滇西南地区现代构造应力场分析

利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法，获得滇西南地区20个构造应力张量数据，并通过与由震源机制解资料求解该地区平均应力场结果的对比，获得了研究区现代构造应力场特征:镇源——营盘山断裂以西至龙陵断裂带以南地区，最大主压应力方向为北北东，应力结构以走滑型为主；龙陵断裂带及其以北的局部地区，最大主压应力方向为近南北或北北西，应力结构为走滑型．      

汶川MS8.0级地震断层滑动机制研究

汶川M_S8.0级地震的发震构造为龙门山断裂带,地震地表破裂主要分布在其中的北川－映秀断裂和江油－灌县断裂上,尤其是沿前者发育了长达240 km左右的地表破裂带.通过对龙门山断裂带震后断层擦痕的测量,得到311条断层擦痕数据,利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的计算方法,得到研究区8个测点的构造应力张量数据,并获得了研究区构造应力场特征：区域现代构造应力场以近水平挤压为主,最大主应力方向（σ1）为76°～121°,平均倾角9°,应力结构以逆断型为主.受构造应力场及断层几何特征的影响,地表破裂呈现出分段性：映秀—北川段主要以NW盘逆冲为主,垂直位移明显;北川以北段为逆冲兼走滑,水平位移量与垂直位移量基本相当,或水平位移略大.     

乌鲁木齐地区活动断层滑动与现代构造应力场

通过对乌鲁木齐地区大量活动断层擦痕的测量，利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的计算方法，获得研究区5个测点的构造应力张量数据，并通过与由震源机制解资料求得的该地区平均应力场结果的对比，获得了研究区现代构造应力场特征：区域现代构造应力场以水平挤压为主，最大主压应力方向（σ1）为近南北向，应力结构以逆断型为主。     

海原、六盘山断裂带至银川断陷第四纪构造应力场分析

利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量从而确定出海原、六盘山断裂带至银川断陷的第四纪两期构造应力场 :早更新世末期以前 ,为北东—南西挤压型构造应力场 ,由此造成该地区断裂活动主要以逆断为主 ;早更新世末期至中更新世以后 ,构造应力场发生了调整 ,主压应力方向由早期的北东—南西改变为北东东—南西西 ,应力结构由挤压型转变为走滑型 ,并导致断裂活动由早期的逆断为主变为走滑为主 ,这种应力场格局一直持续至今。研究区现代构造应力场可划分为 :海原断裂带走滑应力区、六盘山逆断 -走滑混合应力区和银川断陷拉张应力区     

南北地震带震源机制解与构造应力场特征

南北地震带作为中国大陆地应力场一级分区的边界,其构造应力场的研究对理解大陆强震机理、构造变形和地震应力的相互作用具有重要意义.本文收集南北地震带1970—2014年的震源机制解819条,按照全球应力图的分类标准对震源机制解进行分类,发现其空间分布特征与地质构造活动性质比较吻合.P轴水平投影指示了活动块体的运动方向,T轴水平投影在川滇块体及邻近地区空间差异特征最为突出,存在顺时针旋转的趋势.南北地震带的最大水平主应力方向具有明显的分区特征,北段为NE向走滑类型的应力状态,中段为NEE—EW—NWW向的逆冲类型,南段为SE—SSE—NS—NNE向走滑和正断类型,在川滇块体的北部和西边界应力状态为EW—SE—SSE的正断层类型,表明来自印度板块的NNE或NE向的水平挤压应力和青藏高原物质东向滑移沿大型走滑断裂带向SE向平移的复合作用控制了南北地震带的岩石圈应力场.川滇块体西边界正断层类型应力状态范围与高分辨率地震学观测得到的中下地壳低速带范围基本吻合,青藏高原向东扩张的塑性物质流与横向边界(丽江—小金河断裂带)的弱化易于应变能的释放,在局部地区使NS向拉张的正断层向EW向拉张正断层转变.反演得到的应力状态基本上与各种类型地震的破裂方式比较吻合,也进一步验证反演结果的可靠性,可为地球动力学过程的模拟和活动断层滑动性质的厘定提供参考.     

