土壤水溶性有机物吸着系数及其影响因素研究

测定了中国中、东部地区17种土类45个表土样品中水溶性有机物的吸着系数、分子量分布、腐殖酸含量、粘土含量以及土壤pH值，分析了水溶性有机物吸着系数的分布、地域分异和影响吸着系数的主要因素。结果表明，中国中、东部主要天然土壤类型A层水溶性有机物吸着系数在0．0014－0．0284L/g，中位数为0．0062L/g；研究区吸着系数具有自北向南和自西向东递降的一般趋势。水热的地域分异是影响土壤A层Ks地域分异的根本因素，pH和WSOC分子量分布是直接影响Ks值的两个重要因素。     

土壤水溶性有机物与富里酸分子量分布的空间结构特征

用凝胶色谱法测定了16种土类的35个表土样品水溶性有机物和富里酸的分子量分布。分析了水溶性有机物与富里酸分子量分布的地域分异规律与空间结构特征。结果表明研究区土壤水溶性有机物与富里酸平均分子量大小具有自东北向西南递降的一般趋势，分布的离散性则表现出与此相反的规律。水溶性有机物分子量沿趋势面倾斜方向的变化幅度较富里酸大，两在空间的自相关范围基本一致。水热条件是影响水溶性有机物分子量空间分布的主要因素。     

土壤水溶性有机物与富里酸分子量[2]分布的空间结构特征

用凝胶色谱法测定了16种土类的35个表土样品中水溶性有机物和富里酸的分子量分布。分析了水溶性有机物与富里酸分子量分布的地域分异规律与空间结构特征。结果表明研究区土壤水溶性有机物与富里酸平均分子量大小具有自东北向西南递降的一般趋势，分布的离散性则表现出与此相反的的规律。水溶性有机物分子量沿趋势面倾斜方向的变化幅度较富里酸大，两者在空间的自相关范围基本一致。水热条件是影响水溶性有机物分子量空间分布的主要因素。     

中国东部土壤水溶性有机物荧光特征及地域分异

测定中国东部地区20种土类46个表土样品水溶性有机物的荧光光谱、分子量以及pH值，分析了水溶性有机物荧光光谱的一般特征、荧光光谱与其平均分子量的关系以及荧光强度的地域分异特性，与此同时比较分析了土壤富里酸的相关特征，结果表明研究区土壤水溶性有机物和富里酸具有相似的荧光光谱特征和地域分异特性，即在所研究的浓度范围内两者的荧光发射光值与有机物浓度成良好的线性正相关关系，而荧光强度与分子量分布无直接相关性，研究区土壤水溶性有机物和富里酸荧光强度均具有自北向南递降的趋势；土壤pH可能是影响水溶性有机物荧光特征及空间分异的主要因素。     

睦洞湖和古桂柳运河表层沉积物中汞和砷含量及其生态风险评价

于2018年1月18～19日,在广西会仙喀斯特湿地的睦洞湖和古桂柳运河中,设置了13个采样点,采集了表层(0～10 cm深度)的沉积物样品,采用(1+1)王水水浴消解法,消解沉积物样品,利用原子荧光形态分析仪,测定样品中的汞和砷含量;采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险评价法,对会仙湿地睦洞湖和古桂柳运河表层沉积物中汞和砷的污染等级和潜在生态风险进行了评价。研究结果表明,表层沉积物中的汞质量比为0.29～1.81 mg/kg,平均值为0.51 mg/kg,其大于广西壮族自治区土壤汞含量背景值,表层沉积物中汞的地累积系数为0.40～1.22,表现为轻度污染或偏中度污染,并存在强潜在生态风险;表层沉积物中砷质量比为5.96～54.25 mg/kg,平均值为21.44 mg/kg,其略高于广西壮族自治区土壤砷含量背景值,表层沉积物中砷的地累积系数为-0.90～0.01,未出现明显的砷污染,但是,在部分采样点,表层沉积物中的砷含量极高,存在轻微潜在生态风险。     

