基于随机森林算法的找矿预测——以冈底斯成矿带西段斑岩——浅成低温热液型铜多金属矿为例

【研究目的】矿产资源定位预测的核心是矿产分布与控矿地质因素之间的非线性关系,大数据及机器学习技术在解决这类复杂非线性关系问题方面已经体现出巨大的优势。小比例尺地物化遥信息的预测数据集具有高维和极不平衡的特点,依靠传统的逻辑假设或统计分析很难适应。本文尝试将随机森林算法引入到小比例尺找矿预测领域来开展研究,探索大数据及机器学习技术在小比例尺找矿预测中的应用。【研究方法】近年来,冈底斯成矿带西段新发现了鲁尔玛、拔拉扎、达若、红山和罗布真等多个斑岩型、浅成低温热液型铜金多金属矿床（点）,证实冈底斯西段具有寻找斑岩型、浅成低温热液型铜金多金属矿的巨大潜力。本文以新发现的典型矿床为研究对象,在总结冈底斯成矿带西段斑岩铜矿成因模式的基础上,结合物化遥综合信息,构建地物化遥综合找矿模型,最后利用随机森林法开展研究区找矿预测。【研究结果】本文结合典型矿床与区域地质、地球物理、地球化学及遥感综合信息,利用随机森林法在冈底斯成矿带西段开展斑岩型、浅成低温热液型铜金多金属矿的找矿预测,圈定出斑岩—浅成低温热液型铜多金属矿找矿远景区11个（包含Ⅰ级远景区2个,Ⅱ级远景区3个,Ⅲ级远景区6个）,其中罗布真、打加...     

西藏冈底斯成矿带西段矿床类型、成矿作用和找矿方向

在前人已有成果基础上,通过大量的野外地质调查与室内综合研究,初步论述了冈底斯成矿带西段的金属矿床类型、时空分布特征和成矿作用,探讨了下一步找矿方向.研究结果表明,冈底斯成矿带西段金属矿床(点)类型主要有矽卡岩型、斑岩型和浅成低温热液型,矿床在空间分布上具有东西成带,相对集中的特征,成矿时代集中于中、新生代.依据矿床成因及成矿动力学背景,冈底斯成矿带西段有5期关键成矿作用,分别为晚三叠世-晚白垩世与新特提斯洋北向俯冲有关的铜金多金属成矿作用、中侏罗世-早白垩世与中特提斯洋南向俯冲有关的铁铜金多金属成矿作用、早白垩世末-晚白垩世末与羌塘-拉萨地块碰撞有关的铜金钼成矿作用、晚白垩世末-始新世与印度-亚洲大陆碰撞有关的铜铅锌银多金属成矿作用、渐新世末-中新世与印度-亚洲大陆后碰撞伸展有关的铜金钼多金属成矿作用.冈底斯成矿带西段优势矿种是铜、铁、铅锌、金银等,主攻矿床类型为矽卡岩型矿床、浅成低温热液型矿床和斑岩型矿床等.     

西藏冈底斯成矿带西段罗布真浅成低温热液型金银多金属矿床地质特征及发现意义

在野外地质调查基础上,通过详细的岩相学和矿物学观察,以及矿床对比研究等手段,初步探讨了罗布真金银多金属矿床成因类型和地质意义。罗布真金银多金属矿床位于冈底斯陆缘火山-岩浆弧西段,矿体受NWW向断裂构造控制,呈似层状、脉状、透镜体状产于帕那组火山岩中,或产于火山岩与始新世闪长岩的接触部位。金银矿体由石英脉、蚀变岩和角砾岩组成。矿石具有角砾状、条带状和网脉状等热液型矿床典型构造。金属矿物主要有自然金、碲银矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿、毒砂和闪锌矿等,非金属矿物有石英、玉髓、绿泥石、方解石等。围岩蚀变属于中、低温环境下的一套蚀变矿物组合,有绢云母化、硅化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化等;围岩蚀变具有从矿脉中心到围岩有绢英岩化到青磐岩化过渡分带,垂向上也有顶部伊利石、硅华、玉髓层,深部绿泥石、绢云母、微细粒石英-玉髓脉的分带。成矿流体显示出低温、低盐度的特点,主要来自于大气降水;而金、银等成矿物质主要来源于围岩。通过矿床对比研究,初步确定罗布真金银多金属矿床属于低硫化型浅成低温热液型矿床,该成因类型矿床在冈底斯成矿带西段尚属首次发现。     

