三亚海岸演变与人工海滩设计研究*

三亚海岸位于海南岛南部,属弱潮海区,以来自开阔外海的偏南向风浪为海岸优势动力。三亚海岸经历了从基岩港湾海岸到岬角与港湾相间的海蚀-海积海岸的发育演化过程,沙坝(沙咀)发育始于中更新世初期,珊瑚礁发育始于8kaB.P. ,目前海岸总体处于相对平衡发展阶段。对三亚地区海岸地貌、动力及泥沙运动的调查研究,总结三亚湾及其周边不同类型海滩的特点,提取其海滩参数。依据处于不同发展时期的自然海滩形成演变的条件和规律,设计建构三亚白排人工海滩的关键参数。设计海滩总长度约400m,宽度\{40~\}50m,坡度4.5°~5.0°,相对高度约2m,填砂M_为0.5,以粒径1.0~\}0.5mm的粗砂为主,总填砂量48000m³。从滩面物质和滩面坡度两个关键方面,利用代表性的数学模型,检验了设计海滩的稳定性。本项研究旨在服务白排人工海滩建设,研究方法对海滩侵蚀防护与同类海岸工程建设等具有参考价值。     

基于地震层析速度模型分析海滩地下结构:以青岛石老人海水浴场为例

对海滩地下结构的认识是海岸带研究的一个重要方面,也是海滩保护和开发的基础。目前对于海滩的研究大多集中在表面动态变化监测和研究,而对于海滩内部结构和基底形态研究还非常有限。现有的钻探和探测手段一般只能研究表层砂体,难以探测到砂体的底部,无法建立海滩的整体结构模型,不利于分析砂的储量和研究海滩的演化。因此,需要一种探测手段,以便快速有效地开展砂体结构的大范围探测。本文把多尺度地震层析成像方法应用于海滩结构研究,以山东半岛东南部花岗岩石质海岸的一个典型海滩—青岛石老人海水浴场为例,对石老人海滩下方从地表到结晶基底的整体结构开展研究。通过采用新研制的重锤震源得到较高信噪比的地震数据,使用多尺度地震层析成像方法对海滩地下结构进行建模,建立了青岛石老人海水浴场海滩下方深达50 m的速度结构模型。所建立的速度结构模型与该区域已有的对砂体厚度的认识,以及海滩钻孔取样得到的柱状样品的砂粒度变化曲线吻合。该速度结构模型显示,测线下方砂体北厚南薄,在后滨的厚度约为15 m,而在前滨仅有5 m左右。我们推测,海滩下方的砂体中可能存在直立的岩石和未风化完全的岩石,海滩下方的不均匀风化作用导致其下方基底呈现下凹的形态,这种基底形态可能具有稳定砂体的作用。本文方法能够快速有效地构建海滩下方速度结构模型,并且可以方便地推广到其他海滩的结构探测,对于研究海滩结构、演化过程和沙滩保护具有重要意义。     

青藏高原东缘湖相沉积和黄土高原黄土沉积磁化率与粒度相关性对比*

为探讨构造稳定地区(如黄土高原)和构造活跃地区(如青藏高原东缘)粉尘沉积物中磁化率(SUS)与粒度的相关性及其对环境事件的指示意义,本次研究分析了黄土高原蓝田剖面黄土—古土壤样品和青藏高原东缘湖相沉积样品的粒度和磁化率记录。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强正相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强负相关,反映2~10 μm粒度组分为黄土高原和青藏高原乃至亚洲干旱—半干旱地区连续稳定敏感的背景沉积组分。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强负相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强正相关,反映32~63 μm粒度组分不仅是黄土高原尘暴事件沉积的敏感指标,也是青藏高原东缘湖相沉积记录的地震事件敏感指标。SUS与粒度组分的相关性在青藏高原东缘地区地震事件层开始部分高于结束部分,也较好地反映地震事件为研究区添加新鲜沉积物后随地形地貌恢复逐步减少的过程。SUS与粒度组分相关性也受当地物源的影响。     

