了人民路段矩形顶管顶进力过大的问题。      

矩形顶管管周差异摩阻力对地层纵向水平位移的影响

矩形顶管施工过程中管周摩阻力是引起周围土体扰动的重要影响因素。为了更加准确地预测矩形顶管施工对地层位移的影响,结合管节受力分析和泥浆运动规律,假定“U”字形泥浆套状态,基于弹性力学Mindlin解建立土体水平位移计算公式,对正面附加应力、管周摩阻力等因素引起的地层纵向水平位移进行计算,最后与苏州某矩形顶管工程实测值进行对比分析。结果表明:在顶管机头顶进穿过某一断面前,正面附加应力对周围土体的影响大于管周差异摩阻力,而在穿过该断面后,由于管节数量的增多以及已穿过部分的管节管周摩阻力产生的“拉力”作用,后者的累计影响占比逐渐大于前者;管周差异摩阻力情况下比管周均一摩阻力情况下的计算值更贴近实测值,预测效果更好。      

大直径深埋顶管施工对地表沉降的影响

顶管施工因非开挖或少开挖而在城市建设中应用广泛, 但顶管施工引起的地表沉降不容忽视。依托佛山市某电力隧道顶管工程, 通过现场实测、数值模拟及Peck经验公式的方法研究了顶管施工引起的地表沉降规律, 探讨了管-土摩擦、注浆压力及支护压力对地表沉降的影响。结果表明: 顶管施工引起的横向地表沉降在距轴线约4倍管径范围内变化较大, 管-土摩擦的改变对横向地表距轴线约3倍管径范围内的地表沉降影响较大, 对纵向地表距开挖面约1倍管径范围内的地表沉降影响较小; 注浆压力的增大能够抑制地表沉降; 支护压力的改变对横向地表距轴线约2倍管径范围内的地表沉降影响较大。研究结果可为控制顶管施工引起地表沉降措施的制定提供参考; 同时, 实测值、模拟值及Peck经验公式所得到的地表沉降变化趋势和大小相近, 验证了数值模拟及Peck经验公式在实际工程中预测地表沉降的可行性。      

顶管施工润滑泥浆压力引起的土体附加应力计算

顶管润滑泥浆在施工中与周围地层发生相互作用,起到支撑和填充超挖量造成的环状间隙作用以及润滑减阻的效果,然而过大的泥浆压力会对周围土体及地下结构产生附加应力。为了建立顶管施工润滑泥浆压力引起的土体附加应力计算模型,假设润滑泥浆与周围土体的相互作用形成泥膜,在考虑土拱效应的基础上,采用弹性带圆孔平板受内压平面应变模型求解土体在注浆压力作用下的应力解析公式。分析得出注浆压力引起的竖向和水平附加应力都关于管道中心对称,附加剪应力关于管道中心反对称,附加应力最大值位于隧洞内壁。      

并行差异断面顶管施工对地表变形的影响

城市地下空间开发和交通的发展促使大断面顶管技术在城市隧道建设中得到了广泛推广应用,其中并行顶管隧道的功能要求不同,因此其断面形状和尺寸也各有差异。基于城市下穿主干道的双线并行差异大断面顶管隧道工程,建立有限元三维计算模型进行系统分析,同时结合现场顶管项目的实测成果,研究并行顶管差异断面及不同工序情况下地表变形的特性及其影响因素。研究结果表明并行差异断面顶管施工引起的地表变形曲线呈"Ⅴ"形,地表变形曲线的峰值点由大断面矩形顶管轴线逐渐转移至两管中心;小断面矩形顶管轴线左侧的地表沉降值较轴线右侧大;先施工大断面矩形顶管更有利于地表变形的控制;断面尺寸的变化对地表变形的影响幅度为30%,工序差异对地表变形的影响幅度为8%,断面尺寸差异对地表变形的影响比工序差异的影响大。并行差异断面顶管施工对地表变形影响研究可为今后相关并行大断面顶管工程提供理论基础和经验借鉴。      

砂土与混凝土顶管界面摩擦特性试验研究

为了揭示不同工况下混凝土顶管-砂土接触面剪切摩擦特性,确定管土、管浆摩擦系数,为顶管施工参数的选取及顶进力的计算提供指导与参考。采用直剪试验研究了5种砂土在不同法向压力、不同剪切速率及不同润滑状态下与混凝土管接触面的摩擦特性。试验结果表明:随着砂土颗粒粒径的增加,砂土与混凝土接触面剪切应力稳定值降低。随着法向应力的增加,砂土界面剪切应力达到峰值或稳定值时的剪切位移增加,同时界面剪切应力-剪切位移曲线的应变软化特性逐渐减弱,应变硬化趋势逐渐增强。无润滑条件下,随着法向应力的增加,剪切应力稳定值增量基本保持稳定或略有降低,泥浆润滑条件下,剪切应力稳定值增量增大;在较低法向压力下剪切速率对砂土剪切应力的影响较小;泥浆润滑条件下,砂土与混凝土接触面剪切应力可降低70%~80%,随着法向应力的增加,润滑效果降低。      

