机载GPS辅助在数字祁阳大比例尺地形图航测中的应用

通过对祁阳1∶1000地形图机载GPS辅助航空摄影及机载GPS辅助空三的生产应用进行精度分析,提出利用机载GPS进行辅助航摄,获取高精度、快捷、经济的航空摄影测量成果的技术方案,以供国内大比例尺航测生产同行进行借鉴。     

浅析ADS 40数字航空摄影空三坐标转换

ADS 40数字航空摄影空三成果依赖于飞行时的机载IMU/GPS数据和地面GPS基站数据,以上两种数据源是基于大地坐标系WGS-84的,因此,ADS 40数字航空摄影空三加密是WGS-84坐标,若利用该成果必须进行坐标转换。本文分析ADS 40数字航空摄影测量坐标转换的数学原理,并通过实际生产实践检验该转换的精度。     

IMU/DGPS辅助航摄项目中GPS基站布设方案实验研究

IMU/DGPS辅助航空摄影测量中,需要布设地面GPS基站,通过基站GPS接收机与机载GPS接收机获得的数据进行事后差分处理,获取高精度的机载天线3维坐标值.通过大量的实验,对IMU/DGPS辅助航空摄影测量中如何布设基站,基站与摄区的最大距离,需要多少个基站等问题进行研究、分析和总结.     

UCXP数字航摄系统DEM、DOM产品制作和精度分析

UCXP数字航空摄影测量系统集成了数字航摄仪和机载POS系统,在获取高分辨率数码航空影像的同时,可直接得到像片中心点曝光瞬间的高精度外方位元素,再利用少量的地面控制点,即可进行大比例尺数字高程模型(DEM)和正射影像(DOM)的制作。本文通过对UCXP航摄系统在新疆伊犁—河谷测区的生产实践,对机载POS辅助UCXP数字航空摄影测量技术在生产1∶1000比例尺成果精度进行了研究。     

利用GPS辅助空三的高原大比例尺航摄测图研究

介绍利用国产数字航空摄影仪在青藏高原进行大比例尺测图试验。试验利用GPS辅助空三的方式力求减少外业工作量,通过对不同地面控制方式得到的空三结果进行分析,表明以7条航线、20根基线作为一个平差区域,并在有构架航线的情况下,在区域四角布设平高控制点即可满足测图精度。     

IMU/GPS辅助ADS80数字航空摄影测量系统的技术研究

详细介绍了IMU/GPS辅助ADS80数字航空摄影测量系统的基本参数和影像数据结构,对ADS80数据的空三加密精度、坐标系转换等生产中需要注意的问题进行了研究探讨,总结出ADS80数字航空摄影测量系统的多项技术特点。     

徕卡ADS 80数字航空相机空三精度分析

徕卡ADS 80数字航空相机采用POS/GPS精确导航定位技术进行航空摄影,通过对GPS差分数据进行常规布设控制点、少量布设控制点甚至无控制点的内业空三解算结果的对比分析,探讨外业像片控制点的布设方案对IMU/DGPS辅助航空摄影测量加密精度的影响,利用不同地形类别的加密数据,分析在保证成图精度的情况下如何减少外业工作量,降低生产成本,缩短生产周期。     

GPS/INS支持下的机载干涉SAR定标试验

干涉定标技术是机载InSAR获取高精度DEM的关键技术,根据GPS高精度定位数据支持下的机载SAR定标模型,通过一定数量的地面定标点校正干涉SAR系统参数,InSAR与高精度GPS/INS技术的结合进一步提高了InSAR测图的精度。文中对GPS支持下的干涉定标技术进行仿真试验,基于机载SAR正侧视模型的成像几何关系,建立关于干涉参数和地面定标点的定标模型,采用基于敏感度方程的干涉定标方法,对地面定标点的测量高程值上加入不同的随机误差,分析该测量误差对干涉定标结果的影响,结果表明,高精度的GPS定位数据提高了机载InSAR测图的精度。     

DMC航摄影像空三加密的实验研究

航空摄影测量一直是我国大比例尺基础地理信息数据获取的手段。一般地,从航空摄影到基础地理信息数据产品的获取包括航空摄影、地面控制、空三加密、内业测图等几个阶段。传统航空摄影测量需要进行大量的地面像控测量工作,并通过空三加密获得内业测图所需的外方位元素数据。随着DMC等数字航摄仪开始应用到航测生产领域当中,DMC影像数据在全数字摄影测量中发挥了越来越重要的作用。本文利用DMC数码航空影像,通过实验对DMC数字航摄资料的外业像控的布点方案、基线数量、点位位置采取不同方案进行内业加密问题进行研究、分析和总结,探讨DMC在全数字摄影测量中的应用前景。     