analyzing the variation characteristics of stress field in hetao seismic belt using focal mechanism data

Based on analysis of background of geological tectonic movement and strong earthquake activity, we first obtained the focal mechanism solutions using amplitude ratio and CAP method, then determined the characteristic of average stress field of the study area by inversion of the stress field. On this basis, we selected the source mechanism consistency parameter as the inspection index to obtain the latest changes of stress field in Hetao seismic zone based on its temporal and spatial analysis. Two methods were used in the stress field inversion for comparison and analysis, which are average stress axis tensor and LSIB(Linear stress inversion bootstrap, LSIB). According to the geological tectonic movement and focal mechanism solutions of M_S≥4.0 earthquakes from 1970, we judge that the stress field evolution process of Hetao seismic belt is controlled jointly by vertical difference movement and horizontal shear movement, resulting in that the normal fault and strike-slip fault mechanisms are dominating.Taking into account the station layout of the study area, and in order to ensure the accuracy of calculation, we calculated 224 earthquakes focal mechanism solutions by using amplitude ratio and CAP method, including 164 earthquakes with 2.8≤M_L<3.5, 42 earthquakes with 3.5≤M_L<4.0, and 18 earthquakes with M_L≥4.0; The statistical results on type of focal mechanisms show that, there are 142 strike-slip earthquakes(63.4%), 50 normal fault earthquakes(22.3%)and 32 thrust fault earthquakes(14.3%). In this study period(from 2001 to 2012), most earthquakes had a strike-slip mechanism in Hetao seismic belt, this is one of the inherent characteristics of the stress field.The result of average stress axis tensor and LSIB shows that, the azimuth of maximum compressional stress is 47°～52°, direction is NE-SW; The azimuth of minimum compressional stress is 313°～322°, direction is NW-SE; This indicates that, the stress field characteristics of Hetao seismic belt and its sub-block are not completely consistent. Linhe Basin exhibits coordinated stress field characteristics with Hetao seismic belt, but Hubao Basin exhibits regional differences, direction of compressive stress has clockwise deflection in Baotou area, and the compressive stress direction is NEE. This heteropical character of stress field is also confirmed by horizontal projection distribution of stress axis of historical strong earthquakes and recent moderate and small earthquakes. Since 2003, the temporal sequence curve of consistency parameter of Hetao seismic belt had a downward trend, this change was caused by focal mechanism consistency parameter of Linhe to Wuhai area, which indicates that this structural position is possible to be a priority area for stress accumulation and accelerated release in future.     

长江带现代地震构造应力场分布特征

根据长江带76个地震震源机制解与17个小震综合断层面解的结果统计分析,得到该带地震应力场主应力方向的优势分布。表明该带处于北东东—南东东向挤压和北北西—近南北向引张的构造应力作用之中。在力的性质上,该带水平张应力高于水平压应力,斜向压应力又高于斜向张应力,与华北地区比较,主应力方向相对向东南方向偏转,该带水平力和斜力所占比例均高于华北地区,同时讨论了该带中三个分区的现代构造应力场分布及它们的力源关系。     

Evolution characteristics of Quaternary tectonic stress field in the north and east margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau

By inversion of fault slip data for Quaternary tectonic stress field and the analysis of crustal deformation after late Teriary, we explained the evolution of crustal dynamic about the north and east margin of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau since Miocene. From middle or late Miocene to early Pleistocene, the tectonic stress field was featured by a maximum principal compression which was coming from the collision of India Plate perpendicular to the boundary of the plateau, and was basically of reverse faulting type. Since the late period of early Pleistocene, India Plate continued to push northward and the compressional deformation of the plateau interior increased continuously, meanwhile, NW-SE extension appeared on the east side of the plateau. This formed a favorable condition for the interior block of the plateau to slide towards east and southeast, causing the faults surrounding the plateau to change from thrust to strike-slip. The contemporary tectonic stress field was formed from the late period of early Pleistocene and continued to present. The direction of maximum principal compressional stress rotated clockwise with respect to the previous tectonic stress field, the stress field was mainly of strike-slip type.     