基于滚刀破岩特性的岩石顶管迎面阻力计算模型

顶进力是顶管工程设计和施工中最重要的参数之一, 顶进力计算的精确性将直接影响顶管的工程的成败。随着顶管施工工艺越来越多的应用于岩石地层, 但鲜有关于岩石地层中顶管顶进力的计算模型。为了更加准确地计算岩石地层中的迎面阻力, 假设掌子面稳定, 通过分析岩石顶管机刀盘滚刀破岩机理、受力模型和影响规律, 在此基础上推导出岩石地层顶管迎面阻力计算公式。结果表明: 岩石顶管中, 岩石抗压强度和抗剪强度以及顶管机滚刀切入深度直接决定了迎面阻力的大小, 实测迎面阻力除个别点在计算值上下限以外, 其余与公式预测值相一致, 证明其具有适用性。      

顶管技术在管道建设中的应用

顶管作为一种非开挖技术,以其施工效率高、对环境影响小和成本低等优点,广泛用于穿越河流、道路等障碍限制条件下的管道工程建设中。以某管道工程为背景,对其地质条件和建设环境进行了分析,结合泥水平衡顶管和土压平衡顶管的适用条件,对不同顶管穿越段设备选型进行了优化;同时对润滑泥浆方案和注浆参数进行了分析,并提出了减小地面沉降的泥浆置换技术。最后通过顶进力计算,优化各段中继间设置,并在实际工程施工得到了成功应用。      

泥水平衡顶管技术在商周高速穿越工程中的应用

泥水平衡顶管技术被广泛用于穿越铁路、公路、河流等地下管线工程中,并在我国南水北调工程中发挥重要作用,但在施工中也出现了长距离施工减阻和轨迹精度控制等难题。结合商周高速顶管穿越工程,探讨了顶管机选型、注浆参数、顶进力估算和轨迹纠偏等关键技术。通过对顶力计算值与实测值的对比表明工程采用的润滑泥浆的减阻效果明显,有泥浆润滑时(15 m后)的摩阻力约为无润滑时(15 m前)的11%,实际的总顶进力约为计算值的9%。利用激光全站仪对掘进机头的轨迹偏差的分析结果表明:机头的水平轨迹偏差很小,且无明显规律;机头的下沉可能会导致轨迹容易向下偏斜。      

陕西泾阳南塬黄土滑坡滑带土残余剪切强度特性

为探求陕西泾阳南塬高速远程黄土滑坡的复活机理,从大型黄土滑坡滑带采集原状黄土试样、古土壤试样(原状土),部分制备重塑试样(重塑土),进行不同体积含水率下的反复剪切试验,从而获得滑带土残余剪切强度指标与体积含水率、黏粒含量之间的关系.结果表明:原状土和重塑土的剪应力-位移曲线均为硬化型;在不同的垂直压力下,原状土和重塑土的残余剪切强度差值变化较大;当剪切强度达到峰值强度以后,随着剪切位移的继续增大,原状土和重塑土的残余剪切强度都有一定程度的损失,这种损失因垂直压力的不同而不同;对同类土,通过反复剪切试验获得的内聚力和内摩擦角随体积含水率的增加而降低;相关性分析表明,该区滑带土的黏粒含量较低,对残余剪切强度的内摩擦角影响很小,尤其是当天然体积含水率较低时,体积含水率的变化对残余剪切强度的影响远远大于黏粒含量的影响.     

Active earth pressure acting on retaining wall considering anisotropic seepage effect

This paper presents a general solution for active earth pressure acting on a vertical retaining wall with a drainage system along the soil-structure interface. The backfill has a horizontal surface and is composed of cohesionless and fully saturated sand with anisotropic permeability along the vertical and horizontal directions. The extremely unfavourable seepage flow on the back of the retaining wall due to heavy rainfall or other causes will dramatically increase the active earth pressure acting on the retaining walls, increasing the probability of instability. In this paper, an analytical solution to the Laplace differential governing equation is presented for seepage problems considering anisotropic permeability based on Fourier series expansion method. A good correlation is observed between this and the seepage forces along a planar surface generated via finite element analysis. The active earth pressure is calculated using Coulomb’s earth pressure theory based on the calculated pore water pressures. The obtained solutions can be degenerated into Coulomb’s formula when no seepage exists in the backfill. A parametric study on the influence of the degree of anisotropy in seepage flow on the distribution of active earth pressure behind the wall is conducted by varying ratios of permeability coefficients in the vertical and horizontal directions, showing that anisotropic seepage flow has a prominent impact on active earth pressure distribution. Other factors such as effective internal friction angle of soils and soil/wall friction conditions are also considered.     