青藏高原东缘湖相沉积和黄土高原黄土沉积磁化率与粒度相关性对比*

为探讨构造稳定地区(如黄土高原)和构造活跃地区(如青藏高原东缘)粉尘沉积物中磁化率(SUS)与粒度的相关性及其对环境事件的指示意义,本次研究分析了黄土高原蓝田剖面黄土—古土壤样品和青藏高原东缘湖相沉积样品的粒度和磁化率记录。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强正相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强负相关,反映2~10 μm粒度组分为黄土高原和青藏高原乃至亚洲干旱—半干旱地区连续稳定敏感的背景沉积组分。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强负相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强正相关,反映32~63 μm粒度组分不仅是黄土高原尘暴事件沉积的敏感指标,也是青藏高原东缘湖相沉积记录的地震事件敏感指标。SUS与粒度组分的相关性在青藏高原东缘地区地震事件层开始部分高于结束部分,也较好地反映地震事件为研究区添加新鲜沉积物后随地形地貌恢复逐步减少的过程。SUS与粒度组分相关性也受当地物源的影响。     

山西沁水盆地东北部太原组沉积序列及环境演化*

山西沁水盆地东北部上石炭统—下二叠统太原组含有丰富的煤与煤层气资源,在昔阳黑土岩村一带有良好的露头剖面。以黑土岩村剖面为主要研究对象,结合邻区部分钻孔资料,对石炭—二叠系太原组的岩石特征、沉积构造、化石组成及沉积序列类型进行了详细分析。取得如下成果: 在研究剖面中识别出有障壁和无障壁海岸以及三角洲3种沉积体系,5种沉积相、3种亚相和5种微相,并在太原组中部层段发现混积潮坪沉积;建立了9种沉积序列类型及其古环境分布模式,并基于沉积序列的垂向变化规律,提出了本区太原组的沉积环境模式,进而简要论述了太原组自下而上从障壁岛—潟湖—潮坪到浅海—潮坪,最后到三角洲的沉积环境演变过程。     

深水单向迁移水道建造模式与成因机制研究进展*

深水水道是发育于大陆坡—海底平原的一种常见地貌。单向迁移水道是深水水道中的一种特殊类型,其成因主要源于垂直陆坡走向浊流与平行陆坡走向底流(即等深流)的交互作用。单向迁移水道的迁移—建造特征目前存在2种截然不同的模式。其一为下游迁移模式,即水道顺着等深流的流动方向单向迁移,该模式下水道建造特征表现为非对称“U”形或“V”形剖面形态、顺直—低弯度平面特征、外堤岸缺乏,以水道内的侵蚀—充填建造为主。其二为上游迁移模式,即水道向等深流的来源方向单向迁移,该模式下水道建造特征表现为非对称“鸥翼”状剖面形态、低—高弯度平面特征、外堤岸单侧较发育,以水道—堤岸建造为主。这2种截然不同的迁移—建造特征表明交互作用成因的深水单向迁移水道的形成机制及古海洋学意义目前还存在较大争议。现代化的重力流与底流交互作用模拟实验(如数值模拟、水槽模拟)、地质露头分析和近海底流体原位观测可能是解决该争议的最有力手段。     

柴达木盆地北缘上石炭统碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩高频转换过程及驱动机制*

碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩分别产自“外源、浑水”与“内源、清水”环境,二者的交替互层沉积可反映古水体性质、物源供给及气候等环境要素的频繁改变。晚石炭世,柴达木盆地北缘构造相对稳定,盆内发育巨厚的、多级次嵌套的“碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩混积层系”,记录了“冰室地球”冰川活动下的古海平面大幅度升降和古气候、古环境频繁交替信息。文中以柴达木盆地北缘连续完整露头剖面和钻井取心剖面为研究对象,结合区域地质资料、前人研究成果,通过详细的岩心、露头及镜下薄片观察,在研究区重点层段识别出下切谷充填型碎屑岩沉积和碳酸盐岩台地沉积组成的频繁互层序列。碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩互层组合序列在垂向上的有序叠加,构成了复合海平面变化旋回层序,其从碳酸盐岩—改造型台地沉积开始,向上依次发育碎屑岩下切谷充填序列的底部冲积河道沉积、中部河口湾序列和顶部代表海泛面的泥岩沉积,最后转变为碳酸盐岩向海到向陆台地亚相,反映了一个显著的早期海退—中期逐渐海侵—后期再次海退的旋回过程。冰川期急剧变冷的气候和冰川型高频的大幅度海平面升降,驱动滨线及相带迁移,影响到碎屑岩供给速率和碳酸盐生产率,造成了碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩的高频转换。     

