盐度渐变过程对黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)幼鱼渗透调节的影响

为了解盐度渐变对黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)渗透调节的影响,设置自然海水(对照组盐度为29),5,10,15,20,35六个盐度梯度,并对不同盐度下幼鱼鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力、离子浓度、渗透压进行了检测和分析。结果显示:在盐度5～35,黄条鰤尿、血清、血浆的渗透压均随盐度升高而升高,盐度为35时渗透压均为最高,其中尿的渗透压显著高于血清和血浆渗透压。在盐度从29下降的过程中,鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力、离子浓度、渗透压呈现相似的变化规律,都随着盐度的降低而呈现总体下降的趋势;盐度从29升高到35时,各检测指标中仅有尿和血浆的K~+含量无显著变化(P0.05),其余均显著升高(P0.05)。实验结果表明,黄条鰤生存和繁衍的自然海水盐度29是幼鱼存活的适宜盐度,在略低的盐度20～29均能较快适应,说明在盐度渐变过程中,黄条鰤幼鱼对外界盐度变化有较强的调节能力。     

急性盐度胁迫对斜带石斑鱼Na+/K+-ATP酶及血清应激指标的影响

研究了急性盐度胁迫对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼Epinephelus coioides鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活性和血清应激指标的影响,将养殖于自然海水(盐度34%o)中,体重为(19.59±0.25)g的斜带石斑鱼幼鱼直接转移至盐度24‰、14‰、4‰和0‰的水体中,于转移后1、3、6、12和24h分别检测鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活性和血清中血糖、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、溶菌酶的变化.试验表明:试验组Na+/K+-ATP酶活性变化基本一致,均在1h时达到最高值,随后下降,至6h达到稳定且均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);血糖在24‰和14‰盐度组呈下降趋势,在4‰和0‰盐度组3h时出现最低值,在6h时达到峰值,随后逐渐下降;AST水平在24‰和14‰盐度组与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05),在4‰和0‰盐度组均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,于6和12h时达到各自峰值;溶菌酶含量在试验24h时,在24‰、14‰和4‰盐度组间差异显著(P＜0.05),在0‰盐度组呈现先上升后下降的趋势,至6h时达到峰值.试验显示,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼由盐度34‰的水体转移至盐度24‰和14‰的水体后,其应激强度较弱;由盐度34‰的水体转移至盐度4‰和0‰的水体后,其应激反应较大,适应盐度变化需时也较长.根据本试验结果,在对斜带石斑鱼进行应激性淡化转运时,可将其直接从34‰高盐度自然海水中转移至14‰盐度的水体后,再缓慢降至预定盐度,从而减少淡化时间.     

Ca2+突变对褐牙鲆幼鱼血清渗透压和组织离子转运酶活力的影响

研究了Ca2+由自然海水浓度突变到低浓度和高浓度时,褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼渗透调节能力的变化。通过测定实验鱼的血清渗透压、鳃、肠、肾Na+-K+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活力及血清离子含量的变化,探讨了褐牙鲆幼鱼应对水体Ca2+突变时的渗透调节机制。结果表明,海水盐度不变,Ca2+浓度在1.25～100mmol.L-1之间发生突变时,褐牙鲆幼鱼血清渗透压无显著变化,其主要通过调节鳃、肠、肾Na+-K+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活力及改变血清Ca2+和Mg2+含量来维持体液离子的动态平衡。     

福建九龙江口硅藻的新种和在我国的新记录

福建省九龙江河口西起石码镇,东至大担岛(24°20′—24°30 N,117°49′—118。10′E),全长约35公里,是个淡水和海水交汇的区域,水体盐度随淡水和海水混合程度不同而成梯度变化。该区西部的石码镇,水体盐度小于2‰,东部大担岛一带水域盐度约为25—32‰。雨季,盐度普遍降低;旱季时,盐度随之相应升高,本区气候属亚热带,     

急性盐度胁迫对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性和渗透压的影响

研究了水环境急性盐度胁迫对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)幼鱼鳃Na+-K+-ATP(NKA)酶活力,血清、鳃丝和肾脏渗透压的影响.结果表明:将幼鱼从盐度30(对照)中直接转移至盐度5、10、15、20、25、35水体中,96 h后无死亡.各盐度处理组的鳃NKA酶活性和血清渗透压在最初72 h内出现一定波动,随后变化平稳.试验结束时(96 h),NKA活性随盐度梯度呈"U"型分布,盐度35处理的酶活高于其他处理,盐度20处理活性最低.各处理的血清渗透压大小在96 h时,随着盐度的变化,以盐度15、20为中心,呈对称变化,在盐度20后随盐度上升呈先上升后下降的趋势.相同盐度的鳃渗透压随时间变化呈先上升后下降逐渐稳定的趋势.肾渗透压除盐度5、10处理外,其他盐度组随时间没有显著变化,维持一定的稳定性.说明卵形鲳鲹幼鱼在生理上具有广盐性鱼类的"高渗环境高NKA活性"特征,有较强的渗透压调节与平衡能力.     

