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为了研究河床粗化破坏与形成过程中推移质的输移特征,基于一套新型的接沙系统,在上游无来沙条件下,进行了3组不同床沙级配的水槽试验,研究了递增梯级流量作用下河床粗化破坏与形成的过程,采集到一套高精度(0.1 g)、高频率(1 Hz)的实时推移质输沙率及分时段输沙级配数据,分析了累积输沙量、输沙率及输沙级配的变化特征。结果表明,粗化过程中累积输沙量随时间基本呈幂函数规律增长,且"粗化破坏再形成"的累积输沙量曲线出现明显转折点;推移质输沙率表现出明显的非恒定性,其粗化形成阶段的耗时要远大于粗化破坏阶段的时间,两者之比范围为3.5~20.5;推移质输沙级配中粗颗粒比例随时间变化趋势与输沙率相似,在输沙率达到峰值附近时,输沙级配与原始床沙级配相同。 相似文献
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建立反映河床调整幅度的体幅指标K,分析2003~2008年三峡水库下游宜昌—昌门溪河段河床调整幅度的沿程变化。研究发现该河段K与河段净冲刷强度不成正相关,而是与河道宽深比成正相关,当床沙中值粒径小于0.5 mm时,K与床沙中值粒径成负相关。初步分析认为:三峡下游粗颗粒泥沙容易达到输送饱和状态,当水流挟沙力减小时出现落淤,使得宽浅河段局部出现较大淤积,净冲刷强度较小,调整幅度较大;当床沙中值粒径小于0.5 mm时,该河段河床冲刷以悬移质输沙为主,河床组成越细,被冲刷的量越大,河床调整幅度也就越大。结合建库前后不同粒径组悬移质输沙量的沿程变化,对水库下游河床粗化方式进行了讨论。 相似文献
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在前人研究成果的基础上,根据挟沙水流任一粒径组泥沙在输移过程中质量守恒原理,建立了一维非恒定挟沙水流悬移质泥沙和床沙交换基本方程;通过引入平衡冲淤物粒径的概念,建立了河床处于淤积与冲刷时冲淤物粒径的计算公式,并提出了一套完整的一维非恒定挟沙水流悬移质泥沙和床沙交换计算方法。将该成果引入黄河下游一维扩展泥沙数学模型中,采用黄河下游1977年高含沙洪水与1999年汛后至2002年汛前冲刷系列进行了验证。结果表明,该方法能较好地模拟悬沙与床沙的交换过程,克服分组挟沙力方法的缺陷,使得非均匀沙计算理论上更加完善,应用上更加方便。 相似文献
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利用黄河下游1999-2005年的实测水沙及断面资料,分析了近期下游(铁谢至利津河段)河床调整过程及特点,具体表现为:小浪底水库运行后,黄河下游河道出现持续冲刷。其中,游荡型河段的冲刷量占下游总冲刷量的77%,单位河长的冲刷量在高村以上河段最大,孙口以下河段次之,高村至孙口河段最小;各河段主槽横断面形态调整均表现为向窄深方向发展;河床在冲刷过程中,主槽纵比降变化不大,其纵剖面形态自1855年以来均为下凹曲线,其凹度值随河床冲刷而略有增大;汛期深泓摆动幅度在游荡段最大,在弯曲段较小;随河床冲刷,下游平滩流量增加,但断面平滩流量与河段平滩流量的增加程度不同;因床沙显著粗化,不同河型河段的河床纵向稳定程度随冲刷均增加,而河床横向稳定程度在游荡段变化不大,在过渡段及弯曲段有所增加。 相似文献
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小浪底水库运用后,黄河下游河床冲刷粗化严重、水流阻力变化十分明显。为定量描述小浪底水库运用对水流阻力的影响,基于黄河下游水文站流速、河宽、床沙粒径、曼宁系数等实测数据分析,结合床面形态控制数理论及实测床面形态资料,建立了包含床面形态因子的动床阻力计算公式,计算精度得到了黄河下游水文站1 508组实测数据的验证。分析计算表明:黄河下游床沙粒径上段粗、下段细的特征更加突出,高村以上游荡型河段沙垄发育、动床阻力增加明显;高村以下河段,河床冲刷粗化程度明显减少,动床阻力变化相对较小,但河槽断面趋于窄深,洪水期岸壁阻力增大明显。小浪底水库运用促进了黄河下游床面形态的发育,增大了各河段的水流阻力。 相似文献
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提出了水量百分数这一非均匀沙不平衡输沙的一个重要概念和有效工具。给出了水量百分数定义及其表达式。分析了它的3个特性:它能严格地将均匀沙挟沙能力迭加为非均匀沙挟沙能力;在强平衡条件下,水量百分数恰等于床沙级配;水量百分数就是能量百分数。进而利用水量百分数证明了床沙质、冲泻质与全沙具有相同的挟沙能力;证明了用它可以导出非均匀沙不平衡输沙时的挟沙能力组成以及挟沙能力级配和有效床沙级配表达式。 相似文献
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海底管线周围的不平衡输沙影响着海底管线的局部冲刷,进而影响海底管线的安全运营。基于波浪港池实验,考虑规则波的作用,采用中值粒径为0.219 mm的原型沙铺设与波浪传播方向成45°夹角的斜坡,斜坡坡度为1∶15,研究管线局部冲刷坑床沙组成变化情况。实验结果表明:与冲刷深度随时间的发展类似,冲刷宽度随时间的发展也分为初级阶段和次级阶段;管线周围床沙粗化程度最高的地方并不在管线的正下方,而在管线的后下方;周期增加,冲刷坑床沙粗化程度增大;与原始床沙相比,周期较小时,冲刷坑下方床沙细化,周期较大时则粗化,而波高对床沙扰动的影响具有不稳定性。 相似文献
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卵砾石河道广泛存在于山区河流中,在卵砾石河床近底层的水流流速低于上方流速,速度剖面出现拐点,类似于自由剪切流动,传统的指数型和对数型水流阻力公式计算误差偏大。将自由剪切流理论类比到山区卵砾石河道,并考虑山区河流特殊流态、流场和剪切力的影响,引入雷诺数(Re)、弗劳德数(Fr)和摩阻流速利用水槽数据进一步修正了该类水流阻力公式。筛选位于意大利南部的亚平宁山脉140条山区河流野外数据对新公式进行验证,并检验对比了已发表的多个山区河流阻力公式。结果表明:修正后的水流阻力公式Nash-Sutcliffe效率指数最接近1、均方根误差最小、相对误差最小。自由剪切流动的类比是从湍流结构角度推导河道水流阻力,能更好地阐释特殊水流结构,进而提高计算精度。 相似文献
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卵砾石河道广泛存在于山区河流中,在卵砾石河床近底层的水流流速低于上方流速,速度剖面出现拐点,类似于自由剪切流动,传统的指数型和对数型水流阻力公式计算误差偏大。将自由剪切流理论类比到山区卵砾石河道,并考虑山区河流特殊流态、流场和剪切力的影响,引入雷诺数(Re)、弗劳德数(Fr)和摩阻流速利用水槽数据进一步修正了该类水流阻力公式。筛选位于意大利南部的亚平宁山脉140条山区河流野外数据对新公式进行验证,并检验对比了已发表的多个山区河流阻力公式。结果表明:修正后的水流阻力公式Nash-Sutcliffe效率指数最接近1、均方根误差最小、相对误差最小。自由剪切流动的类比是从湍流结构角度推导河道水流阻力,能更好地阐释特殊水流结构,进而提高计算精度。 相似文献