基于ADS80数字航空影像的大比例尺立体测图

ADS80数字航摄仪是目前先进的推扫式机载数字航空摄影测量系统。通过介绍ADS80数字航空摄影测量系统及ADS80数字航空影像在大比例尺测图中的应用,阐述ADS80数字航空影像用于全数字立体测图的方法及工艺流程,以及不同于一般的全数字立体测图的坐标转换和建立立体模型程序,对测图过程中容易出现的问题进行分析并提出解决方法。     

集成POS的机载三线阵传感器几何定位

集成POS的机载三线阵传感器几何定位将涉及局部切平面坐标系归化、区域网平差、空间前方交会以及WGS84坐标转国家坐标系等方面.本文主要讨论几何定位中涉及局部切平面坐标系归化、借助于大地水准面精化模型完成WGS84坐标到国家坐标系的转换等技术.实验表明,本文几何定位方法其定位精度优于一个像素.     

The application of GPS precise point positioning technology in aerial triangulation

In traditional GPS-supported aerotriangulation, differential GPS (DGPS) positioning technology is used to determine the 3-dimensional coordinates of the perspective centers at exposure time with an accuracy of centimeter to decimeter level. This method can significantly reduce the number of ground control points (GCPs). However, the establishment of GPS reference stations for DGPS positioning is not only labor-intensive and costly, but also increases the implementation difficulty of aerial photography. This paper proposes aerial triangulation supported with GPS precise point positioning (PPP) as a way to avoid the use of the GPS reference stations and simplify the work of aerial photography.Firstly, we present the algorithm for GPS PPP in aerial triangulation applications. Secondly, the error law of the coordinate of perspective centers determined using GPS PPP is analyzed. Thirdly, based on GPS PPP and aerial triangulation software self-developed by the authors, four sets of actual aerial images taken from surveying and mapping projects, different in both terrain and photographic scale, are given as experimental models. The four sets of actual data were taken over a flat region at a scale of 1:2500, a mountainous region at a scale of 1:3000, a high mountainous region at a scale of 1:32000 and an upland region at a scale of 1:60000 respectively. In these experiments, the GPS PPP results were compared with results obtained through DGPS positioning and traditional bundle block adjustment. In this way, the empirical positioning accuracy of GPS PPP in aerial triangulation can be estimated. Finally, the results of bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from GPS PPP are analyzed in detail.The empirical results show that GPS PPP applied in aerial triangulation has a systematic error of half-meter level and a stochastic error within a few decimeters. However, if a suitable adjustment solution is adopted, the systematic error can be eliminated in GPS-supported bundle block adjustment. When four full GCPs are emplaced in the corners of the adjustment block, then the systematic error is compensated using a set of independent unknown parameters for each strip, the final result of the bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from PPP is the same as that of bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from DGPS. Although the accuracy of the former is a little lower than that of traditional bundle block adjustment with dense GCPs, it can still satisfy the accuracy requirement of photogrammetric point determination for topographic mapping at many scales.     

卫星摄影三线阵CCD影像的EEP法空中三角测量（三）

4 平差方案及模拟数据平差实验4.1 自由网+控制点空中三角测量由前方交会(2.1)式,后方交会(2.2)式以及外方位元素平滑制约条件(2.3)式,可以构成类似经典的光束法空中三角测量,但由于EFP像点坐标是推算出来的,所以控制点不宜直接参与平差过程.于是平差要分成自由网平差及利用控制点作三维线性变换两个步骤.另一方面,卫星摄影中起始角元素大约在±0.5°左右,对于经典空中三角测量,角元素起始近似值均可按零处理.但在EFP平差中,φ角起始值φ0对空中三角测量,像元素起始近似值均可按零处理.在EFP平差中,φ角起始值φ0对整条航线的几何状态影响很大,必须采用特殊的程序预先加以确定.我们采用不断步进φ角值,比较由前方交会及(1.2)式计算的Y视差的均方根值最小者,即作为φ的最佳起始值.平差框图见图4.     

Transforming ellipsoidal heights and geoid undulations between different geodetic reference frames

Transforming height information that refers to an ellipsoidal Earth reference model, such as the geometric heights determined from GPS measurements or the geoid undulations obtained by a gravimetric geoid solution, from one geodetic reference frame (GRF) to another is an important task whose proper implementation is crucial for many geodetic, surveying and mapping applications. This paper presents the required methodology to deal with the above problem when we are given the Helmert transformation parameters that link the underlying Cartesian coordinate systems to which an Earth reference ellipsoid is attached. The main emphasis is on the effect of GRF spatial scale differences in coordinate transformations involving reference ellipsoids, for the particular case of heights. Since every three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system ‘gauges’ an attached ellipsoid according to its own accessible scale, there will exist a supplementary contribution from the scale variation between the involved GRFs on the relative size of their attached reference ellipsoids. Neglecting such a scale-induced indirect effect corrupts the values for the curvilinear geodetic coordinates obtained from a similarity transformation model, and meter-level apparent offsets can be introduced in the transformed heights. The paper explains the above issues in detail and presents the necessary mathematical framework for their treatment. An erratum to this article can be found at     