革吉县江玛南铜银矿地质特征及找矿意义

班公湖-怒江成矿带是一条以矽卡岩-斑岩型铜金矿为主的金铜多金属成矿带。该文对在该带西段新发现江玛南铜银矿点地质特征进行了论述。江玛南铜银矿赋存于去申拉组火山岩中,受破碎构造带控制,属于与火山机构有关的热液型矿床,具有浅成低温热液型矿床的特征,成矿后受到次生氧化作用。该矿床的发现对该地区寻找浅成低温热液型-斑岩型矿床有重要的指导意义,显示班公湖-怒江成矿带除其南北两侧外,带内同样有寻找浅成低温热液-斑岩型铜金多金属矿的潜力。     

浅成低温热液金银多金属矿床矿化分带及找矿标志

自20世纪70年代环太平洋地区发现大批浅成低温热液型矿床以来,浅成低温热液矿床业已成为贵金属矿床和Cu、Pb、Zn等有色金属矿床的重要工业类型。文章依据主要工业组分对我国浅成低温热液Au、Ag多金属矿床进行了分类,并讨论了成矿系列及矿化分带特征,即按成矿深度浅成低温热液Au、Ag多金属矿床自下而上可分为:Au-Cu/Cu-Au矿床;Au/Au(Ag)矿床;Au-Ag矿床;Ag/Ag多金属矿床;Pb-Zn-Ag矿床。同时,根据我国浅成低温热液Au、Ag多金属矿床特征尝试性提出了浅成低温热液型银矿床的成矿规律与找矿标志。     

西藏斯弄多银多金属矿床热液角砾岩特征及成因分析

西藏斯弄多银多金属矿床产于陆相林子宗群火山岩内,是冈底斯成矿带发现的首例浅成低温热液矿床.矿床具有热液脉型银铅锌矿体、隐爆角砾岩型矿体和独立银矿体"三位一体"的矿体组合形式.热液角砾岩作为矿区主要矿(化)体,目前尚未开展详细研究工作.文章以斯弄多矿区热液角砾岩为研究对象,通过钻孔岩芯编录和岩相学研究,总结了不同类型热液...     

冈底斯西段首例银锡多金属矿床的发现、成因及意义

最新的矿产调查工作在冈底斯西段火山岩区新发现了拔隆银锡多金属矿床,地表矿体表现为受火山沉积断陷盆地边缘逆冲断隆带、火山机构及次级断裂控制的脉状矿体.为了查明该矿床的成因,开展了含矿火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、矿石矿物学、地球化学及S-Pb同位素等研究.结果表明:拔隆矿床含矿火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb加权平均年龄为126.5±1.2 Ma,矿物组合以中低温为主、兼有少量中高温矿物,闪锌矿Zn/Cd和Zn/Fe比值变化分别介于321~17 407、2.4~4.4,黄铁矿Co/Ni比值为2.2~3.6,硫化物样品δ34S值变化于2.94‰~4.48‰,206Pb/204Pb比值为18.590~18.779,207Pb/204Pb比值为15.636~15.865,208Pb/204Pb比值为38.883~39.991,具有岩浆硫、上地壳铅特征,矿床的形成与冈底斯西段早白垩世火山活动晚期的次火山热液密切相关.经与世界典型银锡多金属矿床的对比认为,拔隆矿床的成矿特征与世界大型-超大型银锡多金属矿床较相似,地表矿体属于浅成低温热液型银多金属矿体,向下可能发育有斑岩型锡多金属矿体.拔隆矿床富银含锡的成矿特征在冈底斯西段属于首次发现,该发现不仅为研究冈底斯西段火山岩区矿床成因类型提供了新的资料和约束,还极大地拓宽了冈底斯西段火山岩区的找矿视野.      