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André Robert 《Mathematical Geology》1988,20(3):205-225
The objective of this study is to investigate in detail the statistical properties of series of bed elevations measured on gravel-bed and sand-bed alluvial channels, in order to identify means of quantifying bed roughness effects on streamflow. The semivariogram is used as the basic statistical method for investigating roughness properties of bed profiles obtained from field work and laboratory experiments. For sand bedforms, the semivariograms include exponential and periodic components from which can be obtained reliable measures of bedform spacing and height, as well as information on the degree of regularity of bedform arrangement. Because of the irregular nature of gravel-bed profiles, the approach in this case uses the semivariogram to investigate fractal properties of series of bed elevations to determine scales of bed roughness associated with grain sizes and small-scale bedforms and to estimate the Hausdorff dimension corresponding to each scale. These superimposed scales of roughness may be responsible for the greater flow resistance generally observed in gravel-bed rivers rather than predicted from the theoretical friction equation. 相似文献
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The grain-size fractions in the bedload transported over the five heterogeneous sediment beds of different values of bed roughness were computed from the flume experiments. The existence of an entrapment factor associated with the sorting observed from the bed to active layer was modeled based on the modified critical shear stress to estimate the grain-size fractions in the transport layer under given hydraulic conditions. The efficiency of these models was tested with the observed data. Subsequently, the patterns of observed grain-size distributions in the transport layer were tested to identify the distributions developed in the active layer due to sorting using three probability density functions (pdf), such as, log-normal, log-hyperbolic and log-skew-Laplace. Tests indicated that a log-skew-Laplace distribution fitted best for 49%, a log-hyperbolic for 31%, and a log-normal for 20% out of forty-five bedload samples collected under unidirectional flow with changes in flow discharge and bed roughness. The results of this study would be useful to specify the grain-size distributions in the bedload formed under different hydrodynamic conditions in various sedimentary environments. 相似文献
