相空间EOF方法及其在气候诊断中的应用

提出了相空间EOF新方法，由此研究了四川测站降水和温度和气候变化。结果表明：突变性是气候变化最重要的特征，周期性是第二位的；突变在气候变化的高层次上有显著反映，低层次对突变具有反馈作用，正（负）反馈作用突出（掩盖）气候变化的突变性；并且在气候诊断分析中，这是一种有特色的方法。     

气侯层次和分数维

本文应用非线性理论分析了多层次的气候系统,指出分数维是气候系统结构的特征,是气候系统中尺度变换后的不变量。分数维可用于平滑气候资料,滤掉尺度较小的振动,形成较高的气候层次。平滑前后的气候层次结构已不相同。低层次气候变化的规律很不确定,在高层次上看就比较确定了。高、低层次之间存在非线性的相互作用。以上是气候研究中的一些基本问题,本文用我国的气候资料对此作了初步的探讨。     

中国旱涝史料的层次分析

文中用子波变换的方法对中国近５００年旱涝等级资料进行了分析,发现在不同气候层次上,旱涝变化的特征有所差异,高层次上的旱（涝）期常由若干个低层次的偏旱（涝）期组成;各层次上气候系统的动力行为也表现出不同的特征,要对气候的变化趋势作预测必须在具体层次上而言才有意义。不同层次间突变点的变化往往表现为层次升高时部分奇异点（突变点）退化为平常点,而层次降低时,又会发生平常点进化为奇异点的现象。此外,还发现中国总体上说偏涝期长于偏旱期,但不同地区又有所不同;中国南北方的旱涝演替存在一定的位相差。     

短期气候预测研究发展动态

气候变化对经济和社会发展造成的影响已成为当前各国政府和科学家十分关注的问题，如持续多年的非洲干旱使得许多国家出现严重的粮食危机，上百万人处于饥荒之中；即使在经济最发达的美国，干旱（1988年）、严寒（1977年）也给粮食和能源造成了严峻的形势。因此，对气候的异常变化作出正确预测已成为一个需要解决的重大科学问题。气候一般是指某地区的平均天气状况及其变化特征，常指气象要素（如温度、降水、风等）的统计特征值。气候变化就是相对于气候平均值的偏差。气候和气候变化有明显的动态特征，表现为各种不同时间尺度的变化特征。…     

第三讲 气候状态变化趋势与突变分析

第三讲气候状态变化趋势与突变分析黄嘉佑（北京大学地球物理系，１００８７１）本讲着重介绍怎样对气象要素时间演变序列作趋势与突变分析。１气侯状态变化的趋势天气过程长期演变趋势是气候变化或变迁研究的重要内容。所谓趋势是指气候要素大体的变化情况，即描述很长时...     

PAGES计划与CLIVAR计划中的交叉科学问题

过去全球变化（ＰＡＧＥＳ）是国际地圈、生物圈计划（ＩＧＢＰ）的一个核心计划，从１９９１年开始预计施行到２０１０年。气候变率与可预报性研究（ＣＬＩＶＡＲ）是世界气候研究计划（ＷＣＲＰ）新设的一个子计划，从１９９６年开始也是施行到２０１０年。两个计划有不少交叉的科学问题：（１）低纬气候变化动力学，（２）全球海洋温盐环流，（３）区域到全球尺度水的变率，（４）气候突变动力学，（５）气候模式发展及改进，（６）气候变化的检测，本文对以上问题作了扼要介绍。     

扎龙湿地周边区域极端气温不对称变化分析

为了了解扎龙湿地对小区域气候的调节作用及其变化趋势。利用MANN—KENDALL检验等4种气候变化趋势分析方法，分析了扎龙湿地周边区域的富裕、林甸、社蒙、泰来气象站1957--2002年最高、最低气温的变化特征。结果表明，最高、最低气温存在明显的不对称变化，在部分时段还存在着反向变化趋势；最低气温的变化还明显地存在着气候突变的特征；这种极端气温的不对称变化，使该区域气温的日较差有明显的递减趋势。R／S分析（改变尺度范围分析法）表明最高、最低气温的变化存在明显的Hurst现象，该区域气候变暖有趋于减缓的趋势。     

连续小波变换在云南近百年气温和降水变化分析中的应用

用Ｍａｒｒ小波和Ｍａｏｒｌｅｔ小波分析了云南近百年的气温和降水变化,得了云南近百年来气温和降水变化的一些多时间尺度演变特征和突变特征,这些特征为云南短期气候预测服务提供云南近百年气候变化的多时间尺度演变规律和背景具有十分重要的实际意义。     