关于阿尔金北缘活动断裂带运动方式的转变机制的讨论

通过对构造变形、构造空间展布关系、断面产状变化以及构造应力场等的综合分析研究认为,阿尔金北缘活动断裂带在第四纪内的运动方式经历了由挤压逆掩为主（早更新世—中更新世初期）到左旋走滑兼具挤压逆冲（中更新世中、晚期）直至纯左旋走滑运动（晚更新世—现今）的逐渐转变过程．作用于这种转变,研究区内区域构造应力场的演变大致可以划分为三期,其主压应力轴方向由老至新依次为近南北向、北北东向和北东向．构造应力场和断裂带运动方式的这些变化主要是由于印度板块持续向北推挤导致青藏高原内部次级块体向东滑动、岩石圈物质向东流展而造成的．     

EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECANISMS IN THE DALIANGSHAN SUB-BLOCK AND ADJACENT AREAS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGIONAL STRESS FIELD

The Daliangshan sub-block is a boundary region among the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block. It hosts four major fault systems:The southwest to south trending Xianshuihe-Zemuhe Fault zone in the west, the Longmenshan fault zone is the northern boundary, the Zhaotong-Lianfeng fault zone in the south, and the NS-trending Mabian-Yanjin fault zone in the east. This study focused on focal mechanisms and the regional stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block to help understand the earthquake preparation process, tectonic deformation and seismic stress interaction in this area. We collected broadband waveform records from the Sichuan Seismic Network and used multiple 1-D velocity models to determine the focal mechanisms of moderate and large earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.5)in the Daliangshan sub-block by using the CAP method. Results for 276 earthquakes from Jan 2010 to Aug 2016 show that the earthquakes are dominated by strike-slip and trust faulting, very few events have normal faulting and the mixed type. We then derived the regional distribution of the stress field through a damp linear inversion(DRSSI)using the focal mechanisms obtained in this study. Inversion results for the spatial pattern of the stress field in the block suggest that the entire region is predominantly under strike-slip and trust faulting regimes, largely consistent with the focal mechanisms. The direction of maximum compression axes is NW-NWW, and part of the area is slightly rotated, which is consistent with the GPS velocity field. Combining geodynamic background, this work suggests that because the Sichuan-Yunnan block is moving to SE and the Tibetan plateau to SE-E along major strike-slip faults, the stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block and its adjacent regions is controlled jointly by the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block.     

赣北地区中小地震震源机制分析

利用Snoke方法计算赣北地区2008—2015年11个M_L≥3.0中小地震震源机制。结果表明,其P轴和T轴方向与该区域构造应力场基本一致。赣北地区以近EW向挤压、近NS向拉张的构造应力为主。区域内断层错综复杂,以走滑、正断型为主。其中九江—瑞昌地区受襄樊—广济断裂、郯庐断裂相互作用,在方向稳定的构造应力作用下,易发生走滑型为主的地震。     

首都圈地区震源机制解及现今构造应力场时空变化特征研究

基于2009年1月至2017年11月首都圈地区发生的8 061个地震事件的23 293条P波初动极性数据,采用改进的格点尝试法计算了首都圈地区单次地震的震源机制解和小震综合断层面解。在初步分析这些数据的基础上,利用计算得到的单次地震的震源机制解和搜集到的已有历史地震的震源机制解数据,运用线性反演法对首都圈地区构造应力场的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果显示:① 研究区的地震震源机制解类型以走滑型为主,正断型次之,这些地震震源机制解的P轴方位大都为ENE向和近EW向,与该地区的构造应力场方向基本一致,仅有个别地震的P轴方位为NNW向;② 首都圈地区的构造应力场具有较好的一致性和连续性,最大主应力轴方位由西部的ENE向至东部的近EW向呈现顺时针旋转的趋势,应力类型整体上为走滑型,这与以往的研究结果相一致;③ 通过与已有研究结果相比较认为:京西北地区现今构造应力场是相对稳定的,最大主应力轴未呈明显改变;唐山地区和北京地区的构造应力场（最大主应力轴）在1976年唐山地震前后可能发生了变化,唐山地震后一年至今（1977—2017年）是否发生变化,依据现有的计算结果尚不得而知,需要更多的研究来进一步验证.      

