论华南喷流—沉积块状硫化物矿床

现代海底喷流－沉积硫化物矿床的发现极大地推动了海底热液成矿理论的发展，也大大地提高了对古代海底喷流块充化物矿术的研究水平。本文指出喷流－沉积是重要的成矿作用，提出喷流－沉积矿床是华南Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｎ、Ａｇ、Ａｕ等矿产资源的重要来源，形成了一批超大型矿床，并将华南许多曾被认为属夕卡岩矿床重新确认为喷流－沉积岩床。文章还论述了华南喷流－沉积块状硫化物矿床的特征、分类、时空分布及其成矿特点等问题，     

贱金属硫化物矿床中的贵金属

本文从现代海底热液成矿系统和古代块状硫化物矿床中都含有大量的贵金属这一事实出发，论证了贱金属硫化物矿床中贵金属的重要性，并论述了Ａｕ，Ａｇ在矿物、矿石、矿体及矿床类型中的分布特征及其Ｃｕ－Ａｕ共生、Ｐｂ（Ｚｎ）－Ａｇ共生相合对于矿床地质和找矿的意义。     

西太平洋冲绳海槽烟囱硫化物矿床矿石化学特征与分带型式

西太平洋冲绳海槽烟囱式硫化物矿床分布于琉球弧后扩张盆地、产于尹是名洼陷盆地（深１４００ｍ），其特征与日本黑矿类似。硫化物矿石及烟囱主要有３种化学类型：Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ型、Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ型和Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ型，三者分别代表温度不断升高的热液体系的早、中、晚３个成矿阶段产物，其中，Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ矿石及烟囱形成于高ｆｏ２环境和高流速、低温、富Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｂａ热液体系，Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿石及烟囱形成于低流速、高温、富Ｃｕ热液体系，Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ矿石则介于其间。硫化物烟囱显示明显的矿物－化学分带。在Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ矿石（烟囱），Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ集中于烟囱中央，Ｂａ、Ｆｅ、Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ａｇ、Ｐｂ集中于烟囱外带，Ｃｕ则富集于烟囱中外部。在Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿石，Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｆｅ、Ａｇ、Ａｕ仍富集于烟囱外带，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ则在烟囱中央富集。依此元素化学分带型式，建立了古代黑矿硫化物矿体分带与硫化物堆积模式。     

论华南喷流—沉积块状硫化物矿床

现代海底喷流－沉积硫化物矿床的发现极大地推动了海底热液成矿理论的发展,也大大地提高了对古代海底喷流块充化物矿术的研究水平。本文指出喷流－沉积是重要的成矿作用,提出喷流－沉积矿床是华南Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｎ、Ａｇ、Ａｕ等矿产资源的重要来源,形成了一批超大型矿床,并将华南许多曾被认为属夕卡岩矿床重新确认为喷流－沉积岩床。文章还论述了华南喷流－沉积块状硫化物矿床的特征、分类、时空分布及其成矿特点等问题,提出断裂拗陷带型喷流－沉积块状硫化物矿床是华南具有特色的类型,而陆相断陷盆地中喷流－沉积矿床值得进一步深入研究。     

浙江建德块状硫化物矿床地球化学特征及其成因意义

浙江建德块状硫化物矿床，以Ｃｕ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｐｂ为特征。鉴于Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ和Ｚｎ三元素的地球化学行为和海底喷流作用的固有特性。它们在横向上和纵向上均具独特的分带性，显示出顺结构，对黄铁矿中特征元素比值，成矿温度以及铅同位素组成等方面的研究表明，该矿床乃同生沉积作用的产物，而非岩浆热液成矿。     

大西沟-银硐子超大型矿床成矿物质来源、成矿堆积环境及成矿作用多阶段性

柞山成矿密集区大西沟－银硐子超大型矿床矿成矿堆积环境处于具有较长时间的幅度较大的裂陷发育史的南秦岭泥盆纪沉积盆地中,地球化学环境为柞山镇Ｐｂ、Ａｓ、Ｃｕ地球化学省,为ＮＷＷ向富Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｂａ、Ａｇ和ＮＷ向低Ｐｂ高Ｃｕ,Ａｓ及ＮＥ向富Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ地球化学带的复合部位。金属成矿物质来源于基低地层,硫来源于海水中的硫酸性。成矿作用具有热水同生沉积－交代→热水混合同生沉积→热水同生沉积演化多阶段性。     