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Computation of the grain-size distribution of the suspended load above a sand bed must take into consideration: (1) sorting processes from the bed to the bed layer and (2) sorting between the bed layer and suspension. Grain-size distributions of the bed layers above sand beds of three different types have been computed in this work, both by the Einstein and the Gessler methods. Using these as references, suspended load distributions have been obtained in each case by the Rouse suspension equation. A new formula has also been developed in partial modification of Hunt's method for direct computation of bed load and suspended load from a bed's grain-size distribution and flow parameters. Comparison of the computed data with actual observations in laboratory flumes show that no one method is particularly superior to the others, but the present method is advantageous because it affords direct computation of the suspended load from a bed's grain-size distribution, without going through an intermediate stage (bed load). The possible sources of error in each of the methods have been discussed. 相似文献
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高速铁路基床现场循环加载试验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
详细地掌握高速铁路路基的动态特性与累积变形特性是对其进行合理设计的基础。结合达成线的建设,修建了路基试验段,埋设测试元件,使用新型的ZSS50循环加载设备,对试验段路基进行了现场循环加载试验研究,模拟了不同轴重列车的动力作用,分析了路基的动态特性及沉降规律。测试结果表明:路基的动态指标及工后沉降均满足设计要求,列车轴重对路基的动态特性影响显著;路基面动态响应沿横向的分布是不均匀的,轨下位置最大,轨枕端部位置次之,线路中线处最小,总体上呈马鞍形分布;动态响应随路基深度的增加而逐渐减小,在基床表层范围内衰减较快;ZSS50循环加载设备 可准确模拟不同轴重、不同时速列车对线路的动力作用,且操作简单、坚固耐用,是研究铁路轨道及路基动态特性的理想设备。 相似文献
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In this paper, we study the properties of approximate solutions to a doubly nonlinear and degenerate diffusion equation, known
in the literature as the diffusive wave approximation of the shallow water equations (DSW), using a numerical approach based
on the Galerkin finite element method. This equation arises in shallow water flow models when special assumptions are used
to simplify the shallow water equations and contains as particular cases the porous medium equation and the p-Laplacian. Diverse
numerical schemes have been implemented to approximately solve the DSW equation and have been successfully applied as suitable
models to simulate overland flow and water flow in vegetated areas such as wetlands; yet, no formal mathematical analysis
has been carried out in order to study the properties of approximate solutions. In this study, we propose a numerical approach
as a means to understand some properties of solutions to the DSW equation and, thus, to provide conditions for which the use
of the DSW equation may be inappropriate from both the physical and the mathematical points of view, within the context of
shallow water modeling. For analysis purposes, we propose a numerical method based on the Galerkin method and we obtain a
priori error estimates between the approximate solutions and weak solutions to the DSW equation under physically consistent
assumptions. We also present some numerical experiments that provide relevant information about the accuracy of the proposed
numerical method to solve the DSW equation and the applicability of the DSW equation as a model to simulate observed quantities
in an experimental setting. 相似文献