南海北部陆架海域内潮特征的观测研究

利用2014年南海东沙岛西北部海域70余天的流速剖面高频观测资料,研究分析了该海区正压潮、内潮的时空分布特征。结果表明,观测海区正压潮流以O_1,K_1,M_2,S_2为主;斜压潮流中,除四大分潮之外,MU_2与2Q_1分潮能量也较强;内潮的主轴方向基本沿东南-西北方向,近似与局地等深线垂直。全日内潮的锁相部分占全日内潮能量的17.5%,而半日内潮的锁相部分占半日内潮能量的30%;进一步研究发现半日内潮主要由第一模态主导,而全日内潮第二模态占比50%,约为其第一模态能量的两倍;内潮模态能量占比显示出显著的大小潮调制的半月周期。对比不同垂向模态计算方法发现,当流速观测深度有限时,利用全水深温盐资料计算观测范围内流速垂向模态是更为准确的方式。     

长江口、杭州湾及其邻近海区Lagrange环流的数值模拟研究Ⅰ——正压环流

将长江口、杭州湾及其邻近海域作为研究整体,建立该海区的三维Lagrange正压环流的分阶数值模式,综合考虑径流、东中国海背景环流、风应力和M2,S2,O1,K1 4大天文分潮的综合作用,运用"流速分解法"将环流分为正压梯度流、风生流、潮致余流及零阶环流的非线性耦合流等4个分量,模拟了冬夏两季长江口、杭州湾及其邻近海区的Lagrange正压环流结构.结果表明,零阶环流受东中国海背景环流控制;潮致余流是该海区一个重要分量;杭州湾内正压环流主要由风生流和潮致余流控制.     

内潮动力机制的数值研究

结合南沙群岛海域出现的内潮现象 ,利用一个两层数值模式 ,通过数值试验来探讨潮汐性质、水体的层结程度、跃层所在的深度、风应力等因子对陆架坡折处内潮特性的影响 ,结果表明 :内潮的波动周期只与海区的潮汐性质有关 ;风应力、非线性效应以及正压潮源地的深度等都可改变内潮的波动振幅 ;内潮的波动振幅随海区的水体层结程度及温跃层所在的深度不同而改变     

南海东沙岛西南大陆坡内潮特征

2008年4月-10月,在南海东沙岛西南大陆坡底部布放了1套全剖面锚系,同时沿大陆坡底部布放了3套近底锚系,应用谱分析和调和分析方法分析温度和海流连续观测资料,进而研究该海域的内潮特征.结果表明,东沙岛西南大陆坡存在强内潮现象,大陆坡底部温度变化受到内潮波的影响,上层海洋存在强日潮周期的内潮波振动;正压潮和斜压潮均以O...     

内潮动力机制的数值研究

结合南沙群岛海域出现的内潮现象,利用一个两层数值模式,通过数值试验来探讨潮汐性质,水体的层结程度,跃层所在的深度,风应力等因子对陆架坡折处内潮特性的影响,结果表明:内潮的波动周期只与海区的潮汐性质有关,风应力,非线性效应以及正压潮源地的深度等都可改变内潮的波动振幅,内潮的波动振幅随海区的水体层结构程度及温跃层所在的深度不同而改变。     

吐噶喇海峡内潮的能量收支和大小潮变化

吐噶喇海峡是西北太平洋重要的内潮产生区域,该区域内产生的内潮对于东海陆架和西北太平洋的混合和物质输运有十分重要的作用。水平分辨率为3km的JCOPE-T(JapanCoastalOcean PredictabilityExperiment—Tides)水动力学模式的结果表明,吐噶喇海峡的内潮主要产生在地形变化剧烈的海山和海岛附近,其引起的等密面起伏振幅可达30m。吐噶喇海峡的内潮在垂直于等深线方向分为两支向外传播:一支向西北方向传播,进入东海陆架后迅速减小;另一支向东南方向传播,进入西北太平洋。吐噶喇海峡潮能丰富,其在约半个月内的平均输入的净正压潮能通量为13.92GW,其中约有3.73GW转化为内潮能量。生成的内潮能量有77.2%在当地耗散,传出的内潮能通量为0.84GW,主要通过西北和东南两个边界传出。该区域潮能通量有显著的大小潮变化,大潮期间输入的正压潮净能通量和产生的内潮能通量均约为小潮期间的2倍,但其主要产生区域基本不变,且内潮能量耗散比率均在产生的内潮通量的76%—79%。另外,内潮能通量的传播方向也没有发生变化,仍主要通过西北和东南两个边界传出。因此,大小潮的变化仅影响吐噶喇海峡处产生的内潮能量的大小,不影响其产生区域、传播方向和耗散比率。     

