MSCT对不同体重注射不同对比剂量在主动脉CTA中的探讨

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT对不同体重注射不同对比剂量在主动脉血管成像中的应用效果.方法:60例临床可疑主动脉病变患者,知情同意后根据不同体重分为A、B、C三组,每组20例.A组:体重在75kg以上注射75mL对比剂+25mL生理盐水;B组:体重在60～75kg之间注射60mL对比剂+40 mL生理盐水;C组:体重在60k...     

低剂量对比剂联合低监测阈值在 头颈部CTA中的应用

目的:探讨Philips Brilliance iCT低剂量对比剂联合低监测阈值在头颈部CTA中的应用。资料与方法:选取我院需行头颈部CTA的患者60例,随机分为A组（观察组）、B组（实验组）。分别行不同的注射扫描方案:A组对比剂60 mL,生理盐水40 m L,监测阈值150 HU;B组对比剂40 mL,生理盐水40 mL,监测阈值90 HU;两组注射速率均以5.0 mL/s,均监测主动脉弓。分别对两组图像进行主观评价（目测法）和客观评价（分别测量上腔静脉、主动脉弓、左右颈总动脉、基底动脉及左右大脑中动脉的CT值）来进行图像质量分析。结果:①主观评价A、B两组图像均能满足诊断要求,B组明显减少上腔静脉对比剂残留;②A、B两组图像质量等级评分无统计学意义（P> 0.05）;③A、B两组各部位测量的CT值比较均有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论:Philips Brilliance iCT在头颈部CTA检查中采用40 m L对比剂配合主动脉弓90 HU的监测阈值的方法,虽然图像CT值比较有差异,但图像质量完全能够满足临床诊断要求。且在保证图像质量的前提下,降低了对比剂用量,减少了上腔静脉对比剂的残留,降低了过敏反应的发生及对比剂对肾功能的损伤。      

不同碘浓度对比剂在MSCT肝脏动脉期血管成像中的作用对比及临床应用

目的：评价不同碘浓度对比剂在多层螺旋CT（MSCT）肝脏动脉期血管成像中的作用对比及临床应用。方法：60例患者随机分为两组,分别采用小同碘浓度对比剂进行腹部增强扫描：A组对比剂为碘海醇300（300mgI／mL）,B组对比剂为优维显370（370mgI／mL）。注射速率均为3．0mL／s。分别测量动脉期轴位扫描腹腔干水平、肾动脉水平、髂动脉分叉水平腹丰动脉cT值,并进行比较。图像后处理采用容积再现（VR）法,分析不同浓度腹主动脉及其分支的增强显示情况,并对图像质量进行评价。结果：B组腹主动脉各水平的CT强化平均值较A组高（P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义）：用VR法行肝动脉血管成像,B组对比剂对腹主动脉及其分支显示效果更佳（P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义）。结论：MSCT进行肝动脉血管成像时,在注射速率相同的情况下,B组注射的对比剂总量少于A组,但动脉显示效果好于A组,即采用低剂量、高浓度对比剂可以获得满足诊断需要图像。     

“双低”技术应用于 CTPA 的可行性研究?

目的：评估“双低”（低管电压与低碘量）技术在肺动脉 CT 血管成像（CTPA）中的图像质量、辐射剂量及临床价值。方法：前瞻性将临床疑似肺动脉栓塞（PAE）患者105例,随机分为 A、B、C 三组行 CTPA 检查（n =35）。A 组：管电压120 kVp、对比剂40mL（碘浓度350 mgI/m）、注射速率4 mL/s;B 组：管电压100 kVp、对比剂35 mL（碘浓度300 mgI/m）、注射速率3.5 mL/s;C 组：管电压80 kVp、对比剂30 mL（碘浓度270 mgI/m）、注射速率3 mL/s。三组均开启管电流调制(ATCM)技术,A 组采用滤波反投影算法（FBP）,B、C 两组采用 ASIR 技术重建。记录每例患者的对比剂量、CT 容积剂量指数（CTDIvol）、剂量长度乘积（DLP）,并计算有效剂量（ED）。在轴位图像测量肺动脉干、左、右肺动脉及亚段肺动脉的 CT 值。采用 Kruskal-Wallis H 检验来比较3组的辐射剂量、碘量、图像质量的主观及客观评价等指标。结果：A、B、C 三组分别在肺动脉干、左、右肺动脉及亚段肺动脉的 CT 值差异均无统计学意义（P >0.05）;三组图像背景噪声、SNR、CNR 及主观评价差异亦均无统计学意义（P >0.05）;与 A 组相比,B 组和 C 组的 ED 分别降低了38.09％、51.99％;A 组接受碘量分别高于 B 组25％和 C 组42.14％。结论：管电压80 kVp、对比剂30 mL(碘浓度270 mgI/mL)、注射速率3 mL/s 在肺动脉 CTA 中的应用是可行的,图像质量既满足诊断,又降低辐射剂量和碘量。     