西藏林子宗群火山岩中首次发现低硫化型浅成低温热液型矿床——以斯弄多银多金属矿为例

西藏冈底斯成矿带分布着大面积古近纪(70–40 Ma)林子宗群火山岩。但如此强烈的火山-岩浆作用,与安第斯成矿带相比(如马力昆带(Franja de Maricunga)、印地—帕斯瓜带(Franja El Indio-Pascua)),除了碰撞伸展阶段形成的驱龙、甲玛等斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床外(23–13 Ma),"缺位"资源规模大、经济价值高的浅成低温热液型矿床成矿亚系列。该类矿床是剥蚀了,还是没有发现?本文在前人工作基础上,通过详细的地质勘探、地质填图、地质编录、镜下鉴定、能谱和电子探针分析,在南木林盆地斯弄多地区林子宗群陆相火山岩中识别出低硫化浅成低温热液型银铅锌(铟镉金)矿床。矿体由产于流纹斑岩中的隐爆角砾岩型银铅锌矿体、火山机构旁侧的热液脉型银铅锌矿体及断裂上盘的银(铅锌)矿体组成,目前控制Pb+Zn资源量超过30万吨(331+332为主)@Pb+Zn5%,Ag资源量超过400吨@Ag50 g/t。主要金属矿物为方铅矿、闪锌矿、辉银矿、硫砷铜银矿、黄铁矿,微量黄铜矿,主要蚀变组合为:石英-玉髓-碧玉,重晶石-萤石,冰长石-伊利石-绢云母,菱铁矿-菱锰矿;矿石构造以脉状、角砾状、网脉状、条带状、层纹状、皮壳状、块状、浸染状等,发育结晶作用和交代作用形成的矿石结构;近地表发育古热泉喷口,堆积条带状、层纹状硅质沉积物。综合上述地质信息,确定该矿床为典型低硫化浅成低温热液型银多金属矿床。这一重要矿床类型的发现和确定在冈底斯成矿带乃至西藏特提斯成矿省尚属首例,对冈底斯成矿带广泛发育形成于70~40 Ma的林子宗群火山岩地区区域找矿具有积极和重要的指导意义,其重要性不容低估。     

云南中甸烂泥塘斑岩Cu-Au矿床地质特征研究

<正>烂泥塘斑岩Cu-Au矿区位于滇西北迪庆藏族自治州的东部,香格里拉县城15°方向平距31千米处,它在大地构造位置上处于义敦岛弧带南段,位于俯冲造山晚期斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu多金属矿床成矿区的西段。前人对该成矿带斑岩型矿床(雪鸡坪、普朗等)、斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床(浪都、红山等)进行了细致研究。烂泥塘矿床早在二十世纪五十年代被云南省地矿局圈定出矿点,目前关于烂泥塘矿床的研究,只限于对烂泥塘浅成低温热液型Cu-Au矿床中黄铜矿铂族元素的研究(苟体忠,2010)和     

冀北斑岩-浅成低温热液型多金属成矿系统

已有的科研成果和勘查资料均显示,冀北地区铜钼铅锌银多金属矿床及部分金矿床具一定的分带性,铜钼多金属矿床多靠近岩体,形成斑岩型或矽卡岩型铜钼多金属矿床,铅锌银多金属矿床多呈热液脉状分布在岩体外围。两类矿床在成矿物质和成矿流体的来源上均与酸性岩体关系密切,构成一个完整的斑岩-浅成低温热液型成矿系统。以冀北地区勘查程度较高的蔡家营、贾家营、北岔沟门和小寺沟等大中型矿床为例,说明了斑岩-浅成低温热液型成矿系统在冀北地区存在的普遍性。据此提出,应改变过去以单一脉状铅锌银矿为目标的勘查模式,以斑岩-浅成低温热液型矿床勘查模式代之,重新考虑和审视以前地质工作中忽略的含矿斑岩体或脉状浅成热液多金属矿床的外围及深部成矿潜力。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.