华贵栉孔扇贝的三倍体诱导及生长比较

分别和细胞松驰素Ｂ和低温处理诱导华贵栉孔扇贝Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓｎｏｂｉｌｉｓ产生三倍体。抑制第一极体的三倍体诱导率分别４４．１％和３１．８％；抑制第二极体的三倍体诱导率分别为９０．２％和７２．７％。ＣＢ处理组幼虫的日增长率显著超过二倍体。     

栉孔扇贝四倍体的研究Ⅰ:细胞松驰素B诱导

利用细胞松驰素Ｂ抑制栉孔扇贝Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓ（Ａｚｕｍａｐｅｃｔｅｎ）ｆａｒｒｅｒｉ受精卵的第一极体的放出和第一次有丝分裂获得四倍体。在２０℃条件下，卵子受精后１０ｍｉｎ，０．５μｇ／ｍｌ的ＣＢ持续处理１０ｍｉｎ、２０ｍｉｎ抑制第一极体排出，结果三倍体率和四倍体率分别为３８．３８％、３９．７５％和２８．４２％、３０．２４％；在２０℃条件下，卵子受精后１ｈ，０．５μｇ／ｍｌ的ＣＢ持续处理１０、１５、２０、２５ｍｉｎ抑制第一次有丝分裂，结果四倍体率分别为２１．３６％、２７．５７％、２８．４１％、２９．３５％。结合处理后幼虫的Ｄ形率，在抑制第一极体放出和第一次卵裂中，ＣＢ处理持续１０ｍｉｎ均为最好     

三倍体太平洋牡蛎生产性育苗与养成初报

本文总结了１９９８～１９９９年三倍体太平洋牡蛎育苗与养成情况。９８年在荣成三个８６３中试基地利用６－ＤＭＡＰ、冷休克及ＣＢ抑制表卵第二极体释放的方法诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体,其中以６－ＤＭＡＰ效果较好,诱导三倍体率为６０．９％～９０．５％。共培育三倍体群牡蛎苗种４．１３亿,海上养殖２０００亩。三倍体群牡蛎的生长明显快于二倍体对照群体,体重增加１５．６５％～４１．８９％。１９９９年４～８月收获,三倍体群     

合浦珠母贝三倍体和二倍体的生长比较

合浦珠母贝Pinctada martensii(D.)三倍体和二倍体的生长测定表明,三倍体成贝平均壳高、壳长、壳宽和体重均超过二倍体同胞,差异极显著(P<0.01)。特别是抑制第一极体形成的三倍体,经两年养殖,壳高、体重和肉重分别比二倍体增加13.01％,44.03％和58.37％。在繁殖期,三倍体的增长率显著超过二倍体。非繁殖期的大多数月份,三倍体的增长率和二倍体相差不大。因此,可以认为三倍体生长速度快主要是由于三倍体的生殖腺发育受阻,体内积累的能量转移到体细胞生长所致。     

真鲷三倍体诱导初步研究

在南鲷Ｐａｇｒｏｓｏｍｕｓ ｍａｊｏｒ三倍体诱导研究中，对染色体倍数的分析表明，受精卵受精５ｍｉｎ后，在１．５℃冰水中处理５ｍｉｎ可获得１７％的三倍体诱导率和２８％的嵌合体比率，染色体数分别是：２Ｎ＝４８，３Ｎ＝７２，嵌合体５０－６８。仔鱼红血细胞测量和组织切片分析显示，三倍体和二倍体的红血细胞核直径，视网膜神经节细胞核直径物中脑细胞核直径大小存在差异，其比率分别是１．４２，１．３５和１．４１，这     