南极南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中有色溶解有机物的分布特征及来源分析

在南极南设得兰群岛附近海域采集了6个表层沉积物样品,测定了提取液中溶解有机物(DOM)的有机碳含量、紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,并对有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的分子量信息及各荧光组分的成分和来源进行了分析。结果表明,南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中DOM提取液的溶解有机碳(DOC)及沉积物有机碳(SOC)的含量呈现由近岸向开阔海域递减的趋势,紫外-可见吸收光谱中的吸收系数(a)也表现出了相似的性质,光谱斜率比(SR)表明近岸沉积物CDOM老化程度较强。通过对三维荧光光谱的分析可知,南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中的CDOM包含3种荧光组分,即类色氨酸、海洋类腐殖质和陆源类腐殖质,表现出较强的自生源特征,整个研究海域CDOM来源以内源为主,受陆生植物和土壤有机质的外源输入影响较小。通过CDOM各参数的相关性分析发现,沉积物DOM提取液的DOC含量与SOC含量以及吸收系数和腐殖化指数(HIX)等参数相互之间都呈显著正相关,相关系数(r)均在0.88以上,显著性水平P0.01。     

非点源污染研究中土壤溶解性无机氮的提取方法选择

用2M KCl溶液(5:1)、饱和CaSO4溶液(5:1)、0.01M CaCl₂溶液(20:1,100:1) 和去离子水(20:1,100:1)4种提取液、6种提取方式,采用Auto-analyzerⅢColorimeter (Bran Luebbe),水杨酸-次氯酸盐法和Griess-Ilosvay法测定并对比了北京地区4种天然土样的溶解性氨氮和硝态氮的含量。研究结果表明:溶解性硝态氮的测定结果不受提取液和水土比(小于100:1)的影响,而溶解性氨氮测定结果受影响较大。在非点源污染研究中,对于土壤中可向水体迁移的溶解性无机氮含量的测定,应根据来水水源特征和研究目的选择适宜的浸提剂和水土比。     

烧失法测定有机质和碳酸盐的精度控制

利用水系沉积物参考样M-278和KMF,研究了温度在550℃烧灼时沉积物样品的烧失量,测定结果表明:样品在马弗炉中位置的不同,能显著影响测量结果。为减少样品因位置的差异而引起的分析误差,样品应尽量避免放置在炉门附近。但是,对于靠近炉门附近的样品,它们的测量值可以通过乘上校正系数r1=1.057和r2=0.97分别校正测定有机质和碳酸盐含量的误差。     

芦苇根际沉积物中溶解性有机物组成及其与铁还原菌关系的实验研究

2019年4月6日至7月4日,在湖南大学环境学院天台大棚中,利用采集到的东洞庭湖洲滩沉积物,种植芦苇(Phragmites australis),在淹水(沉积物表面淹水深度为2 cm)和未淹水(沉积物表面未淹水,其含水量为70%)条件下,开展实验。在实验第30天、第60天和第90天,在花盆中采集沉积物样品,利用傅立叶红外光谱分析技术,研究沉积物样品的溶解性有机物的组成,分析沉积物中铁还原菌的丰度与溶解性有机物的关系。研究结果表明,在实验的90 d中,与天然沉积物相比,芦苇根际沉积物中溶解性有机物的羟基官能团含量减小,羧基官能团含量增大;在实验第30天和第60天,与非根际沉积物相比,芦苇根际沉积物中有机质官能团的积累量更高,而在实验第90天规律相反;沉积物中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、梭菌属(Clostridium)的相对丰度低于厌氧粘细菌属(Anaeromyxobacter)、地杆菌属(Geobacter);溶解性有机物中官能团含量受培养时间、淹水条件和根际环境影响;对溶解性有机物中官能团特征造成主要影响的是发酵铁还原菌。     