减少对比剂量在CTPA中的可行性探讨

目的:通过比较图像质量,探讨减少对比剂用量在肺动脉CTA (CTPA)中临床应用的可行性.资料与方法:采用西门子公司64排128层螺旋CT机,将60例临床拟诊为肺动脉栓塞(PAE)患者随机分为A、B、C三组(n=20):A组,对比剂60mL+ 40 mL生理盐水;B组,对比剂30mL+ 40 mL生理盐水;C组,对比剂20mL+ 40mL生理盐水,其他的扫描参数相同,采用对比剂追踪自动触发扫描.将获取原始数据传到工作站,由1位影像科副主任医师和主管技师,在轴位测量肺动脉干、左、右肺动脉降支及左、右肺静脉的CT值,并对血管强化程度、重组血管分支显示进行评价.结果:A、B、C三组在肺动脉干、左、右肺动脉降支的平均CT值分别为:(513.20Hu、504.34 Hu、509.54 Hu)、(498.14 Hu、497.43 Hu、499.63 Hu)、(486.31Hu、489.45 Hu、491.49 H u),三组之间差异不具有统计学意义(P＞0.05);三组的左、右肺静脉的平均CT值分别为:(235.41Hu、176.31Hu、119.91Hu)、(241.01Hu、169.52 Hu、129.54 Hu),之间的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),组与组之间的肺动静脉具有明显统计学(P＜0.01);重组肺动脉血管清晰度及分支血管显示也无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:小剂量对比剂(20 mL人/次)在CTPA中是可行的,既降低了对比剂(CM)对患者潜在的危害,又节约检查费用.     

减少对比剂量在CTPA中的可行性探讨

目的:通过比较图像质量,探讨减少对比剂用量在肺动脉CTA(CTPA)中临床应用的可行性。资料与方法:采用西门子公司64排128层螺旋CT机,将60例临床拟诊为肺动脉栓塞(PAE)患者随机分为A、B、C三组(n=20):A组,对比剂60mL+40mL生理盐水;B组,对比剂30mL+40mL生理盐水;C组,对比剂20mL+40mL生理盐水,其他的扫描参数相同,采用对比剂追踪自动触发扫描。将获取原始数据传到工作站,由1位影像科副主任医师和主管技师,在轴位测量肺动脉干、左、右肺动脉降支及左、右肺静脉的CT值,并对血管强化程度、重组血管分支显示进行评价。结果:A、B、C三组在肺动脉干、左、右肺动脉降支的平均CT值分别为:(513.20Hu、504.34Hu、509.54Hu)、(498.14Hu、497.43Hu、499.63Hu)、(486.31Hu、489.45Hu、491.49Hu),三组之间差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05);三组的左、右肺静脉的平均CT值分别为:(235.41Hu、176.31Hu、119.91Hu)、(241.01Hu、169.52Hu、129.54Hu),之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),组与组之间的肺动静脉具有明显统计学(P<0.01);重组肺动脉血管清晰度及分支血管显示也无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:小剂量对比剂(20mL人/次)在CTPA中是可行的,既降低了对比剂(CM)对患者潜在的危害,又节约检查费用。     

64排与16排螺旋CT主动脉CTA质量因素的对比探讨

目的:比较64排与16排螺旋CTA对主动脉血管显示的影响并探讨碘对比剂量、辐射剂量的差异。方法:80例可疑主动脉病变患者,知情同意后按机器型号随机分两组(64排组、16排组)每组40例,64排组注射60mL对比剂+40mL生理盐水、16排组注射70mL对比剂+30mL生理盐水,均采用速率4mL.s-1,对比剂追踪触发技术行CTA检查,测量升主动脉、主动脉弓、胸7及腰2水平降主动脉、主动脉分叉、双侧髂外动脉末梢处CT值;由两位影像诊断高级职称医师对血管强化程度、重组分支血管显示进行评价。记录扫描时间、对比剂量、CT剂量指数、z轴范围、剂量长度乘积,并对各组数据进行统计学分析。结果:64排与16排螺旋CT在升主动脉、主动脉弓、胸7及腰2水平降主动脉、主动脉分叉、双侧髂外动脉末梢平均CT值分别为:347.35Hu、350.32Hu,两组间差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05),重组血管清晰度及显示血管分支也无差异;两组的扫描时间分别为:7.12s,24.98s,对比剂量分别为:60mL、70mL;有效剂量分别为:12.25mSv、14.64mSv;64排的CTDIvol值是16排28.14%,64排与16排之间的剂量长度乘积值差异具有明显统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:64排与16排螺旋CT对血管强化程度、重组分支血管显示具有较好的一致性,扫描时间明显缩短了71.50%,对比剂量减少16.67%,辐射剂量降低了16.33%。     