现代与古代海底热液成矿作用研究进展

海底热液成矿是近年来地质学家关注的热点问题。现代海底热液成矿作用的研究推动了古块状硫化物矿床成矿过程的认识。结合现今研究成果综合分析表明:海底热液成矿作用主要分布在张性活动板块边界,与大地构造活动紧密相连;成矿金属物质来源具有多元性,金属矿化的类型受基底类型(洋壳-陆壳)和岩性组合(基性岩石-中酸性岩石)的控制,岩浆来源的物质也可能对一些块状硫化物矿床有贡献;主导海底热液成矿作用的核心为对流热循环系统,对流循环具有单循环和双扩散对流模式;海底块状硫化物的堆积过程是烟囱的生长、倒塌堆积和热液流体充填与交代的过程,成矿热液流体的温度和密度在这个过程中起关键作用。基于海底热水矿床的重要性,建立完整的热水喷流成矿理论意义重大。     

西太平洋岛弧-弧后盆地热液活动及成矿作用

岛弧-弧后盆地是海底热液硫化物发育的重要环境。本文总结了近几十年对西太平洋地区岛弧-弧后盆地热液活动调查及研究的成果,阐述了岛弧-弧后盆地热液活动的分布规律、构造环境、热液喷口水深和流体温度变化关系、相分离过程以及热液硫化物的金属元素组成特征,分析了成矿元素富集规律和控矿因素。研究认为,随着岛弧-弧后盆地热液喷口所处水深的增加,其最高喷口流体温度也相应增加,这与相分离过程有关;岛弧-弧后盆地热液硫化物与洋中脊硫化物不同,以Fe-Zn-Pb型硫化物为主,显著富集Zn、Pb、Au、Ag等金属元素;热液成矿作用主要受到岛弧及弧后扩张处的岩浆作用、相分离、基岩、弧后扩张速率、沉积物盖层等5类因素的制约。     

海底热液硫化物区域成矿演变与控制因素探讨

海底热液活动及其成矿作用在洋中脊、弧后扩张盆地、火山岛弧、板内火山等主要大型伸张构造单元均有分布,成矿类型不仅包括Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag等金属属硫化物,也包括热液喷口附近沉积的热液Fe-Mn结壳、海底含金属沉积沉积物.经过近30多年的调查与研究,尽管对上述构造环境详细调查的区域占不到全球的10%,但目前除环南极的洋脊处没有发现热液活动外,其余海底区域均发现有热液活动异常显示或取得了典型的热液硫化物样品.针对典型热液硫化物矿床(点)的构造背景、矿物学、岩石学、地球化学等方面开展了较多的研究,成矿机制了也取得了较为深入的认识.本文应用区域成矿学的理论和研究方法(翟裕生等,1999),对不同构造单元的热液活动分布规律及其在大洋演化过程的变化特征、控制流体演化的主要因素等方面进行了总结.     

现代海底热液成矿作用

从现代块状硫化物矿床成矿特征对比角度,总结分析了世界现代海底喷流的块状硫化物成矿堆积,综述了现代海底块状硫化物成矿主要形成于洋壳和岛弧环境的实际观察结果,突出强调了洋壳环境和岛弧或陆壳环境两种成矿环境对成矿类型分类的意义。对上地幔部分熔融岩浆来源与地壳物质可能带人、火山喷发岩浆系列的演化和对热液成矿作用的控制进行了讨论,对比分析了岩浆流体对成矿的重要贡献和控制作用,以及成矿热液循环体系形成的条件和模式。     

古代与现代海底黑矿型块状硫化物矿床矿石地球化学比较研究

选择西南太平洋冲绳海槽现代海底烟囱硫化物矿床、日本小坂矿山上向黑矿（第三纪）和中国西南呷村黑矿型矿床（三叠纪）进行了矿石地球化学比较研究。黑矿型矿床矿石吨位－品位模式与其他火山成因块状硫化物（ＶＭＳ）矿床类似，矿田（２０－５０ｋｍ＾２）矿石吨位与单个喷气－沉积型（Ｓｅｄｅｘ）矿床相当，金属总量４－６Ｍｔ，为矿田范围内热液流体搬运的最大金属量。与洋脊环境ＶＭＳ矿床相比，岛弧裂谷环境产出的黑矿型矿床相     