睦洞湖沉积物中不同形态磷的分布特征

为了研究睦洞湖沉积物中不同形态磷的分布特征,于2017年7月25日和9月23日,在睦洞湖9个采样点,采集0～5 cm和5～20 cm深度的沉积物样品;采用七步连续提取法,对沉积物中不同形态的磷进行分级提取,分析沉积物样品中全磷含量和各形态磷的分布特征。研究结果表明,7月25日采集的睦洞湖沉积物的全磷质量比为217.15～1 511.84 mg/kg,9月23日采集的沉积物的全磷质量比为353.64～1 650.26 mg/kg。在不同的磷赋存形态中,自生钙结合态磷占全磷含量的质量分数最高,有机磷和铁结合态磷次之,其分别为25.95%、17.71%和11.46%;9月23日采集的沉积物的全磷含量和活性磷含量(可交换态磷、铝结合态磷和铁结合态磷)偏大,7月25日采集的沉积物的惰性磷含量(闭蓄态磷、自生钙结合态磷、碎屑态磷和有机磷)偏大,说明沉积物惰性磷有向活性磷转化的趋势;在垂直方向上,0～5 cm深度沉积物中的全磷含量及可交换态磷、铁结合态磷和碎屑态磷占全磷的质量分数高于5～20 cm深度的沉积物;沉积物中的全磷含量与铁结合态磷质量分数显著相关,说明睦洞湖沉积物中全磷含量的增大主要来自于铁结合态磷。     

Evidence for Holocene environmental change from C/N ratios, and δ13C and δ15N values in Swan Lake sediments, western Sand Hills, Nebraska

Profiles of percent carbon and nitrogen, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios and stable carbon (¹³C), and nitrogen (¹⁵N) isotopic ratios in organic matter from an 11.6 m core were used to reconstruct environments of deposition in the Swan Lake basin during the past 5300 YBP. The upper 6.5 m consisted of gyttja containing variable amounts of reddish brown-colored fine organic matter and calcium carbonate. It was followed by a 0.5 m sandy silt, which was followed by a 3.6 m reduced layer characterized by large quantities of black organic plant remains, sapropel, and then by another sapropel layer consisting mainly of well-sorted sapropelic sand with relatively low organic matter content. The C- and N-contents in the organic matter in the sediment profile ranged from 0.5 to 23% and from 0.02 to 2%, respectively. Carbon content were positively correlated to both N and clay content while carbon content was negatively correlated to sand content. Two major environmental phases in Swan Lake were apparent from large differences in the C and N data of the sediment organic matter. These include the sapropel (marsh) stage that stretched from approximately 5330 to 3930 YBP, and the following gyttja (open water stage). During the sapropel marsh plants identified in a previous pollen study as cattails and sedges proliferated and produced copious amounts of well-preserved organic matter. C/N ratios, ¹³C values, and ¹⁵N values in the sapropel were significantly different from those that characterized organic matter in the gyttja. During the gyttja ¹³C values indicated that deep primary producers have dominated lake biomass. By utilizing bicarbonate as their C-source, the accumulating biomass became relatively enriched ¹³C values. The presence of high sediment CaCO₃ contents indicated more alkaline and deeper water conditions prevailed during the gyttja. Further refinement of the data suggested that each major phase initially contained an identifiable transition stage. During the sapropelic (initial marsh stage) which occurred before 5330 YBP, sand content gradually decreased as organic matter increased. As reflected by high C/N ratios and slightly enriched ¹³C values, these sands appear to have contained sufficient permeability to promote partial mineralization of accumulated organic-N containing compounds. A short initial gyttja transition period from about 3930–3830 YBP occurred in which the sediment silt content was anomalously high relative that measured in the surrounding layers. The silt content suggests that this turbid transition layer can not be completely explained by sediment mixing via bioturbation. The silts appeared to have been associated with the sharp climate change that resulted in higher water-table conditions during the gyttja stage.     

Geochemical and organic petrological characterization of the organic matter of lacustrine Eocene oil shales (Prinz von Hessen,Germany): reconstruction of the depositional environment

Optical and geochemical techniques were applied to sedimentary organic matter from the profundal area of the Eocene Lake Prinz von Hessen, which formed in a pull-apart basin on the Sprendlinger Horst, near Darmstadt, Germany. Variations in total sulphur content (S tot) and total organic carbon content (TOC), hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI) and ¹³C values of the organic matter were used to reconstruct the lakes filling history. Following an initial rapid deepening phase, open lake conditions developed with HI reaching more than 500 mg HC/g TOC and TOC values up to 40%. The productivity of the lake was probably high and organic matter preservation was enhanced by a stratified water column. As the lake began to fill with sediment and became shallower, TOC and HI values declined, as the lake water was better oxygenated and preservation conditions declined. ¹³C values between –31 and –27 are controlled by the mixing of aquatic (algae and microbial mats) and terrigenous organic matter (wood, spores, pollen and cuticles). Following a rapid drop in lake level, shallow lake conditions alternated with swamp deposits (lignites) in the basin center. The organic matter preserved during this stage is strictly terrigenous in nature and experienced oxic degradation (HI 100 mg HC/g TOC). ¹³C values between –26 and –24 are typical for Eocene terrigenous matter. The inferred lake level fluctuations are interpreted to have been controlled by tectonic as well as climatic processes.     