塔里木盆地中奥陶世一间房组沉积时期构造-沉积环境与原型盆地特征*

盆地原型研究有助于恢复盆地构造-岩相古地理和揭示盆山耦合,对油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。文中利用最新的钻井、地震及露头资料,以沉积相为研究实体,运用盆-山结合的思路,由点→线→面进行分析,重建了塔里木盆地中奥陶世一间房组沉积时期的构造-沉积环境,研究了原型盆地特征及性质。一间房组沉积时期,巴楚—塔中和塘南台内隆起为暴露剥蚀区;顺南—塘古巴斯—玉东台内洼地区发育低能的泥晶灰岩相;塔北和古城台地区发育大面积的台内颗粒滩相;柯坪台盆区发育深水瘤状灰岩—黑色页岩相;塔东深水盆地区经历了黑色页岩相→陆源碎屑浊积岩相的演变;库鲁克塔格—罗西台地区为继承发育的开阔台地相。该时期塔里木盆地构造-沉积格局具有由早奥陶世东西分异的台盆格局向晚奥陶世南北分异的隆坳格局过渡的特征,表现为塔西台地古地貌的分异和塔东深水盆地沉积性质的反转。该时期塔里木盆地整体具有克拉通内拗陷与边缘拗陷复合的性质,但在塔西克拉通内坳陷的南部叠加了前陆盆地的性质(塘南前隆和顺南—塘古巴斯—玉东后隆坳陷),在其西北部叠加了裂陷盆地的性质(柯坪克拉通边缘裂陷)。该时期塔里木盆地构造-沉积环境与原型盆地特征是其对周缘大地构造运动的响应。     

地震作用下康定市郭达山危岩带运动特征

康定地区多为深切河谷地貌,山坡陡峻,基岩裸露,崩塌落石多发,地震频发。为开展地震作用下崩塌运动特征和规律研究,以康定市郭达山危岩带为研究对象,采用颗粒流离散元软件(particle flow code in 2 dimension,PFC^2D)模拟危岩带不同部位崩塌源(坡顶孤石、坡体上部碎裂岩体、坡体中部老崩塌堆积体、坡体下部块状危岩)在面波震级(surface ware magnitude,Ms) 8.0地震作用下的运动特征和破坏过程。研究结果表明: ①坡顶孤石质量越小越易启动,孤石越接近球形越易发生倾覆和滚动,沿临空面飞出后运动类型以坠落、碰撞、滚动为主,坡顶孤石的运动速率最大时达11.8 m/s; ②坡体上部碎裂岩体破坏过程可分为裂隙延伸贯通—启动坠落—碰撞解体—滚动堆积4个阶段,位于碎裂岩体上部的块石运动距离最远,达269 m; ③老崩塌堆积体块石自前向后形成碎屑流,沿坡面运动类型以滚动、碰撞为主; ④下部块状危岩运动特征为启动—滑动—挤压—解体—再滑动—再挤压—堆积; ⑤不同部位的崩塌在运动过程中块石会发生碰撞、摩擦、挤压、解体,快速消耗自身动能,导致运动距离和速率骤降。采用离散元模拟能够更全面更精细化的认识深切河谷区的崩塌,可为崩塌灾害的工程治理和山区城镇的防灾减灾提供科学依据。     