汶川MS8.0地震前后龙门山及其 邻区构造应力场时空分布特征

基于2000年7月—2009年6 月龙门山及其邻区的震源机制解资料, 采用Gephart & Forsyth方法, 反演得到了汶川地震前后该地区构造应力主方向的空间分布. 结果显示: 沿鲜水河断裂带及其北部地区, 构造应力场变化显著, 区域构造应力的最大主应力方位由NNW变为NW, 断层错动类型由正断型兼走滑型变为走滑型; 沿龙门山断裂带的构造应力最大主应力方向仍然为近EW和NE向, 但其EW向范围在向NE方向扩张, 其南部汶川地震震中附近异常带范围在收缩. 另一方面, 对上述时间段龙门山及其邻区不同时段构造应力场的反演结果表明, 其构造应力场的特征参数(包括R值、 应力洛德参数μ′以及3个主应力的方位角和仰角等)均从第13时窗开始出现显著变化, 这表明第13时窗(2006年12月—2007年1月)是一个构造应力显著变化的特征窗口. 在该时窗内, 地震能量积累达到一个临界状态, 是汶川M_S8.0地震发生的时间节点.      

辽宁地区震源机制解及应力场特征的研究

收集整理了前人所做的辽宁地区震源机制解结果，又利用近震Ｐ波初动资料，求行了本区１３个较大地震的断层面解，并在此基础上，对区域应力场特征进行了研究。通过对本区２３个（３．５≤Ｍ≤７．５）地震震源机制解资料的统计，其结果表明，本区构造应力场主压应力轴（Ｐ）集中于ＮＥＥ向，主张应力轴（Ｔ）为ＮＮＷ向，断层面所受的力以水平分量占优势，Ｎ轴仰角大多较陡，其断层活动以走滑借动为主。     

PRELIMINARY APPLICATION OF FOCAL MECHANISM SOLUTIONS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZE EARTHQUAKES TO FAULT STABILITY ANALYSIS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU

Analysis of stress state of faults is helpful to understand crustal mechanical properties and seismicity. In the paper, we invert the horizontal crustal stress field in the southeastern Tibetan plateau using focal mechanism solutions of small and medium-size earthquakes, and apply them to estimate the stability of regional major faults. Firstly, we collect focal mechanism solutions of small and medium-sized earthquakes in the southeastern Tibetan plateau. The dataset includes more than 1 000 focal mechanism solutions in the past twenty years. Magnitudes of these earthquakes vary from M3.0 to M6.0. Most of the focal mechanism solutions were determined using waveform inversion technique. Although most of focal mechanism solutions in the southeastern Tibetan plateau are strike-slip faulting, their spatial pattern is different in sub-regions. Normal faulting earthquakes mainly occurred in the western Sichuan region, reverse faulting earthquakes mainly occurred in the boundary zone between the Tibetan plateau and the South China craton, and strike-slip faulting earthquakes mainly occurred in the central and southern Yunnan region. Next, we settle on a mesh with grid spacing of 0.5° in longitude and latitude in the region and invert the horizontal crustal stress field at each grid point. Spatial variation of the maximum principal stress axis in the southeastern Tibetan plateau shows a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalaya syntax. The azimuth of maximum compressional stress axis is about 88.1° in the western Sichuan region, about 124.6° in the South China craton, and about 21.6° in the western and southern Yunnan region. The azimuth of regional maximum compressional stress is nearly parallel to the direction of terrain elevation gradient, and that of the minimum compressional stress is nearly parallel to the tangential direction of the topographic elevation contours. The spatial pattern reflects the control role of gravity spreading of the Tibetan plateau on the regional horizontal stress field. Finally, we analyzed regional fault stability based on these collected focal mechanism solutions. The fault instability parameter (I) is defined based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion and indicates the degree of fault approximating to rupture. The instability parameters on fourteen major faults in the southeastern Tibetan plateau were calculated. Our results show that the stability of the Lianfeng-Zhaotong Fault is the lowest before 2014 in the region, which indicates the fault zone is close to rupture at that time. Our results provide a new useful tool to assess regional seismic potential using dense focal mechanism solutions.     