大口径长距离钢顶管注浆减阻技术:以黄浦江上游水源地连通管工程为例

黄浦江上游水源地通管工程C3标段采用DN4000钢顶管施工,单次顶进长度达到969.94m,如何降低顶力是整个工程成功的关键。为减少摩阻力从而降低顶力,对泥浆配制、注浆控制等方面进行了研究,并结合JB06~JB05及JB07~JB06顶进段的地层、顶进力变化状况,分析顶管摩阻力的变化规律。结果表明:①该工程注浆孔的合理布置、触变泥浆的配制与使用得到的减阻效果明显,可作为类似工程减阻技术的参考;②顶力与顶进距离近似呈线性关系,但地层本身的性质会造成顶力的突变,类似工程可先对地层性质进行研究以得到更准确的顶力预测,指导顶管施工;③已注入环空一定时间后的泥浆与刚注入的泥浆相比减阻效果更好,顶力增速过快时可降低顶进速度,待泥浆充分与地层反应后再以原速顶进;④适当增加注浆量可以有效地减小管周摩阻力;⑤高聚物膨润土泥浆比膨润土泥浆单价更高,但高聚物膨润土泥浆注浆量少,综合环境效益等多方面因素考虑,高聚物膨润土泥浆更有优势。      

High-Speed Ring Shear Tests to Study the Motion and Acceleration Processes of the Yingong Landslide

In this paper, the motion and acceleration process, as well as the mechanism of a high speed and long run landslide are investigated by adopting high speed ring shear test and taking the landslide occurred at Yigong River in Bomi, Tibet on April 9, 2000 as the background. According to the motion characteristics of high-speed and long distance motion landside, the mechanism is studied under different conditions such as shear speed, consolidated drained and consolidated undrained status. Results show that high speed shearing process hinders and delays the dissipation of pore pressure, and drives pore water migrating to shear zone slowly. Both of water content and fine particle content at shear zone are obviously higher than those in other layers; and soil liquefaction occurs at shear zone in the saturated consolidated undrained ring shear tests. The effective internal friction angle of the consolidated undrained soil is much lower than that of the consolidated drained soil under ring shearing. The results also indicate that the shearing speed affecting the strength of soil to some extent. The higher the ring shearing speed is, the lower the strength of soil is. This investigation provides a preliminary interpretation of the mechanism of the motion and acceleration process of the Yigong landslide, occurred in Tibet in 2000.     

Influences of soil moisture and salt content on loess shear strength in the Xining Basin,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Moisture and salt content of soil are the two predominant factors influencing its shear strength. This study aims to investigate the effects of these two factors on shear strength behavior of loess in the Xining Basin of Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where such geological hazards as soil erosion, landslides collapse and debris flows are widespread due to the highly erodible loess. Salinized loess soil collected from the test site was desalinized through salt-leaching in the laboratory. The desalinized and oven-dried loess samples were also artificially moisturized and salinized in order to examine how soil salinity affects its shear strength at different moisture levels. Soil samples prepared in different ways(moisturizing, salt-leaching, and salinized) were measured to determine soil cohesion and internal friction angle. The results show that salt-leaching up to 18 rounds almost completely removed the salt content and considerably changed the physical components of loess, but the soil type remained unchanged. As salt content increases from 0.00% to 12.00%, both the cohesion and internal friction angle exhibit an initial decrease and then increase with salt content. As moisture content is 12.00%, the salt content threshold value for both cohesion and internal friction angle is identified as 3.00%. As the moisture content rises to 16.0% and 20.00%, the salt content threshold value for cohesion is still 6.00%, but 3.00% for internal friction angle. At these thresholds soil shear strength is the lowest, below which it is inversely related to soil salinity. Beyond the thresholds, however, the relationship is positive. Dissimilar to salinity, soil moisture content exerts an adverse effect on shear strength of loess. The findings of this study can provide a valuable guidance on stabilizing the engineering properties of salinized loess to prevent slope failures during heavy rainfall events.