祁连山东段童子坝河阶地对气候变化与新构造运动的响应*

通过对祁连山东段童子坝河各级阶地的年代和变形程度进行测定,得到了河流阶地的形成年代和过程,推算出民乐—大马营逆断裂的活动强度和速率,并分析了阶地形成和气候变化之间的关系。童子坝河5级阶地(年龄分别为16.70±1.81 cal,ka BP、 10 092.5±27.5 cal a BP、8127.5±72.5 cal a BP、2900±60 cal a BP、282.5±17.5 cal a BP)均形成于气候由冷转暖的阶段,属于气候成因阶地。基于断裂两侧阶地面的平面几何形态并结合上、下盘阶地横剖面同级阶地的高差,得到T4、T3、T2和T1阶地在民乐—大马营断裂处的垂直位错分别为10.6±3.1,m、5.0±2.6 m、2.0±1.9 m和1.9±1.3 m,推算出全新世以来民乐—大马营断裂的垂直滑动速率为1.05±0.31 mm/a,水平缩短速率为1.02±0.60 mm/a。     

海南岛三亚湾海滩研究*

海南岛三亚湾及其周边海滩可分为两种主要类型:一类是岩礁海岸海滩,发育于基岩和珊瑚礁岛波影区或珊瑚礁平台后侧,多为背叠式砂砾滩,滩窄、坡陡,具有数道陡坎,在岛礁背风侧常发育不同阶段的连岛坝,如白排人工岛西南端海滩、鹿回头湾大洲后侧及对岸的海滩、鹿回头湾和小东海海滩;另一类是沙坝海岸海滩,发育于向外海敞开的大沙坝的向海侧,海湾内砂质沉积物丰富,形成滩脊式或背叠式砂质滩,滩面宽坦,物质较细,如三亚湾和大东海海滩。因湾口朝向与湾内岛礁分布发育情况不同,湾内受常浪和台风强浪作用的强度与频率不同,加之现代泥沙补给情况的差异,这一类海滩的形态结构亦不尽相同。如三亚湾西侧近岬角处,波能辐聚,动力强,侵蚀作用突出,滩面呈近直线形倾斜,并形成两道陡坎;三亚湾中部,受岛礁保护,滩面宽阔,波浪消能空间充足,物质丰富,发育滩脊型海滩,滩面呈上凸形,基本稳定;三亚湾东侧,虽有岛礁掩蔽,但由于人为修建的绿地草坪带和水泥碎砖石小径等,建设高度过低, 束狭了激浪带的自由作用宽度,减小了波浪消能范围,破坏了海滩的整体结构,同时阻断了沙坝向海滩的供沙, 使滩面坡度加大,物质粗化,局部与小径相接处形成侵蚀陡坎、椰树等倾斜,呈侵蚀状态。     

Beach erosion under rising sea‐level modulated by coastal geomorphology and sediment availability on carbonate reef‐fringed island coasts

This study addresses gaps in understanding the relative roles of sea‐level change, coastal geomorphology and sediment availability in driving beach erosion at the scale of individual beaches. Patterns of historical shoreline change are examined for spatial relationships to geomorphology and for temporal relationships to late‐Holocene and modern sea‐level change. The study area shoreline on the north‐east coast of Oahu, Hawaii, is characterized by a series of kilometre‐long beaches with repeated headland‐embayed morphology fronted by a carbonate fringing reef. The beaches are the seaward edge of a carbonate sand‐rich coastal strand plain, a common morphological setting in tectonically stable tropical island coasts. Multiple lines of geological evidence indicate that the strand plain prograded atop a fringing reef platform during a period of late‐Holocene sea‐level fall. Analysis of historical shoreline changes indicates an overall trend of erosion (shoreline recession) along headland sections of beach and an overall trend of stable to accreting beaches along adjoining embayed sections. Eighty‐eight per cent of headland beaches eroded over the past century at an average rate of ?0·12 ± 0·03 m yr^?1. In contrast, 56% of embayed beaches accreted at an average rate of 0·04 ± 0·03 m yr^?1. Given over a century of global (and local) sea‐level rise, the data indicate that embayed beaches are showing remarkable resiliency. The pattern of headland beach erosion and stable to accreting embayments suggests a shift from accretion to erosion particular to the headland beaches with the initiation of modern sea‐level rise. These results emphasize the need to account for localized variations in beach erosion related to geomorphology and alongshore sediment transport in attempting to forecast future shoreline change under increasing sea‐level rise.     