卫星摄影三线阵CCD影像的EFP法空中三角测量(一)

系统地介绍了EFP法空中三角测量的基本思想、EFP像点坐标计算、平差的数学模型和卫生摄影测量的数字模拟,并以模拟数据进行了自由网＋控制点平差、外方位元素量测值参与平差、外方位元素量测值常差的分离以及区域平差等实验计算和实验结果分析。通过研究分析得出结论：（1）三条基线的航线可以保证三线阵CCD影像光束法平差的几何强度;（2）控制点可以布设在航线首末端,二线交会区的高程精度比三线交会区仅低约1.4因子;（3）外方位元素观测值是三线阵CCD影像光束法平差不可缺少的数据,经过平差可以不同程度地提高平差的高程精度。即使外方位元素观测值达到现代的精度,光束法平差的高程精度仍比直接前方交会高,所以三线阵CCD相机比单线阵、双线阵相机在全球性无控制卫星摄影测量或外星球摄影测量方面有更大的优势。     

The Bruns formula in three dimensions

The Bruns formula is generalized to three dimensions with the derivation of equations expressing the height anomaly vector or the geoid undulation vector as a function of the disturbing gravity potential and its spatial derivatives. It is shown that the usual scalar Bruns formula provides not the separation along the normal to the reference ellipsoid but the component of the relevant spatial separation along the local direction of normal gravity. The above results which hold for any type of normal potential are specialized for the usual Somigliana-Pizzetti normal field so that the components of the geoid undulation vector are expressed as functions of the parameters of the reference ellipsoid, the disturbing potential and its spatial derivatives with respect to three types of curvilinear coordinates, ellipsoidal, geodetic and spherical. Finally the components of the geoid undulation vector are related to the deflections of the vertical in a spherical approximation.     

Geoid determination using one-step integration

A residual (high-frequency) gravimetric geoid is usually computed from geographically limited ground, sea and/or airborne gravimetric data. The mathematical model for its determination from ground gravity is based on the transformation of observed discrete values of gravity into gravity potential related to either the international ellipsoid or the geoid. The two reference surfaces are used depending on height information that accompanies ground gravity data: traditionally orthometric heights determined by geodetic levelling were used while GPS positioning nowadays allows for estimation of geodetic (ellipsoidal) heights. This transformation is usually performed in two steps: (1) observed values of gravity are downward continued to the ellipsoid or the geoid, and (2) gravity at the ellipsoid or the geoid is transformed into the corresponding potential. Each of these two steps represents the solution of one geodetic boundary-value problem of potential theory, namely the first and second or third problem. Thus two different geodetic boundary-value problems must be formulated and solved, which requires numerical evaluation of two surface integrals. In this contribution, a mathematical model in the form of a single Fredholm integral equation of the first kind is presented and numerically investigated. This model combines the solution of the first and second/third boundary-value problems and transforms ground gravity disturbances or anomalies into the harmonically downward continued disturbing potential at the ellipsoid or the geoid directly. Numerical tests show that the new approach offers an efficient and stable solution for the determination of the residual geoid from ground gravity data.     

机载三线阵传感器影像区域网联合平差

机载三线阵扫描传感器飞行过程能够同步记录影像数据和POS数据。由于系统误差的存在,POS直接对地定位的精度还不能满足测制大比例尺地图的需要,因此,空中三角测量仍然是必须的。本文简述三线阵扫描传感器立体成像原理;在引入POS集成的传感器空间定位模型的基础上,建立机载三线阵传感器区域网联合平差的数学模型。平差试验结果表明,无论什么情况,区域网联合平差对提高机载三线阵传感器影像的定位精度都是必要的。     

THE USE OF AIRBORNE AUXILIARY DATA IN THE RIGOROUS LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF A BLOCK OF AERIAL TRIANGULATION

The problem of incorporating airborne auxiliary data into an aerial triangulation block adjustment is considered. The conclusion is reached that this problem can be most readily solved by the use of a fully rigorous adjustment method. The first order adjustment equations for all types of airborne auxiliary control are developed and the method of incorporating these equations into the block solution is demonstrated. The general computing problems of the aerial triangulation block adjustment are briefly discussed and a method outlined for the incorporation of tie strips, at any angle across the block, into the adjustment without unduly increasing the storage requirements for the solution. The problem of correctly weighting the different types of available data is discussed. The paper concludes with a demonstration of the improved accuracy possible if precise aerial triangulation data are combined with apparently crude absolute airborne data.     

非量测CCD数码相机的航空摄影测量应用

研究非量测CCD数码相机应用于航空摄影测量的技术方法.采用基于自检校光束法平差严格标定非量测CCD数码相机;提出基于相对定向、三视张量、自由光束法平差、区域网光束法平差的空中三角测量流程.实验表明,严格标定的数码相机,可以应用于大比例尺航空摄影测量.