The changing vision of marine minerals

Non-fuel marine minerals are reviewed from the perspective of resources and their value as active analogs that can advance understanding of types of ancient ore deposits that formed in marine settings. The theory of plate tectonics is the largest influence in expanding our vision of marine minerals and in developing our understanding of geologic controls of mineralization in space and time. Prior to the advent of plate tectonics, we viewed the ocean basins as passive sinks that served as containers for particulate and dissolved material eroded from land. This view adequately explained marine placer deposits (heavy minerals and gems), aggregates (sand and gravel), and precipitates (phosphorites and manganese nodules). Although numerous sites of placer mineral deposits are known on continental shelves worldwide, current activity pertains to diamond mining off southwestern Africa, tin mining off southeastern Asia, and intermittent gold mining off northwestern North America, which are all surpassed economically by worldwide recovery of marine sand and gravel, in turn dwarfed by offshore oil and gas. With the advent of plate tectonics, plate boundaries in ocean basins are recognized as active sources of mineralization in the form of hydrothermal massive sulfide deposits and proximal lower-temperature deposits hosted in oceanic crust (mafic at ocean ridges and felsic at volcanic island arcs), and of magmatic Ni–Cu sulfide, chromite and PGE deposits inferred to be present in the oceanic upper mantle–lower crust based on their occurrence in ophiolites. Some 300 sites of hydrothermal active and relict mineralization, most of them minor, are known at this early stage of seafloor exploration on ocean ridges, in fore-arc volcanoes, at back-arc spreading axes, and in arc rifts; deposits formed at spreading axes and transported off-axis by spreading are present in oceanic lithosphere but are virtually unknown. The TAG (Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse) hydrothermal field in the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (latitude 26° N) is considered to exemplify a major Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposit forming at a spreading axis. The most prospective of these occurrences lie within the 200 nautical mile (370 km)-wide Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the nations of the volcanic island arcs of the western Pacific where metal content of massive sulfides (Ag, Au, Ba, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn) exceeds that at ocean ridges. Plate tectonics early provided a framework for mineralization on the scale of global plate boundaries and is providing guidance to gradually converge on sites of mineralization through regional scales of plate reorganization, with the potential to elucidate the occurrence of individual deposits (e.g., Eocene Carlin-type gold deposits). Investigation of the spectrum of marine minerals as active analogs of types of ancient mineral deposits is contributing to this convergence. Consideration of questions posed by Brian Skinner (1997) of what we do and do not know about ancient hydrothermal mineral deposits demonstrates the ongoing advances in understanding driven by investigation of marine minerals.     

北祁连山中西段塞浦路斯型铜矿特征、成矿作用及找矿标志

本文总结北祁连山中西段塞浦路斯型铜矿特征及找矿标志 ,获得如下认识 :1成矿环境为奥陶纪亲弧扩张脊 (岛弧扩张脊和弧后扩张脊 ) ,容矿岩石为蛇绿岩套上部火山 -沉积岩系 ;矿床成矿金属组合为铜锌 ,贫铅 ;2矿床地质模型为蘑菇状 ,蘑菇茎代表沿热液通道的柱状矿体 ,蘑菇伞代表在热液喷流口周围海底展开的透镜状、似层状矿体 ,伞翼之下为基性火山岩 ,伞上常覆盖碧玉岩 ,成矿环境不稳定时 ,缺失碧玉岩。近喷流口位置矿体 Cu>Zn,远喷流口位置矿体 Cu相似文献   