Protection of tropical barrier beaches: a potential remedial measure

Chronic erosion is found along structurally protected beaches of Kerala, viz., Narakkal (17.8 m³/m¹) and Munambam (80.36 m³/m^–1). The textural characteristics of these beaches are discussed. Observations on the horizontal and vertical distribution of the intertidal fauna of Narakkal beach are presented. The feasibility ofSeaevola taccada as a vegetative beach protective measure is elucidated. The impact of anthropogenically-climatically induced coastal hazards such as sea level rise (SLR) on a typical barrier beach of Kerala is depicted. An alternative beach protective measure to curtail the impact of sea level rise on sandy and atoll beaches of a tropical region is highlighted.     

Coastal Evolution Over the Past 3000 Years at Conrads Beach,Nova Scotia: the Influence of Local Sediment Supply on a Paraglacial Transgressive System

Many coastlines are retreating in response to sea level rise, compounded by glacial–isostatic subsidence in areas marginal to former ice sheets. The resulting barrier and estuarine deposits are dominated by transgressive stratigraphy. Where supplied primarily from relict glacial deposits, this “paraglacial” sediment input may rise and fall, increasing as a new source such as a drumlin headland is exposed to erosion but declining as the source becomes exhausted. Conrads Beach, on the Atlantic coast of Canada, has experienced a succession of barrier growth and reworking as sediment supply from several drumlin sources has varied over the past 3000 years. In the context of long-term regional transgression, there have been intervals of years to centuries characterized by local stability or progradation. Ground-penetrating radar profiles and refraction seismic data were used to image the facies architecture of Conrads Beach to depths of 6–8 and 10–24 m, respectively. Thirteen vibracores provided a record of lithofacies characteristics and geometry. Results show evidence of an estuarine basin at ~2800 years BP. As the outer coast retreated, erosion of drumlins provided multi-century sediment pulses to adjacent beaches and embayments. Locally increased sediment supply fed a prograding beach ridge complex from >600 to ~150 years BP and tidal channels feeding sediment to back-barrier flood delta deposits. This study documents the complexity of coastal adjustment to time- and source-varying sediment supply under long-term rising sea level. It expands and refines previous models, providing guidance required for effective management and hazard mitigation on transgressive paraglacial coasts.     

海南博鳌玉带沙海滩冲淤演变及脆弱性分析

玉带沙是海南岛东部博鳌万泉河口的一条细长沙嘴,也是我国重要旅游海滩之一。为了揭示近期玉带沙的冲淤演变趋势,选择了1988年以来4个年份的RS图像,利用现场GPS监测的海滩地形推算出校正后的低潮位水边线,并使用GIS软件计算各年份低潮线以上的玉带沙面积。结果表明：1988～2005年玉带沙呈显著蚀退趋势,平均蚀退70m（4.1m/a）,面积减少35%。分析认为：玉带沙蚀退主要原因是海平面上升和万泉河入海泥沙的减少。在气候变化与人类活动的双重作用下,玉带沙呈现高度脆弱性,值得关注。     

三峡大坝下游近坝段沙质河床形态调整及洲滩联动演变关系

大型水库运行改变了坝下游水沙条件,引起河床冲淤、洲滩形态等适应性调整,尤其是近坝段沙质河床的响应最为敏感。以三峡大坝下游近坝段沙质河段为研究对象,采用1955-2018年水沙数据与1975-2018年地形资料,研究了河床冲淤量及河床形态、洲滩形态演变及联动关系等。研究表明：伴随流域来沙量减少,1975-2018年河床为累积冲刷态势,枯水河槽冲刷量占总冲刷量的93.1%,同步发生洲滩面积减少、深泓下切;以2009年分界,滩槽冲淤逐渐由"低滩冲刷,高滩淤积"逐渐向"低滩、高滩均冲"转变;受来沙量锐减、河道采砂活动等影响,2013年以来河床冲刷强度显著增大,疏浚抛泥对滩槽冲淤的影响较小;航道工程实施前滩群演变关联性强,太平口心滩发育与头部下移引起腊林洲边滩上段面积减小并后退,对应腊林洲边滩尾部面积增大且淤宽,使得三八滩面积减小且右缘蚀退,金城洲逐渐由边滩演变为心滩;航道工程实施后太平口心滩与腊林洲边滩上段关联性减弱,受航道工程及疏浚抛泥等影响腊林洲边滩下段淤宽,引起三八滩维持面积持续减小、右缘后退及左移态势,促使金城洲萎缩且分散。     