冬季NPO突变前后大气环流和我国天气气候的变化

用Mann-Kendall突变检验方法对北太平洋涛动10a际气候突变进行的研究指出，在1976年左右存在着一次明显的气候突变，而突变前后大气环流场及遥相关型均发生了显著的变化。进而研究了北太平洋涛动突变前后我国冬季天气气候的变化特征。结果表明，突变前(后)，我国冬季气温一致性偏低(高)，且北方地区的变化明显大于南方；而降水则呈现出长江中下游地区偏多(少)和华南偏少(多)的反相特征。此外，冬季NPO突变前，北太平洋涛动以3a和6～7a的周期为主；突变后，3a周期仍然存在，但5a和10a左右的周期开始占主导地位。     

南海北部热带气旋移向突变的气候特征

统计２１年（１９７０－１９９０年）进入预报研究区（１５－２５°Ｎ，１２５°Ｅ以西）的热带气旋移向变化情况，分析移向发生突变的季节变化与地理分布等方面的气候特征。研究了热带气旋移向的突变与副热带高压活动，海岸地形的关系，得到一些有意义的结果，为寻找预报判据提供了气候特征的依据。     

气候序列的层次结构

一个气候时间序列含有多个时间尺度 ,形成不同尺度的气候层次。气候是冷还是暖是随着尺度而变化的。文中用北半球地表月平均气温气候资料的子波变换分析表明 :气候突变点既随尺度有规律的变化 ,也具有随尺度变化而不变的性质 ,即标度不变性。不论什么尺度 ,气候总是有冷暖之分 ,这种自相似性可以帮助笔者从气候资料的子波变换中建立一个一维映射动力系统 ,它反映出气候突变时间的演变规律和气候的层次结构。     

The response of climatic jump in summer in north china to global warming

To reveal climatic variation over North China, the climatic jumps in summer in Beijing are analyzed using the data of precipitation of summer (June, July, August) during the period of 1841-1993, in which those missed before 1950 were reconstructed by the stepwise regression method with minimum forecast error. The climatic jumps at different scales are analyzed using different diagnostic methods with different decade (10-100 years) windows. Some new methods and ideas are proposed. The variance difference, the linear tendency difference, and the difference of power spectral distribution between the samples before and after the period at the moving point in the center of the series are compared with other methods (for example, Mann-Kendall test, t-test, and accumulative anomaly etc.). Considering the differences among the statistics above, a synthetic jump index is also proposed in order to get the definite jump points in the moving series. The results show that the climatic jumps in the area occurred in the 1890’s, the 1910s and the 1920s, and mostly in the 1920s, which suggests that the local climatic jumps in North China have a simultaneous response to the global warming in the hundred-year scales.     

Secular variation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation,the North Pacific Oscillation and climatic jumps in a multi-millennial simulation

Outputs from a 10,000-year simulation with a coupled global climatic model for present climatic conditions have been used to investigate the behaviour of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and related phenomena. The analysis reveals a wide range of temporal variability for these Oscillations, suggesting that observations to date provide only a limited sample of possible outcomes. In addition, the simulation suggests that the current observed phase relation between the PDO and NPO may not be typical of longer-term variability. Climatic jumps appear to be a ubiquitous feature of climatic variability, and while, as observed, the most common interval between such jumps is about 20 years, intervals of up to 100 years occur in the simulation. The probability density functions of the PDO and NPO are very close to Gaussian, with the PDO being represented by an auto-regressive function of order one, while the NPO consisted of white noise. An FFT analysis of PC1 of the PDO revealed periodicities concentrated near 10 years, while for the NPO the principal periodicities were decadal to bidecadal. Global distributions of the distributions of the correlations between PC1 or the NPO and selected climatic variables were similar, and in agreement with observations. These correlations highlight the inter-relationships between these two Oscillations. The above correlations were not necessarily stable in time for a given geographical point, with transitions occurring between positive and negative extremes. Climatic jumps were identified with transitions of both the PDO and NPO, with magnitudes of importance as regards climatic perturbations. Spatial patterns of the changes associated with such jumps have global scales, and the need to consider the implications of these jumps in regard to greenhouse induced climatic change is noted.     

历史上10年—100年尺度气候跃变的分析

利用史料重建了华北海河流域和陕西关中地区两千多年来的旱涝变化概况.采用移动符号检验法和移动T检验法分析了其中的几十和几百年尺度的跃变现象.通过比较海河、关中以及河南等地区的同期变化,区分出局地性和非局地性两类跃变事件;并通过个例分析指出了华北地区气候跃变和季风环流形势的可能联系.本文还对10~1—10~2年尺度气候跃变的发生频率和变化程度作了一般估计.     