CARE Dose 4D技术联合低kV及低剂量对比剂在MSCT头颈CTA应用

目的:探讨128层螺旋CT头颈部血管成像(CTA)应用CARE Dose 4D技术联合低剂量对比剂优化扫描方案的可行性及价值。方法:前瞻性选取接受头颈部血管成像检查的60例患者,随机分为对照组(A组)和双低剂量组(B组),每组各30例。对照组(A组)管电压120 kV,采用CARE Dose 4D技术参考管电流120 mA,对比剂用量65 mL;双低剂量组(B组)管电压80 kV,采用CARE Dose 4D技术参考管电流120 mA,对比剂用量45 mL。测量双侧颈总动脉、双侧颈内动脉及双侧大脑中动脉M1段CT值、噪声、信噪比(SNR)进行客观图像质量评价。由两名高年资主治医师采用双盲法进行图像质量评分评价。对比A组与B组间辐射剂量。结果:两名主治医师对动脉图像量质评分的一致性较高(Kappa=0.782,P<0.05)。两组动脉图像质量评分、SNR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。双低剂量组各动脉强化CT值均高于对照组;双低剂量组容积CT剂量指数、剂量长度乘积和有效剂量均明显低于对照组;差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:128层MSCT头颈血管成像应用低kV及CARE Dose 4D技术联合低剂量对比剂扫描方案,不仅辐射剂量降低68%,同时造影剂用量降低30.7%,降低对比剂危害风险并节省费用,保证诊断图像质量值得临床推广。      

个性化造影剂注射方案在提升肺动脉CTA生物应用安全性的价值研究

目的:研究个性化造影剂注射方案在提升肺动脉CTA生物应用安全性的价值。资料与方法:前瞻性纳入亭林医院2018年1月至2020年6月临床怀疑肺动脉栓塞的患者50例作为研究对象,将患者分配到A组和B组。A组为常规组,注射方案为:20 mL生理盐水+50 mL造影剂+30 mL生理盐水,注射速率均为4.5 mL/s。B组为个性化组,注射方案为:20 mL生理盐水+（造影剂注射剂量=体重×0.6 mL）+30 mL生理盐水,造影剂注射速率=造影剂注射剂量/10 s;生理盐水注射速率均为4.5 mL/s。采用独立样本的t检验,比较两组间的年龄、身高、体重、造影剂注射剂量和注射速率、肺动脉主干及左右肺动脉内的CT值、图像质量主观评分等数据。采用Kappa检验评价两名医师间对所得图像质量主观评价的一致性。结果:两组间年龄、身高、体重差异无统计学意义;两组间的造影剂注射剂量和速率差异有统计学意义;两组间肺动脉主干及左右肺动脉内的CT值、图像质量主观评分无统计学意义;Kappa检验评价两名医师图像质量主观评分一致性高度一致,Kappa=0.80。结论:在保证肺动脉CTA图像质量的前提下,给体重≤ 75 kg的患者采用个性化注射方案,可以有效减少造影剂注射剂量,减缓注射速率,从而降低造影剂给患者带来的潜在生物应用安全性风险。      

对比剂注射方案优化联合低管电压在 主动脉CTA中的探讨

目的:探讨对比剂注射方案优化联合低管电压在主动脉CT血管成像（CTA）中应用的可行性。方法:临床行主动脉CTA检查患者80例,根据对比剂碘浓度及管电压分为A、B两组（n=40）,A组根据对比剂碘浓度及注射速率分A1组和A2组（n=20）。A1组,注射300 mgI/mL北陆碘海醇溶液、注射速率4 mL/s,管电压100 kV;A2组,注射300 mgI/mL北陆碘海醇溶液、注射速率3.5 m L/s,管电压100 k V。B组,注射350 mgI/mL北陆碘海醇溶液、注射速率3.5 m L/s、管电压120 k V。其他扫描参数,注射对比剂容量,重建方式,自动管电流调节技术一致。采用两独立样本t检验（非正态分布采用Mann-Whitney U检验）来比较两组的临床资料、CT的辐射剂量、主观及客观评价图像质量等指标。结果:A组与B组比较,在年龄、性别、体质量指数（BMI）均无统计学差异（P>0.05）;在图像质量上主观评价及客观评价亦无统计学意义（P>0.05）,B组CNR优于A组均达到诊断要求,测量主动脉各段的CT值均>300 HU;A组与B组辐射剂量有显著统计学意义（P<0.05）,A组比B组有效辐射剂量（ED）降低了17.73%;在对比剂碘含量上A组比B组减少了14.29%。结论:注射300 mgI/mL碘海醇溶液、注射速率3.5 m L/s联合低管电压（100 kV）在主动脉CTA检查中取得了满意的图像质量,为临床提供了精准诊断依据,不仅降低了辐射剂量,还降低了碘含量。      

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.