洪泽湖不同湖区表层沉积物对磷的吸附特征

研究了洪泽湖9 个湖区表层沉积物对磷的吸附行为和沉积物对磷的吸附/解吸平衡质量浓度, 并分析了沉积物理化性质与磷吸附特征参数的关系。结果表明, 在低磷浓度条件下(0~1 mg/L), 沉积物对磷的最大吸附量为50.67~85.17 mg/kg, 沉积物在磷酸盐初始质量浓度较低时都存在负吸附(释放)现象。各湖区沉积物的吸附/解吸平衡磷浓度(EPC0) 范围为0.06~0.11mg/L, 均小于其上覆水中磷的含量, 沉积物对其上覆水中的磷表现为吸附作用。沉积物最大磷吸附量(Q_max)、本底吸附态磷量(NAP) 和总最大吸附磷量(TQ_max) 与沉积物中活性铁和活性铝的含量显著正相关, 与沉积物中总磷、无机磷、有机磷和有机质的含量相关性不显著。吸附/解吸平衡浓度(EPC₀) 与沉积物各理化参数之间没有表现出显著相关性。     

Role of landscape parameters in riverine run-off,and sediment and organic matter yield on Disko Island,West Greenland

Measurements of discharge and suspended sediment and organic matter yield from nine different drainage basins on the island Disko in central West Greenland were carried out in the period 19–30 July 1997. A series of landscape properties (glacier cover, altitude, slope, aspect and vegetation cover) were measured for each drainage basin from a digital elevation model and a satellite image. Principal Component Analysis and regression statistics have been used to examine which landscape parameters dominate the measured discharges and yields. It is concluded that differences in suspended sediment and organic matter yield between the drainage basins can be explained by the measured morphometric properties while differences in water run-off can not. Glacier cover percentage and percent area above 800 m a.s.l. were the most important parameters influencing suspended sediment and organic matter yield in the drainage basins on Disko during the study period.     

有机质对青藏高原多年冻土活动层土壤持水性能的影响

土壤水分特征曲线描述土壤基质势ψ和含水量θ之间的函数关系,表征土壤的持水性能,是研究土壤水分入渗、蒸发、土壤侵蚀及溶质运移的关键。高寒气候特征使有机质在青藏高原地区大量积累,为确定多年冻土活动层土壤持水性能的影响因素,尤其是有机质的影响,在长江源北麓河地区采样分析。结果表明：相比于土壤粒度分布,容重和有机质是影响土壤持水性能的主要因素,其中高基质势下（0~-30 kPa）以容重影响为主,低基质势下（-100~-1 500 kPa）以有机质影响为主;有机质通过改变土壤结构和增强土壤的吸附性而影响土壤持水性能,同时影响程度取决于有机质的多少,土壤持水性与有机质含量呈正相关关系。本次研究有助于认识高寒地区土壤水文特征,对展开土壤水文过程的研究提供理论基础。     

黄河三角洲柽柳林场湿地土壤养分的空间异质性及其与植物群落分布的耦合关系

于2007年7月,在黄河三角洲柽柳林场湿地,采集了不同植物群落表层土壤,分析了土壤可溶性盐、有机质、全氮和全磷含量等的空间分异及其与湿地植被分布的关系。土壤可溶性盐、有机质、全氮和全磷的含量分别为0.11%～4.31%、0.18%～1.55%、128～1268mg/kg和521～770mg/kg,可溶性盐、有机质、全氮的空间分异显著。随土壤可溶性盐含量的增大植物种类逐渐减少,不同群落下土壤有机质、全氮含量分布规律相似:随着土壤可溶性盐含量的降低、水分条件的改善,土壤有机质及全氮含量升高。土壤可溶性盐含量是该区植被分布的主要限制因素,同时植被的分布改善了土壤的营养状况。     

Late holocene paleoclimatic and paleobiologic records from sediments of Devils Lake,North Dakota

