Two Phases of Cenozoic Deformation in Northeastern Tibet: Thrusting Followed by Strike-Slip Faulting

TWO PHASES OF CENOZOIC DEFORMATION IN NORTHEASTERN TIBET: THRUSTING FOLLOWED BY STRIKE-SLIP FAULTING     

准噶尔西北缘斜向挤压构造与走滑断裂

古板块构造研究表明古生代以来,准噶尔地块以斜向方式拼合到阿尔泰（Altaids）造山带构造域内,导致准噶尔西北缘一直处在斜向挤压构造背景之下,并发育高角度逆冲推覆构造带以及横向走滑断裂。地面地质调查、遥感卫星影像解译、大地电磁测深剖面和地震剖面构造解释资料综合研究表明,准噶尔西北缘边界断裂为达拉布特左行走滑断裂,西北缘逆冲推覆构造带为基底卷入的高角度逆冲断裂褶皱带; 在与逆冲带走向相垂直方向,发育有北西向横向走滑断裂,这些断裂为同一斜向挤压构造背景下形成的同期构造,形成时间约在晚二叠到侏罗纪之间。大地电磁测深和地震剖面解释表明,达拉布特走滑断裂控制了西北缘高角度逆冲断裂的分布与性质。西北缘二维和三维地震剖面解释表明,横向走滑断裂样式为正花状构造或者负花状构造,同时具有向南东或北西方向逆冲和拉伸的特征。横向走滑断裂为西北缘逆冲构造南北方向分段的主要断裂,并控制了西北缘中生代地层的沉积。西北缘构造是形成于主边界断裂的斜向挤压作用,而基底卷入逆冲断裂则属非纯挤压形成的逆冲构造。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL DEFORMATION ALONG THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT ZONE AND UPLIFT OF THE ALTYN MOUNTAIN, NORTHERN TIBET

THREE-DIMENSIONAL DEFORMATION ALONG THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT ZONE AND UPLIFT OF THE ALTYN MOUNTAIN, NORTHERN TIBET     

TECTONO-SEDIMENTARY EVOLUTION OF THE TERTIARY BASINS IN EASTERN TIBET: CONSTRAINING THE RAISING OF TIBETAN PLATEAU

TECTONO-SEDIMENTARY EVOLUTION OF THE TERTIARY BASINS IN EASTERN TIBET: CONSTRAINING THE RAISING OF TIBETAN PLATEAU1　YinA ,HarrisonTM .TheTectonicEvolutionofAsia[M] ..Cambridge :CambridgeUniversityPress,1996 .4 4 2～ 4 85. 2　SunH ,ZhengD .FormationevolutionanddevelopmentofTibetanPlateau[M ] .Guangzhou :GuangdongScienceandTechnologyPress,1998.73～ 2 30 . 3　ShiY ,LiJ,LiB .UpliftandEnvironmentalChangesofTibetanPlateauintheLateCen…     

The influence of intrabasinal faults on the development of a linked thrust system

The Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks exposed in the Arve valley region of the External French Alps are used to assess the role of early intrabasinal faults on later thrust fault evolution. The early intrabasinal faults produced at some time from latest Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary strike parallel or subparallel to later Neo-Alpine thrusts. Where early faults dip away from the thrusts they are generally cut through and occasionally are overturned during this process. In one example extreme overturning has allowed partial reactivation. Early faults dipping in the same direction as thrusts may: a) be reactivated b) initiate ramping of the thrust ahead of the preexisting fault c) be cut through by the thrust d) cause pinning of the thrust at the footwall of the fault and folding against the fault as displacement continues (buttressing). From this work it is evident that intrabasinal faults exerted a major influence on the distribution of mechanical heterogeneities. These heterogeneities include variations of stratigraphic thickness and type across faults, fault-related unconformities and the presence of the fault itself. During the period of contraction such features strongly controlled the development of the stress field produced ahead of an advancing thrust and hence influenced the position of thrust fault propagation within the stratigraphy.     

黄骅盆地南部前第三系基底中的逆冲构造

黄骅盆地南部前第三系构造层中广泛发育有逆冲构造.其中西部的逆冲构造带以逆冲堆叠背形构造和逆冲叠瓦扇构造为主, 中部以楔冲双重构造和低角度盲冲或顺层滑脱构造为主, 东部以高角度板状逆冲叠瓦构造为主.这些逆冲构造带都表现为由SE向NW-MNW方向的逆冲, 而且由构造样式推测的拆离滑脱深度是由西向东逐渐加深, 表明在深层可能有一条向南东倾斜的拆离断层将它们连锁在一起, 构成统一的逆冲构造系统.从卷入逆冲构造的地层的地质时代推测, 逆冲构造主要是在早—中三叠世盆地发育之后、侏罗—白垩纪盆地形成之前形成的, 并在早—中侏罗世盆地发育过程中又有进一步活动.逆冲构造形成后又受到中—新生代时期的伸展构造和走滑构造的叠加和改造.控制黄骅盆地老第三纪伸展盆地的形成和演化的沧东断层的某些地段, 在前第三纪时期曾经是一条逆冲断层.      