台湾东北部地形共振对M2内潮演化影响的数值模拟研究

<正>压潮流、突变海底地形和稳定层结结构是内潮生成的主要因素。台湾东北部海域地形结构多变,正压潮流较强,形成复杂的内潮场。本文通过ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)模式,研究了台湾东北部海域两源区共振条件下内潮的生成、传播和耗散混合过程。结果表明:在台湾东北部海域,Mien-Hua海底峡谷与I-lan海脊是M2内潮重要的生成源区,源区之间的距离与M2内潮水平波长相当,满足共振条件并增强了内潮的生成和耗散。本文通过敏感性试验,探讨模式水平分辨率与不同季节的层化对源区共振过程的影响,数值实验表明,高分辨率的数值模式可以更好地刻画小尺度的地形结构,对复杂地形条件下内潮生成和传播过程的数值模拟十分必要;不同季节的海水层化结构在本质上不改变两源区间的共振关系,但层化强弱对内潮能量的生成具有一定程度的影响。     

黄、东海环流的数值研究Ⅲ——正压环流的数值模拟

依据黄、东海环流的的动力学模型 ,运用“流速分解法”对黄、东海正压环流进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明冬季黄海正压环流主要受风应力影响 ,基本形态为黄海暖流由济州岛西南进入南黄海中部 ,其东西两侧分别为两支向南流动的沿岸流 ;夏季主要受到潮致体力的影响 ,为一逆时针涡旋。东海环流主要是边界力作用驱动的结果 ,东海黑潮、台湾暖流和对马暖流较稳定。冬季风应力对东海环流表层流场有消弱作用 ,在夏季则有一定增强作用。     

基于浮标观测的南海西沙群岛潟湖区潮流特征研究

本文利用南海西沙群岛潟湖区29 d的全水深浮标观测资料研究了潟湖区内正压潮和内潮的基本特征,采用深度平均方法分析海流的适用性,并讨论潟湖区内潮的主要来源。深度平均流的动能谱显示全日潮流占主导,其动能占整体海流动能的41%。对比分析深度平均流和Tpxo7.2模式预测的全日、半日潮流的调和常数,两者均表明全日正压潮流受地形调制,主轴方向为西北?东南向,而半日正压潮流主轴方向为东?西向。两种方法得到的全日正压潮流大?小潮存在半个相位（6～7 d）的差异,进一步分析发现全日正压潮和全日内潮潮龄不同,存在部分相互抵消,且全日内潮大潮发生时间在深度上存在差异,推测由于缺少海表和海底的测量数据,导致深度平均方法得到的全日正压潮仍然包含全日内潮信号。调和分析结果表明,全日内潮的动能中相干部分占比高达91%,说明潟湖区的全日内潮是正压潮与局地岛礁地形相互作用产生,而从远场传播而来的可能性很小。     

渤海海峡水动力分布特征研究

本文采用三维数值模拟的方法,研究了渤海海峡潮位、潮流特征以及各水道的潮通量。结果表明:渤海海峡潮时整体由南向北延迟,南部与北部相差约40 min;渤海海峡潮波兼具前进波和驻波性质,一个潮周期内两次高低潮流速相差较大,最大流速位于老铁山水道,大部分落潮时潮流由北黄海流向渤海,涨潮时相反;落急时表层流速明显大于底层,涨急时表底层流速变化不明显;渤海海峡大潮期落潮潮通量大于涨潮潮通量,总潮通量约1 224.939 6×10~8 m~3,老铁山水道的潮通量占整个海峡潮通量的68.13%。     