川滇菱形块体中部现今构造应力场精确求解

自Global CMT和前人文献中搜索了1973～2015年间的34条中小地震震源机制解并进行分析,根据震级对每个地震震源机制解进行加权处理,采用网格搜索法反演了川滇菱形块体中部区域现今构造应力场。结果表明,川滇菱形块体中部区域整体以走滑断层类型为主,而西部呈现正断层类型;整个区域应力场受到近NW向挤压,NE向拉张,应力形因子为0.1。该区域应力场主张应力轴方向近水平,表明有横向的拉张作用。较低的应力形因子表明几乎处于NW-SE向和垂直向的双轴挤压及NE-SW向拉张的应力状态。这种应力状态来源于2种动力作用:(1)在青藏高原物质东流和华南块体阻挡作用下呈现NW-SE向挤压和NE-SW向拉张的走滑应力状态;(2)印度板块缅甸弧对该地区深部的NEE向低角度俯冲作用导致浅部地壳物质具有NEE-SWW向的拉张分量。这2种动力的共同作用导致该地区既出现走滑型地震,又出现正断型地震。     

2019年6月17日长宁MS6.0地震序列震源区二维构造应力场特征研究

使用近震波形反演方法求解2019年6月17日四川长宁Ms6.0地震序列的震源机制解和震源深度, 共得到30个可靠的M>3.0地震震源机制解和震源深度, 结合该地区已有的震源机制解, 开展震源区构造应力场反演, 小尺度探讨震源区的构造应力环境。 反演结果显示, 震中附近区域主要以逆冲型应力性质为主, 局部地区包括少量走滑分量以及混合类型。 最大主压应力方向主要以NEE向或NE向为主。 在筠连以东地区, 不同于北部的逆冲型, 应力性质以走滑型兼少量混合类型为主, 最大主压应力方向近EW向。 构造应力场方向与形成长宁背斜的构造应力存在一定交角, 2019年长宁6.0级地震可能是由NE或NEE向近水平应力挤压产生的该地区滑脱面之上背斜核部的逆断层活动造成的。     

震源机制与应力体系关系模拟研究

为理解震源机制和所作用的应力张量之间的关系,模拟了东西向挤压、垂直向拉张的挤压应力体系,南北向挤压、东西向拉张的走滑应力体系和垂直向挤压、东西向拉张的拉张应力体系所产生震源机制及其剪应力和正应力的表现.结果表明:挤压应力体系可以产生逆断型、走滑型和逆走滑型的震源机制,并随着应力形因子R的增大,逆断型震源机制数目逐渐减小,而走滑型和逆走滑型震源机制数目逐渐增加;走滑应力体系兼有各种类型的震源机制,随着R值的增大,正断型和正走滑型震源机制数目逐渐减小,而逆断型和逆走滑型震源机制数目逐渐增加;拉张应力体系兼有正断型、走滑型和正走滑型震源机制,随着R值的增加,正断型震源机制数目逐渐增加,而走滑型和正走滑型震源机制数目逐渐减小.挤压应力体系在震源机制节面上的最大剪应力分布在R=0时沿倾角45°分布,随着R值增大至1,逐渐演变为沿着以(0°,90°)和(180°,90°)为中心的圆弧分布;拉张应力体系的最大剪应力分布则随着R值自0增大至1,最大剪应力自以(0°,90°)和(180°,90°)为中心的圆弧分布逐渐演变为沿倾角45°分布;走滑应力体系则随着R值自0增大至1,最大剪应力自以(0°,90°)和(180°,90°)为中心的圆弧分布逐渐演变为以(90°,90°)为中心的圆弧分布.三种应力体系所表现的震源机制P,T轴分布呈现复杂多样性:R越小,震源机制的T轴分布在拉张主应力周围的区域范围越小,而P轴分布在挤压轴周围的区域范围越大,R=0.5时两者分布区域范围均衡,R超过0.5时越接近1,震源机制的P轴分布在挤压主应力周围的区域范围越小,而T轴分布在拉张轴附近的区域范围越大.     