THE BALANCED CROSS-SECTION AND SHORTENING IN QIANGTANG TERRAIN QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

THE BALANCED CROSS-SECTION AND SHORTENING IN QIANGTANG TERRAIN QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU     

湘桂地区中新生代走滑断裂系统对铀成矿的控制作用

湘桂地区是我国的重要铀成矿区之一。该区自中生代末期以来进入了全新的陆内走滑作用阶段,并经历了两次重大的构造转换,即晚三叠纪末至侏罗纪末的会聚走滑和白垩纪至第三纪早期的离散走滑。三条NNE向的主走滑断裂(PDZ)和一系列NE向的同向右侧列走滑断层(P)以及NW向的反向走滑断层(R')组成了复杂的走滑断裂网络系统,并直接控制了湘桂地区铀矿床(田)在时间和空间上的分布。     

PALEOCENE—MIDDLE EOCENE DEXTRAL STRIKE-SLIP DEFORMATION AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION IN THE WESTERN YUNNAN, CHINA

PALEOCENE—MIDDLE EOCENE DEXTRAL STRIKE-SLIP DEFORMATION AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION IN THE WESTERN YUNNAN, CHINA     

LATE QUATERNARY FAULTING OF JIALI FAULT

LATE QUATERNARY FAULTING OF JIALI FAULT1　ChungS ,LoC ,LeeT ,etal.DiachronousupliftoftheTibetanplateaustarting 40Myrago[J].Nature ,1998,394:76 9～773. 2　ColemanM ,HodgesK .EvidenceforTibetanplateauupliftbefore 14Myragofromanewminimumageforeast westexten sion[J].Nature ,1995 ,374:49～ 5 2 . 3　HarlandWB ,ArmstrongRL ,CoxAV ,etal.Ageologictimescale 1989[J].Cambridge ,U .K :CambridgeUnivPress,1990 . 4　HarrisonTM ,CopelandP ,KiddWSF ,etal.RaisingTibet[J].…     

Neotectonics of the Somogy hills (Part II): Evidence from seismic sections

The Somogy hills are located in the Pannonian Basin, south of Lake Balaton, Hungary, above several important tectonic zones. Analysis of industrial seismic lines shows that the pre-Late Miocene substratum is deformed by several thrust faults and a transpressive flower structure. Basement is composed of slices of various Palaeo-Mesozoic rocks, overlain by sometimes preserved Paleogene, thick Early Miocene deposits. Middle Miocene, partly overlying a post-thrusting unconformity, partly affected by the thrusts, is also present. Late Miocene thick basin-fill forms onlapping strata above a gentle paleo-topography, and it is also folded into broad anticlines and synclines. These folds are thought to be born of blind fault reactivation of older thrusts. Topography follows the reactivated fold pattern, especially in the central-western part of the study area.

The map pattern of basement structures shows an eastern area, where NE–SW striking thrusts, folds and steep normal faults dominate, and a western one, where E–W striking thrusts and folds dominate. Folds in Late Neogene are also parallel to these directions. A NE–SW striking linear normal fault and associated N–S faults cut the highest reflectors. The NE–SW fault is probably a left-lateral master fault acting during–after Late Miocene. Gravity anomaly and Pleistocene surface uplift maps show a very good correlation to the mapped structures. All these observations suggest that the main Early Miocene shortening was renewed during the Middle and Late Miocene, and may still persist.

Two types of deformational pattern may explain the structural and topographic features. A NW–SE shortening creates right-lateral slip along E–W faults, and overthrusts on NE–SW striking ones. Another, NNE–SSW shortening creates thrusting and uplift along E–W striking faults and transtensive left-lateral slip along NE–SW striking ones. Traces of both deformation patterns can be found in Quaternary exposures and they seem to be consistent with the present day stress orientations of the Pannonian Basin, too. The alternation of stress fields and multiple reactivation of the older fault sets is thought to be caused by the northwards translation and counter-clockwise rotation of Adria and the continental extrusion generated by this convergence.     