The generation of internal waves by the barotropic tide at an oceanic ridge

The generation of internal waves by the barotropic tide in a two-layer ocean of variable depth is studied within the framework of the linear theory of long waves in view of the Coriolis force. The relationships between the internal wave amplitude, the angle of climb of the barotropic tide, and the bottom elevation geometry are studied.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

The generation of internal waves by the diurnal barotropic tide in the area of extensive irregularity of the bottom topography

The generation of internal waves by the barotropic tide in a two-layer ocean of variable depth is studied within the framework of the linear theory of long waves in view of the Coriolis force. A barotropic wave climbs at an arbitrary angle to the axis of the extensive ridge with constantly varying profile. The relationships between the amplitudes of the generated internal waves, the location of the ridge, and the angle of climb of the barotropic tide are studied. The analogous research is given in refs 1 and 2.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov. UDK 532.59.     

Generation of internal waves by barotropic tidal flow over a steep ridge

A three-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model is used to study the generation of internal waves by the barotropic tidal flow over a steep two-dimensional ridge in an ocean with strong upper-ocean stratification. The process is examined by varying topographic width, amplitude of the barotropic tide, and stratification at three ridge heights. The results show that a large amount of energy is converted from the barotropic tide to the baroclinic wave when the slope parameter, defined as the ratio of the maximum ridge slope to the maximum wave slope, is greater than 1. The energy flux of internal waves can be normalized by the vertical integral of the buoyancy frequency over the ridge depths and the kinetic energy of the barotropic tides in the water column. A relationship between the normalized energy flux and the slope parameter is derived. The normalized energy flux reaches a constant value independent of the slope parameter when the slope parameter is greater than 1.5. It is inferred that internal wave generation is most efficient at the presence of strong upper-ocean stratification over a steep, tall ridge. In the Luzon Strait, the strength of the shallow thermocline and the location of the Kuroshio front could affect generation of internal solitary waves in the northern South China Sea.     

Tidal observations on the West Coast,South Island,New Zealand

Harmonic tidal constants, calculated from sea surface elevation observations at Jackson Bay on the West Coast of the South Island, are consistent with available semi‐diurnal and diurnal tidal phase distributions. Current observations taken over a 111 day period at mid‐depth in 1505 m of water on the southern flank of the Challenger Plateau and over a 240 day period in 1430 m of water on the South Island western coast continental slope, are subject to tidal analysis. At both sites there is a component of energy flux directed across the isobaths and only at the northern site for the M2 tide is the phase consistent with a dominant progressive barotropic tide. The successive 30 day harmonic constants at the southern continental slope site exhibit a trend in the M2 tidal ellipse speed and ellipticity suggesting the presence of a regular internal tide. Superposition of ‘internal tidal’ and barotropic tidal flows, as prescribed from progressive‐ and standing‐wave elevations, to fit the observations indicates that the ‘internal tide’ is probably associated with the first baroclinic mode. At the current‐meter depths the speeds of the ‘internal tide’ for the M2 tide are about the same as the barotropic speeds, whereas, the S2 ‘internal tide’ speeds are larger than those of the barotropic tide. The consistency of the trend in ellipse parameters lends support to the theoretical progressive trapped barotropic tidal flows being a good approximation to the actual barotropic tide. Some support for the hypothesis that the S2 tide on the West Coast of New Zealand has a substantial standing wave contribution is given by the northern observations, where the ratio of the S2: M2 internal tidal ellipse current amplitudes are substantially larger than the ratio of the elevations, the internal tide being generated by across‐isobath flows.     