合浦珠母贝人工诱导四倍体的研究

用细胞松驰素Ｂ（ＣＢ）、聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）和静水压抑合浦珠母贝Ｐｉｎｃｔａｄａ ｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉｉ（Ｄ．）制第１次卵裂以及ＣＢ抑制极体形成诱导四倍体。ＣＢ抑制第１次卵裂在早期胚胎２－４细胞阶段发现四倍体,但８细胞阶段以后四倍体胚胎消失。ＰＥＧ和ＰＥＧ＋ＣＢ能诱导细胞融合产生四倍体,但处理组幼虫在担轮期死亡。ＣＢ抑制极体形成能诱导出较高比例的四倍体,在胚胎初期和担轮幼虫期分别占４０％和３０％以上。处     

异硫氰酸苄酯(BITC)防污损效果研究──对3种海洋细菌的抑菌作用

异硫氰酸苄酯（ＢＩＴＣ）的抑菌试验表明：ＢＩＴＣ对３种海洋细菌（假单胞菌Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．Ｔ１０８株,假单胞菌Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ．ｓｐ．Ｅ２０４株和异单胞菌Ａｌｔｅｒｍｏｎａｓ．ｓｐ．Ｅ１１３株）的完全抑制浓度分别为４．０,１．０和２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,５０％抑制该３种海洋细菌生长（相对生长率）的浓度分别为２．６７,０．３７和０．４４ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

牙鲆鱼耗氧率、氮排泄率与体重及温度的关系

对个体重２．５～３４．５ｇ的牙鲆幼鱼在不同水温（１２、１７、２２、２７℃）下的耗氧率和氮排泄率进行了测试和分析。结果表明，牙鲆幼鱼的耗氧率和氮排泄率均随体重的增加而增加，其差异均达到极显著水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）；牙鲆幼鱼的耗氧率随水温上升而增加，但仅２７℃组与其他３个温度梯度组分别比较，出现差异极其显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），后３个温度梯度组之间的差异则不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；牙鲆幼鱼的氮排泄率也随温度的提高而增加，其差异亦达到极显著水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）。作者认为，在牙鲆养殖生产过程中，养殖水体溶解氧应维持在３ｍｇ／Ｌ以上，养殖水温以不超过２７℃为宜。     

杂色鲍和九孔鲍三倍体的化学诱导

本文首次报道了用化学药物法（ＣＢ、咖啡因以及高ＰＨ高钙溶液）休克杂色鲍和九孔鲍受粗卵诱导产生三倍体的试验结果。结果表明,用ＣＢ诱导杂色鲍,三倍体诱导率高达５９．０￣７６．２％;用咖啡因诱导杂色鲍和九孔鲍,三倍体导率低,分别为３０￣２０％。本就它们在诱导中的作用机理进行了讨论。     

水质对虾池附着性纤毛虫数量变动的影响

研究了中国对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ育苗池和养成池１１项水质参数（温度、盐度、ｐＨ、溶解氧和化学需氧量、硫化物、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、磷酸盐及硅酸盐浓度）对虾池附着性纤毛虫的附着速率和对虾体表附着性纤毛虫附着量变动的影响。相关分析结果表明，虾池附着性纤毛虫的附着速率（Ｒ）与虾池化学需氧量（ＣＯＤ）之间存在着直线正相关关系：在育苗池内，Ｒ１＝０．００２＋０．２６０ＣＯＤ（ｒ＝０．７１１，ｐ＜０．０５），在养成池，Ｒ２＝０．５５３＋０．０９８ＣＯＤ（ｒ＝０．６６８，ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｒ与水质其他因子之间未发现有明显的相关关系。对虾体表纤毛虫的附着量（Ｍ）与虾池纤毛虫的附着速率（Ｒ）之间存在着指数正相关关系：在育苗池，Ｍ＝０．５１２ｅ４．０１Ｒ（ｒ＝０．６９２，ｐ＜０．０５）；在养成池，Ｍ＝０．４０９ｅ８．２１Ｒ（ｒ＝０．６７１，ｐ＜０．０５）。说明虾池附着性纤毛虫的附着速率和对虾体表纤毛虫附着量的变动主要取决于虾池ＣＯＤ含量的变化。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,