Oblique slip and the geometry of normal-fault linkage: mechanics and a case study from the Basin and Range in Oregon

Map patterns of normal fault linkages near Summer Lake, Oregon, show a systematic relationship between échelon step-sense, oblique-slip sense, and the position of linking faults. Where the step sense is the same as the sense of oblique slip (e.g. left step and left-oblique slip), the faults are linked in the lower part of their relay ramp. Where the step-sense and slip-sense are opposite (e.g. left-step and right-oblique slip), the faults are linked in the upper part of the ramp. A boundary-element code is used to calculate the stress field around échelon normal faults during oblique slip, and the model results reveal a relationship similar to the field observations. If step sense and oblique-slip sense are the same, there is a greater potential for deformation ahead of the tip of the front fault and in the lower part of the ramp. If step sense and oblique-slip sense are opposite, there is a greater potential for deformation ahead of the tip of the rear fault and in the upper part of the ramp. The field-model comparison confirms that oblique slip modifies the mechanical interaction among fault segments and thus influences fault growth and the geometry of fault linkage.     

Structural inversion and its controls : examples from the Alpine foreland and the French Alps

Abstract

Positive structural inversion involves the uplift of rocks on the hanging-walls of faults, by dip slip or oblique slip movements. Controlling factors include the strike and dip of the earlier normal faults, the type of normal faults — whether they were listric or rotated blocks, the time lapsed since extension and the amount of contraction relative to extension. Steeply dipping faults are difficult to invert by dip slip movements; they form buttresses to displacement on both cover detachments and on deeper level but gently inclined basement faults. The decrease in displacement on the hanging-walls of such steep buttresses leads to the generation of layer parallel shortening, gentle to tight folds — depending on the amount of contractional displacement, back-folds and back-thrust systems, and short-cut thrust geometries — where the contractional fault slices across the footwall of the earlier normal fault to enclose a “floating horse”. However, early steeply dipping normal faults readily form oblique to strike slip inversion structures and often tramline the subsequent shortening into particular directions.

Examples are given from the strongly inverted structures of the western Alps and the weakly inverted structures of the Alpine foreland. Extensional faulting developed during the Triassic to Jurassic, during the initial opening of the central Atlantic, while the main phases of inversion date from the end Cretaceous when spreading began in the north Atlantic and there was a change of relative motion between Europe and Africa. During the mid-Tertiary well over 100 km of Alpine shortening took place; Alpine thrusts, often detached along, or close to, the basement-cover interface, stacking the late Jurassic to Cretaceous sediments of the post-extensional subsidence phase. These high level detachments were joined and breached by lower level faults in the basement which, in the external zones of the western Alps, generally reactivated and rotated the earlier east dipping half-graben bounding faults. The external massifs are essentially uplifted half-graben blocks. There was more reactivation and stacking of basement sheets in the eastern part of this external zone, where the faults had been rotated into more gentle dips above a shallower extensional detachment than on the steeper faults to the west.

There is no direct relationship between the weaker inversion of the Alpine foreland and the major orogenic contraction of the western Alps; the inversion structures of southern Britain and the Channel were separated from the Alps by a zone of rifting from late Eocene to Miocene which affected the Rhone, Bresse and Rhine regions. Though they relate to the same plate movements which formed the Alps, the weaker inversion structures must have been generated by within plate stresses, or from those emanating from the Atlantic rather than the Tethyan margin.     

Young,active conjugate strike–slip deformation in West Sichuan: evidence for the stress–strain pattern of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

The active kinematics of the eastern Tibetan Plateau are characterized by the southeastward movement of a major tectonic unit, the Chuan-Dian crustal fragment, bounded by the left-lateral Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault in the northeast and the right-lateral Red River–Ailao Shan shear zone in the southwest. Our field structural and geomorphic observations define two sets of young, active strike–slip faults within the northern part of the fragment that lie within the SE Tibetan Plateau. One set trends NE–SW with right-lateral displacement and includes the Jiulong, Batang, and Derong faults. The second set trends NW–SE with left-lateral displacement and includes the Xianshuihe, Litang, Xiangcheng, Zhongdian, and Xuebo faults. Strike–slip displacements along these faults were established by the deflection and offset of streams and various lithologic units; these offsets yield an average magnitude of right- and left-lateral displacements of ～15–35 km. Using 5.7–3.5 Ma as the time of onset of the late-stage evolution of the Xianshuihe fault and the regional stream incision within this part of the plateau as a proxy for the initiation age of conjugate strike–slip faulting, we have determined an average slip rate of ～2.6–9.4 mm/year. These two sets of strike–slip faults intersect at an obtuse angle that ranges from 100° to 140° facing east and west; the fault sets define a conjugate strike–slip pattern that expresses internal E–W shortening in the northern part of the Chuan-Dian crustal fragment. These conjugate faults are interpreted to have experienced clockwise and counterclockwise rotations of up to 20°. The presence of this conjugate fault system demonstrates that this part of the Tibetan Plateau is undergoing not only southward movement, but also E–W shortening and N–S lengthening due to convergence between the Sichuan Basin and the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.     