THE CLIMATIC JUMP OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL AND ITS CLIMATIC EFFECTS

1INTRODUCTIONTropicalwesternPacificOceanisanareathathasthehighestoceantemperatureacrosstheglobe.Asmostofthewarmwaterconcentratesintheregion,itisknownasthe搘esternPacificwarmpool?Asshowninsomestudies[1-5],thegeneralcirculationandshort-termclimaticchangeswillbeseriouslyaffectedifthermodynamicconditionchangesinthewaters,whichthenhaveanimportantroletoplayintheonsetofanyENSOepisodes.Therehasnotbeenanyunifieddefinitionoftheindexforthewarmpool.FollowingthecriterionofWyrtki[4],however,theareae…     

Climatic jumps in the flood/drought historical chronology of central China

Statistical series of flood/drought (F/D) grades and F/D variabilities were derived for the flood and drought chronology (2700 bc-1980 AD) of central China. Two types of climatic jumps were analyzed. The moving sign-test, T-test and F-test were applied to detect jump signals. A few wet-to-dry jumps for time-scales from decades to thousand years were compared with relevant climatic changes in other regions of the world. Changes in the annual rainfall due to jumps were estimated. Some F/D-deficient-to-F/D-frequent jumps were also found and their significance is discussed.Contribution to Clima Locarno — Past and Present Climate Dynamics; Conference September 1990, Swiss Academy of Sciences — National Climate Program     

The Temporal Climatic Variability in the ‘Río De La Plata’ Basin Displayed by the River Discharges

Streamflows have a direct dependence on precipitation and these are directly linked to the climate. Then, in this paper the temporal climatic variability in the Río de la Plata Basin is analysed through the changes in the river's discharges. These are the reflection of the climatic inputs areally integrated, and in consequence, contain more information on climate variability than that provided by the scarce punctual records of precipitation and temperature. The time series of streamflows correspond to monthly and annual means in stations selected in the basin for the period 1931–1992. However, in the present paper, the period 1901–1992 was considered in all cases whenever possible. The following changes and tendencies in the flow series were detected: 1. An important change of tendency between 1970 and 1972, and another not so significant before that date were detected in 1917–1918 and 1943–1944. 2. The jumps in the means in several sub-periods were detected using different methods. They showed jumps mainly in the period 1970–1972 in the annual streamflows series. The jumps in the annual streamflow series consist of an abrupt change in climatic variables affecting temporarily the averages of such variables during a certain period of time (years). The results are consistent with the conclusions obtained by other authors for the same region, both in precipitation and in the general circulation of the atmosphere. Keeping in mind this analysis of the series of streamflows, indicators of normal variability of tendencies relative to natural regional causes were detected, although the local causes were not anthropogenically analysed, and so no other manifestations of randomless in the zone of the Basin under study because of the lacking of data.     

Water chemical changes along a latitudinal gradient in relation to climate and atmospheric deposition

Evaluating trends over time (nonparametric Mann–Kendall test) for 18 water chemical variables from 79 reference lakes, distributed all over Sweden, during spring since 1984 showed most significant trends for atmospheric deposition driven sulfate (SO₄) concentrations. The decrease in SO₄ concentrations was on average 2.7 times higher at lower (56°N to 59°N) than at higher latitudes (60°N to 68°N). This large difference in the rate of change between lower and higher latitudes could not solely be explained by atmospheric deposition as the rates of change in SO₄ wet deposition differed by a factor of only 1.5 between lower and higher latitudes. Significantly higher rates of change at lower than at higher latitudes are known from the timing of lake ice breakup, a typical climate change indicator. The rates of change in the timing of lake ice breakup differed by a factor of 2.3 between lower and higher latitudes. Other water chemical variables showing significantly higher rates of change at lower than at higher latitudes were water color (a factor of 3.5), calcium (a factor of 2.9), magnesium (a factor of 5.5) and conductivity (a factor of 5.9). The rates of change of all these variables were strongly related to the rates of change in the timing of lake ice breakup along a latitudinal gradient (R ² = 0.41–0.78, p < 0.05), suggesting that climatic changes can accelerate atmospheric driven changes at especially lower latitudes. This acceleration will result in more heterogeneous lake ecosystems along a latitudinal gradient.     

500hPa月平均高度距平场统一的时空结构研究

大气环流异常的空间分布结构、年内演变和年际演变规律与长期天气和短期气候变化有密切的关系。国内外对它们的基本特征、演变规律以及形成和变化的物理原因作了许多研究;这些研究是长期天气预报和短期气候变化研究很有成就的一个方面。但是上述的多数工作主要是对环流异常的空间分布特征和时间分布规律分别进行研究,以揭示时空各自独立的分布规律,如大气中有空间上的遥相关