西藏谢通门县斯弄多大型叠加改造型铅锌矿床特征及找矿方向

斯弄多铅锌矿区位于冈底斯斑岩型矿床成矿带中。矿区花岗斑岩和闪长玢岩的地球化学特征表明,斯弄多铅锌矿与冈底斯斑岩型矿床为同一成矿体系,均形成于印—亚大陆主碰撞期和碰撞期后的构造体制转化阶段;岩浆来源于原岩以杂砂岩和泥质岩为主的前寒武纪念青唐古拉群变质结晶基底和下地壳基性岩类的部分熔融。成矿物质主要来源于雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋对冈底斯弧俯冲板片的部分熔融并交代岛弧带上的基底岩系。矿床的形成分为3期:第一期为中石炭世,与碳酸盐岩沉积同时期的海底热水喷流沉积作用形成初始矿源层;第二期为构造活动成矿期,分2个成矿阶段:第一阶段为晚白垩世—始新世,即印-亚大陆主碰撞形成的早期与斑岩有关的岩浆热液型铅锌矿;第二阶段的铅锌矿化发生在主碰撞期后的伸展拉张阶段,由于花岗斑岩的侵位,使铅锌矿化进一步活化迁移、叠加、富集,与围岩接触部位形成夕卡岩型铅锌矿体,矿体的形成多受矿区内复杂的断裂构造控制,矿床类型主要为构造破碎带热液充填型和夕卡岩型;第三期为表生期,主要为原生硫化矿体的氧化流失和贫化。在I号矿带的深部、南部和北部异常区具有扩大矿床规模的远景。     

Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits in the Murchison greenstone belt, South Africa

The Archean Murchison greenstone belt, Limpopo Province, South Africa, represents a rifted epicontinental arc sequence containing the largest volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS) district in Southern Africa. The so-called Cu–Zn line is host to 12 deposits of massive sulfide mineralization including: Maranda J, LCZ, Romotshidi, Mon Desir, Solomons, and Mashawa with a total tonnage of three million metric tons of very high grade Zn, subordinate Cu, and variable Pb and Au ore. The deposits developed during initial phases of highly evolved felsic volcanism between 2,974.8 ± 3.6 and 2,963.2 ± 6.4 Ma and are closely associated with quartz porphyritic rhyolite domes. Elevated heat supply ensured regional hydrothermal convection along the entire rift. Recurrent volcanism resulted in frequent disruption of hydrothermal discharge and relative short-lived episodes of hydrothermal activity, probably responsible for the small size of the deposits. Stable thermal conditions led to the development of mature hydrothermal vent fields from focused fluid discharge and sulfide precipitation within thin layers of felsic volcaniclastic rocks. Two main ore suites occur in the massive sulfide deposits of the “Cu–Zn line”: (1) a low-temperature venting, polymetallic assemblage of Zn, Pb, Sb, As, Cd, Te, Bi, Sn, ±In, ±Au, ±Mo occurring in the pyrite- and sphalerite-dominated ore types and (2) a higher temperature suite of Cu, Ag, Au, Se, In, Co, Ni is associated with chalcopyrite-bearing ores. Sphalerite ore, mineralogy, and geochemical composition attest to hydrothermal activity at relatively low temperatures of ≤250 °C for the entire rift, with short-lived pulses of higher temperature upflow, reflected by proportions of Zn-rich versus Cu-rich deposits. Major- and trace-metal composition of the deposits and Pb isotope signatures reflect the highly evolved felsic source rock composition. Geological setting, host rock composition, and metallogenesis share many similarities not only with Archean VMS districts in Canada and Australia but also with recent arc–back-arc systems on the modern seafloor where fragments of continental crust and areas of elevated heat flow are involved in petrogenetic and associated metallogenic processes.     

现代海底的成矿作用与矿产资源

迄今所发现的现代海底成矿作用主要分布在沿大西洋中脊、东太平洋海岭和西太平洋沟弧盆系的各热液田中。现代海底成矿作用形成了大量具有重大经济意义的矿产,它们主要是铁锰结核、富钴结壳、多金属硫化物和被称之为２１世纪能源的气体水合物。现代海底成矿作用及其所形成矿床的研究是矿床前研究的前沿课题,它对于矿床学的发展,揭示成矿作用的奥秘和海底资源的开发都具有重大意义。     

金同铅锌矿化的分离及共生

金矿化同铅锌矿化存在独特的关系。在块状硫化物矿床和现代洋底硫化物堆积物中金和贱金属的富集程度基本上是相同的,而脉状金矿床中,在富集了大约１０＾３－１０＾４的金的同时仅轻度富集或实际上贫化贱金属铅锌;