2008年汶川大地震小鱼洞地表破裂带精细填图

5·12汶川Mw7.9级地震为罕见的、地壳尺度位移配分于多条平行断裂的板内逆冲走滑型地震。在2条北东走向、近平行的主要地表破裂间,发育北西走向的小鱼洞地表破裂。介绍了对小鱼洞北西向地表破裂的精细填图。小鱼洞地表破裂空间上位于灌县-江油与映秀-北川断裂间,全长约8km,总体走向310°,为南西盘抬升、逆冲兼具左旋走滑性质。地表破裂在南东端走向变化较大,从300~310°变为南北向,并与灌县-江油地表破裂带的磁峰段相连。小鱼洞地表破裂的垂向位错自北西往南东方向递减,北西端陡坎高度最大3.4m,南东端则小于0.2m,衰减梯度约为0.5m/km。左旋走滑位移测量点较少,集中在中段的小鱼洞镇附近,所测最大左旋走滑位移约为2.2m,一般走滑位错与同处垂直位错具有同步变化的特征。小鱼洞断裂近地表的倾角较缓,为30°±15°。结合已有地貌、地球物理和地质研究结果,提出小鱼洞断裂是向下与灌县-江油断裂交会的侧向断坡,位于映秀-北川断裂中南段间的断面倾角差异的撕裂部位,连接映秀-北川和灌县-江油断裂。在运动学上,认为小鱼洞断裂是以斜向断坡为几何形态的撕裂断裂,调节了北东走向的主断裂的运动学横向差异。小鱼洞断裂上的同震位移矢量与N70°、80°E的区域主压应力场方向匹配。这一方向与龙门山高原边界斜交。     

MULTI-PERIODIC COLLISIONAL PROCESS BETWEEN INDIAN AND ASIAN CONTINENTS:A CASE OF EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS AND HENGDUAN MOUNTAINS

MULTI-PERIODIC COLLISIONAL PROCESS BETWEEN INDIAN AND ASIAN CONTINENTS:A CASE OF EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS AND HENGDUAN MOUNTAINS1　ZhongDalai,DingLin .RisingprocessoftheQinghai Xizang (Tibet) plateauanditsmechanism[J].ScienceInChina (se riesD) ,1996 ,39(4) :36 9～ 379. 2　DingLin ,ZhongDalai,PanYusheng ,etal.Fission trackevidenceforNeogenetoQuaternaryupliftoftheeasternHi malayansyntaxis[J].ChineseScienceBulletin ,1995 ,40 (16 ) :…     

斜向逆冲断层相关褶皱的正演模型与实例分析

斜向逆冲作用在自然界普遍存在,研究斜向逆冲断层相关褶皱的构造几何学特征,识别断层相关褶皱是否存在斜向逆冲有重要意义。文章采用Trishear 4.5、Gocad以及Trishear3D软件构建一系列不同滑移量的断层转折褶皱和断层传播褶皱的二维正演剖面,通过连接一系列不同排列方式的二维剖面建立了三种不同逆冲滑移方向的断层转折褶皱和断层传播褶皱的假三维模型,通过不同假三维模型的比较分析来探讨斜向逆冲断层相关褶皱的构造几何学特征。研究发现,斜向逆冲断层相关褶皱区别于正向逆冲断层相关褶皱的特征主要有两点：① 正向逆冲断层相关褶皱层面等高线图上的最高点与后翼等高线中点的连线以及水平切面上的核心点与后翼中点的连线方向均与断层走向垂直,而斜向逆冲断层相关褶皱的最高点以及核心点与后翼中点的连线方向均与断层走向斜交,并且最高点与后翼等高线中点的连线方向或者核心点与后翼中点的连线方向均与逆冲滑移方向一致;② 在褶皱平行断层走向纵剖面上,正向逆冲断层相关褶皱各个层面最高点的连线是直立的,而斜向逆冲断层相关褶皱各个层面最高点的连线发生倾斜。通过这两个特征可以判别褶皱是否存在斜向逆冲以及逆冲的方向。将模型分析结果运用到四川盆地西南部三维地震勘探资料所覆盖的邛西背斜和大兴西背斜的实例中。研究结果表明,两个背斜均存在右旋斜向逆冲,逆冲方向与各自断层走向的夹角均为70°左右,邛西背斜和大兴西背斜的逆冲方向分别是NE79°和NE77°左右,这与龙门山南段晚上新世以来的主应力方向以及反演的汶川地震最大主应力方向一致。     