Stress Patterns in Northern Iraq and Surrounding Regions from Formal Stress Inversion of Earthquake Focal Mechanism Solutions

The collision zone between the Arabian and Eurasian plates is one of the most seismically active regions. Northern Iraq represents the northeastern part of the Arabian plate that has a suture zone with the Turkish and Iranian plates called the Bitlis–Zagros suture zone. The orientations of the principal stress axes can be estimated by the formal stress inversion of focal mechanism solutions. The waveform moment tensor inversion method was used to derive a focal mechanism solution of 65 earthquakes with magnitudes range from 3.5 to 5.66 in the study area. From focal mechanism solutions, the direction of slip and the orientations of the moment stress axes (P, N, and T) on the causative fault surface during an earthquake were determined. The dataset of the moment stress axes have been used to infer the regional principal stress axes (σ ₁, σ ₂, and σ ₃) by the formal stress inversion method. Two inversion methods, which are the new right dihedron and the rotational optimization methods, were used. The results show that six stress regime categories exist in the study area. However, the most common tectonic regimes are the strike-slip faulting (43.94 %), unspecified oblique faulting (27.27 %), and thrust faulting (13.64 %) regimes. In most cases, the strike-slip movement on the fault surfaces consists of left-lateral (sinistral) movement. The normal faulting is located in one small area and is due to a local tensional stress regime that develops in areas of strike-slip displacements as pull-apart basins. The directions of the horizontal stress axes show that the compressional stress regime at the Bitlis–Zagros suture zone has two directions. One is perpendicular to the suture zone near the Iraq–Iran border and the second is parallel in places as well as perpendicular in others to the suture zone near the Iraq–Turkey border. In addition, the principal stress axes in the Sinjar area near the Iraq–Syria border have a E–W direction. These results are compatible with the tectonic setting of the Arabian–Eurasian continental collision zone and the anticlockwise rotation of the Arabian plate that is evidently responsible for the strike-slip displacements on fault surfaces.     

Seismicity constraints on stress regimes along Sinai subplate boundaries

The relative movement between African, Arabian and Eurasian plates has significantly controlled the tectonic process of Sinai subplate region, although its kinematics and precise boundaries are still doubtful. The respective subplate bounded on both sides by the Aqaba-Dead Sea transform fault to the east and the Gulf of Suez, the only defined part, to the west. Seismicity parameters, moment magnitude relation and fault plane solutions were combined to determine the active tectonics along the aforementioned boundaries. Seven shallow seismogenic zones were defined by the heterogeneity in stress field orientations. Along the eastern boundary, the average fault plane solution obtained from the moment tensor summation (MTS) reveals a sinistral strike-slip faulting mechanism. The corresponding seismic strain rate tensor showed that the present tectonic stress producing earthquakes along the boundary is dominated by both NW-SE compression and NE-SW dilatation. Towards the north, the average focal mechanism showed a normal faulting mechanism of N185°E compression and an N94°E extension in the Carmel Fairi seismic zone. On the other hand, the active crustal deformation along the western boundary (Gulf of Suez region) showed a prevailing tensional stress regime of NE to ENE orientations; producing an average fault plane solution of normal faulting mechanism. The seismic strain rate tensor reveals a dominant stress regime of N58°E extension and N145°E compression in consistence with the general tectonic nature in northeastern Africa. Finally, the extensional to strike-slip stress regimes obtained in the present study emphasize that the deformation accommodated along the Sinai subplate boundaries are in consistence with the kinematics models along the plate boundaries representing the northern extremity part of the Red Sea region.