辽东湾西岸典型岬湾海滩表层沉积物粒度分布特征及水动力条件浅析

海滩形态、沉积物组分和粒度参数能反映海滩沉积环境。自2010年7月到2011年12月在辽东湾西岸葫芦岛市龙湾滨海沙滩和兴城第一海水浴场沙滩进行冬夏重复海滩剖面测量和表层沉积物粒度分析,结果表明:①两海滩以85黄海高程-0.6 m和-4.7 m为界划分为海滩、水下岸坡和陆架平原三个地貌单元。②龙湾沙滩海滩形态较稳定,兴城一浴海滩和水下岸坡淤积,均与海滩养护相关。③根据沉积物组分和粒径参数的差异,两海滩可横向划分为I、II、III、IV四个沉积区。各沉积区内中值粒径并没有出现横向递减的趋势,分选系数、偏态和峰态变化复杂。各沉积区间水力条件截然不同。④与兴城一浴相比,龙湾沙滩I沉积区沉积物颗粒较细、分选较好,水下岸坡存在综合动力条件弱的沉积区段,陆架平原缺少潮流作用强烈的区段。     

An analysis of beach profile changes subsequent to the Colombo Harbor Expansion Project,Sri Lanka

Man-made coastal structures directly affect sediment balance and sediment dynamics on the surrounding beaches. The Colombo Harbor Expansion Project has created about 5-km-long breakwater nearly perpendicular to the beach. The present study is focused on quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing the effect of the Colombo Harbor Expansion Project on economically important beaches in and around Colombo city area. In this study, the authors measured monthly variations of beach width, beach profile and the mean grain-size of the sediments at mean sea level for complete annual monsoon cycle. Data were analyzed to establish site-specific erosion vulnerability. Monitoring results show that cumulative beach erosion has increased after the construction of the breakwater (rate = 0.7 m/year from May 2000 to April 2011 and rate = 28.2 m/year from April 2011 to June 2012). In addition, the cumulative and site-specific sand accretion and erosion patterns have a clear relationship with the monsoon seasonality. Beaches were narrower during the stormy southwestern monsoon, whereas beaches were wider during fair weather of northeast monsoon and inter-monsoon periods. In contrast, the constructed breakwater obstructs natural longshore sediment dynamics. For example, a significant amount of sediments from the Kelani-Ganga River were buried in the Colombo Harbor due to alteration of prominent longshore sediments transportation on the western coast of Sri Lanka. Therefore, this study shows enhancement of coastal erosion in the studied southern beaches due to a lack of sediment deposition.     

Short-term morphological change and sediment dynamics in the intertidal zone of a macrotidal beach

This paper describes the morphological and sedimentological evolution of a macrotidal beach over a 20 day period under varying hydrodynamic conditions (significant breaker heights of 0·3–2 m and tidal ranges of 2–5 m). During the field campaign, an intertidal bar developed around the mid‐tide level, migrated onshore, welded to the upper beach and was then flattened under energetic wave conditions. The bar had a wave breakpoint origin and its formation was triggered by a reduction in tidal range, causing more stationary water‐level conditions, rather than an increase in wave height. Most of the onshore bar migration took place while the bar was positioned in the inner to mid‐surf zone position, such that the bar moved away from the breakpoint and exhibited ‘divergent’ behaviour. The depth of disturbance over individual tidal cycles was 10–20% of the breaker height. Such values are more typical of steep reflective beaches, than gently sloping, dissipative beaches, and are considered to reflect the maximum height of wave‐generated ripples. The grain size distribution of surficial sediments did not vary consistently across the beach profile and temporal changes in the sedimentology were mostly unrelated to the morphological response. The lack of clear links between beach morphology and sedimentology may be in part due to shortcomings in the sampling methodology, which ignored the vertical variability in the sediment size characteristics across the active layer.