Generation of internal waves in a three-layer ocean

Within the framework of the linear theory of long waves taking into account the action of the Coriolis force, we solve the problem of generation of internal waves by a barotropic tide impinging on a bottom irregularity of the sea-ridge type. The cross section of the ridge is assumed to be rectangular and the stratification of the ocean is regarded as stepwise with two thermoclines (three-layer model). We study the dependences of the characteristics of generated waves on the parameters of stratification and the period of the impinging barotropic tide. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The impact of the M2 internal tide on data-assimilative model estimates of the surface tide

We use a synthetic data experiment to assess the accuracy of ocean tides estimated from satellite altimetry data, with emphasis on the impact of the phase-locked internal tide, which has a surface expression of several centimeters near its sites of genesis. Previous tidal estimates have regarded this signal as a random measurement error; however, it is deterministic and not scale-separated from the barotropic (surface) tide around complex bathymetric features. The synthetic data experiments show that the internal tide has a negligible impact on the barotropic tidal fields inferred under these circumstances, and the barotropic dissipation (a quadratic functional of the tidal fields) is in good agreement with the energetics of the three-dimensional regional primitive equations model which is the source of the synthetic data.     

On the detectability of internal tides in Drake Passage

The Southern Ocean hosts significant topographic mixing that might be associated with internal tides. Tidal signals are evident in bottom temperature at 1000 m in Drake Passage, suggesting that internal tides with an amplitude of between ∼20 and 200 m may be present. Various necessary conditions for internal tide generation show that the steep topography in and around Drake Passage can initiate internal tides, and recent global tide models have suggested this region to generate very large interface displacements. Here, we present an attempt to detect internal tides in Drake Passage. During the last 10 years, combinations of bottom pressure recorders and inverted echo sounders have been deployed in the region. The bottom pressure recorders measure predominantly the barotropic tide; the inverted echo sounders measure travel time from sea bed to sea surface and therefore are influenced both by sea level (barotropic tide) and internal sound speed (internal tide). By subtracting one from the other, the internal tide should be detectable. Although the technique works successfully around Hawaii, it does not prove the existence of large internal tides in Drake Passage. The detectability of the internal tidal signal in Drake Passage is investigated using a six-layer one-dimensional model to simulate the bottom pressure and travel time signals of a semi-diurnal tide. The temperature and salinity stratification in Drake Passage is sufficiently weak that large vertical excursions are necessary to produce a signal in travel time detectable above the noise in Drake Passage. An internal tide of at least 70 or 20 m in northern and southern Drake Passage, respectively, would be detected. The fact that these are, perhaps surprisingly, not detected by the combination of bottom pressure and travel time, constrains the internal tides in Drake Passage to be ∼20 m in southern Drake Passage, and between 20 and 70 m in northern Drake Passage. The model also predicts that satellite altimetry would not be able to detect internal tides in Drake Passage, but would in the Brazil Basin and Hawaii regions.     

The internal tide of the Gareloch,a Scottish Fjord

Previous observations in the Gareloch, a Scottish silled fjord, have identified yet failed to explain the baroclinic circulation pattern. Additional fieldwork was carried out in April 2005, showing the loch to be stratified with two distinct layers and currents in each layer 180° out of phase at the M₂ frequency. The currents did not display the expected sinusoidal signal that is characteristic of the tide and instead were pulsated and stronger than predicted by barotropic forcing. Fourier analysis showed that the flow was dominated by short period non-linear oscillations that were harmonics of the semi-diurnal tide. Two hydrostatic estuarine models were applied to the Gareloch: a 2D vertical model (SLICE) and a 3D model (ECOMSED). Both models were capable of reproducing the observed (2005) baroclinic circulation at the M₂ time scale but failed to simulate the higher frequency, non-linear oscillations. However, each model generated higher harmonics in idealised scenarios. Because lateral motion was negligible and SLICE was an order of magnitude more efficient than ECOMSED, the 2D model was used to simulate the higher harmonics and showed that their generation was attributed to the non-linear distortion of the internal tide. When the internal Froude number (determined by barotropic velocity, stratification and water depth) was increased from a sub-critical value, non-linear advection became more important and higher harmonics were generated. The internal tide was further modified by wave reflection and interaction off steep boundaries, and by flow over the sill.