不同蛋白源对军曹鱼幼鱼碳、氮稳定同位素分馏的影响

为研究饲料中不同蛋白源对军曹鱼幼鱼碳、氮稳定同位素分馏的影响,配制3种等氮等能饲料。D1以鱼粉为蛋白源,D2和D3饲料中分别以啤酒酵母和玉米蛋白替代10%的鱼粉蛋白,投喂幼鱼24d。结果表明,啤酒酵母和玉米蛋白替代10%的鱼粉蛋白后,幼鱼的体质量增加率显著下降。随养殖时间的延长,所有处理组幼鱼的碳稳定同位素比率δ13C逐渐上升而氮稳定同位素比率δ15N逐渐下降;虽然全鱼和肌肉δ15N的变化速度存在差异,但各饲料组全鱼和肌肉的δ13C和δ15N都在24d后与饲料达到平衡。当饲料中10%的鱼粉蛋白被啤酒酵母和玉米蛋白替代之后,幼鱼肌肉和全鱼样品与饲料相比的碳同位素富集Δ13C值下降,而氮同位素富集Δ15N值则上升。其中全鱼Δ13C从4.19‰分别下降到3.94‰和3.63‰,肌肉Δ13C从4.46‰分别下降到3.98‰和3.67‰;全鱼Δ15N从0.18‰分别增加到0.88‰和0.94‰,肌肉Δ15N从0.18‰分别增加到0.74‰和0.87‰。军曹鱼在摄食3种不同蛋白源饲料时,其全鱼和肌肉的Δ13C和Δ15N的变化趋势相似,但全鱼δ15N的变化速度慢于肌肉。据此可推断,肌肉可在生态学营养级研究(长时间尺度)中代表军曹鱼的碳、氮同位素特征;但在代谢生理学研究中(短时间尺度),肌肉就无法准确反映军曹鱼全鱼的δ15N变化过程。     

盐度对褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼血浆渗透压和鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase活力的影响

采用微型冰点渗透压仪和酶学分析的方法测定了褐牙鲆幼鱼由盐度30向低盐(24、18、12、6)适应过程中血浆渗透压和鳃丝Na~ -K~ -ATPase活力的变化。结果表明,盐度对褐牙鲆幼鱼血浆渗透压和鳃丝Na~ -K~ -ATPase活力都有显著的影响(P<0·05)。盐度变化后,各实验组褐牙鲆血浆渗透压、鳃丝Na~ -K~ -ATPase活力均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,且随着盐度变化的增加而增大。在6d内,盐度为18、12和6实验组血浆渗透压呈峰值变化,在3d时达到最小值;6d后,各实验组血浆渗透压趋于稳定;而鳃丝Na~ -K~ -ATPase活力在6d时达到最小值,9d后,各实验组褐牙鲆鳃丝Na~ -K~ -ATPase活力基本趋于稳定状态,而且在高渗环境(S>14·97)中鳃丝Na~ -K~ -ATPase活力与外界盐度大小呈正比,在低渗环境(S<14·97)中与盐度呈反比。褐牙鲆幼鱼的等渗点盐度为14·97,等渗压为425·8mOsm/kg。     

温度和盐度变化对大泷六线鱼幼鱼存活与生长的影响?

研究了温度和盐度变化对大泷六线鱼幼鱼存活与生长的影响。结果表明,温度和盐度变化对大泷六线鱼幼鱼存活与生长的影响显著（p<0.05）,5月龄幼鱼存活与生长适宜水温为14～23 ℃,最适水温为17～23 ℃,在20 ℃时生长率达到峰值,为20.89 mg/d。5月龄幼鱼存活与生长适宜盐度为15～40,最适盐度为25～35,在盐度30时生长率达到最大值17.1 mg/d。     

菊黄东方纯胚胎及仔稚幼鱼的发育

本文报道了菊黄东方纯胚胎及仔稚幼鱼发育情况．其结果表明：在水温20～21℃、盐度20～30、pH值8．0～8．3的条件下，受精卵受精后2h为2细胞期、15h为囊胚期、30h为原肠期、55h为胚体期、152h孵出仔鱼；孵出仔鱼在水温19～28℃、盐度20～30、pH8．0～8．3条件下，孵化后5d开口、18d进入稚鱼期、40d进入幼鱼期．此外，对胚胎及仔稚幼鱼各发育阶段进行较详细描述、测量并给出示意图．     

某些生态因子对米来西罗非鱼(Tilapia sp.)苗种影响的研究

本文研究了温度、盐度和饵料对米来西鱼苗成活率和生长的影响。鱼苗在盐度分别为0、16‰和31‰,温度为17°～18℃的水体中呼吸代谢的试验结果表明,由于鱼苗从淡水体直接放进盐度为31%的水体,不能够适应盐度迅速剧烈的改变,呼吸代谢严重失调,鱼苗一天内全部死亡。在盐度为0和16‰的水体中,成活率很高(均在85%以上)。生长试验表明:盐度为0和16‰对生长的影响无论在20～25℃或35℃条件下,其差异并不显著。温度对生长的影响极大,35℃水温是鱼苗生长的最适温度,其生长比在20～25℃条件下快25～55%。食物类型对生长影响的试验表明,动物性饵料比颗粒性饵料提高生长40～70%。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.