Tectonic settings of porphyry Cu–Mo–Au deposits in the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen,East Tethys

Porphyry Cu (Mo–Au) deposits in the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen formed during the Late Triassic, Early Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene and can be classified into different metallogenic belts according to their petrologic features, mineralization ages, and tectonic settings. A close spatial relationship to regional strike–slip faults is evident in all five belts. Porphyry Cu (Mo–Au) deposits exist in a wide range of tectonic environments, including island arc, syn-collision, post-collisional convergence, and continental-transform plate boundaries.

Porphyry Cu deposits cluster in the southernmost part of the Yidun–Zhongdian Belt, along the N–S-trending Gaze River dextral strike–slip fault. Porphyry Cu deposits in the Lijiang–Jinping Belt lie along the Ailaoshan–Red River continental–transform shear zone and the associated strike–slip faults. The Yulong–Malasongduo porphyry belt is controlled by the Cesuo Fault, a NNW-trending regional dextral transcurrent fault that is associated with Palaeogene westward continental oblique subduction along the Jinsha suture. In the Gangdis Belt, Miocene porphyry Cu deposits are localized along N–S-trending normal faults, which were produced by transpression within the regional NW–SE-trending Karakoram–Jiali fault zone (KJFZ). A close spatial relationship between porphyry Cu deposits and strike–slip faults also exists for the Bangong–Nujiang Belt.     

塔西北柯坪剪切挤压构造

塔里木西北的柯坪地区存在着再变形的逆冲岩席。研究表明塔里木盆地西北边界断层－阿合奇断层为一巨型左行走滑断层。它在新生代的总走滑量达３０４ｋｍ,具有与塔里木盆地东南边界阿尔金断层相同量级的走滑量。阿合奇断层与阿尔金断层造成了阿合奇－西昆仑－西南塔里木－阿尔金断层剪切挤压构造系统。     

Rupture progression along discontinuous oblique fault sets: implications for the Karadere rupture segment of the 1999 Izmit earthquake, and future rupture in the Sea of Marmara

Large earthquakes in strike-slip regimes commonly rupture fault segments that are oblique to each other in both strike and dip. This was the case during the 1999 Izmit earthquake, which mainly ruptured E–W-striking right-lateral faults but also ruptured the N60°E-striking Karadere fault at the eastern end of the main rupture. It will also likely be so for any future large fault rupture in the adjacent Sea of Marmara. Our aim here is to characterize the effects of regional stress direction, stress triggering due to rupture, and mechanical slip interaction on the composite rupture process. We examine the failure tendency and slip mechanism on secondary faults that are oblique in strike and dip to a vertical strike-slip fault or “master” fault. For a regional stress field well-oriented for slip on a vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault, we determine that oblique normal faulting is most favored on dipping faults with two different strikes, both of which are oriented clockwise from the strike-slip fault. The orientation closer in strike to the master fault is predicted to slip with right-lateral oblique normal slip, the other one with left-lateral oblique normal slip. The most favored secondary fault orientations depend on the effective coefficient of friction on the faults and the ratio of the vertical stress to the maximum horizontal stress. If the regional stress instead causes left-lateral slip on the vertical master fault, the most favored secondary faults would be oriented counterclockwise from the master fault. For secondary faults striking ±30° oblique to the master fault, right-lateral slip on the master fault brings both these secondary fault orientations closer to the Coulomb condition for shear failure with oblique right-lateral slip. For a secondary fault striking 30° counterclockwise, the predicted stress change and the component of reverse slip both increase for shallower-angle dips of the secondary fault. For a secondary fault striking 30° clockwise, the predicted stress change decreases but the predicted component of normal slip increases for shallower-angle dips of the secondary fault. When both the vertical master fault and the dipping secondary fault are allowed to slip, mechanical interaction produces sharp gradients or discontinuities in slip across their intersection lines. This can effectively constrain rupture to limited portions of larger faults, depending on the locations of fault intersections. Across the fault intersection line, predicted rakes can vary by >40° and the sense of lateral slip can reverse. Application of these results provides a potential explanation for why only a limited portion of the Karadere fault ruptured during the Izmit earthquake. Our results also suggest that the geometries of fault intersection within the Sea of Marmara favor composite rupture of multiple oblique fault segments.