An 84 cm sediment core collected from the center of Devils Lake, North Dakota, was analyzed at 1-cm intervals for,²¹⁰Pb,¹³⁷Cs, sediment conductivity, the concentrations of, biogenic silica, total organic carbon, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the organic fraction. Variations in²¹⁰Pb activities in the upper 20 centimeters indicate that sediment accumulations rates in Devils Lake are not constant, and that accumulation rates were highest during periods of high lake level. The mean sedimentation accumulation rate was calculated as 0.24 cm^–1 yr. The¹³⁷Cs profile is characterized by near-surface maximum concentrations, possibly the result of redistribution of¹³⁷Cs during salinity excursions.Biogenic silica is strongly correlated to lake level in Devils Lake. Periods of low lake level (characterized by high sediment conductivity) correspond to low biogenic silica concentrations. The trends in biogenic silica are attributed to variations in diatom productivity in the lake and to variations in sediment accumulation rates. Based on biogenic silica content and the composition of organic matter in the sediment (total organic carbon, carbon:nitrogen ratio and the ¹³C and ¹⁵N composition of total organic matter), paleobiologic conditions of Devils Lake during low lake stands were characterized by, (1) decreased primary productivity, (2) decreased input of detrital organic matter, and (3) increased nitrogen availability.During the 350 years of sediment accumulation represented by the 84-cm sediment core Devils Lake has experienced two periods of sustained high lake level; one between about 130 and 170 years ago (1820 to 1860 A.D.) and the second between 270 and 310 years ago (1680 to 1720 A.D.). Devils Lake experienced a period of intense drying about 260 years ago (1720 A.D.).     

河水中悬浮颗粒物对重金属的吸附行为

本研究以瓯江河水为对象,研究河水中悬浮颗粒物对重金属（Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb）离子的吸附行为．分别进行了Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb在悬浮颗粒物的吸附速率,解吸速率以及溶解性有机质（DOM）对吸附解吸行为的影响实验．结果表明：河水中悬浮颗粒物对Cu、Zn、Cd、Ph的吸附和解吸速率较快,吸附平衡时间为8h,解吸平衡时间为4h...     

南极阿德雷岛企鹅粪土沉积物分子地球化学特征

本文分析了南极阿德雷岛Y2湖企鹅粪土沉积层的有机地球化学组成与分布。结果表明企鹅粪土沉积层中正构烷烃以C23为主峰,主要来源于冻土湖沼苔藓植物,样品中高含量的烯烃说明其有机质保存良好。醇类以高浓度的植醇和胆甾烷醇为主,胆甾烷醇和胆甾醇浓度曲线一致,并与企鹅粪土层中的无机元素标型组合的曲线相似,可以作为灵敏的企鹅数量指示剂。酸类组分中以C18饱和脂肪酸为主,在南极低温的环境下,C18∶2酸浓度很低,在很多层次中未检测到,可能是因为Y2沉积物中C18酸以及C18∶2酸主要受企鹅粪影响,而非植被影响。同时在酸性组分中也发现高浓度的胆甾酸。Y2湖中的甾类标志物,甾烯、甾醇、胆甾酸均以C27结构为主,组成单一,低浓度的甾烯和高浓度的甾醇,胆甾酸说明甾类化合物主要受企鹅粪便影响,甾醇和胆甾酸保存良好。综合Y2湖的生物标志物的性质,该沉积物有机质保存良好,主要来源于企鹅粪。     

Deriving hillslope sediment budgets in wildfire-affected forests using fallout radionuclide tracers

Information on post-fire sediment and nutrient redistribution is required to underpin post-fire catchment management decisions. Fallout radionuclide budgets (²¹⁰Pb_xs, ¹³⁷Cs and ⁷Be) were derived to quantify soil redistribution and sediment yield in forested terrain following a moderately severe wildfire in a small (89 ha) water supply catchment in SE Australia. Application of these techniques in burnt terrain requires careful consideration of the partitioning of radionuclides between organic and mineral soil components. Beryllium-7 and ²¹⁰Pb_xs were shown to be closely associated with ash, litter and soil organic matter whereas ¹³⁷Cs was more closely associated with subsurface coarse mineral soil. Comparison of the three tracer budgets indicated that the dominant sediment source areas were ridgetops and steep valley sideslopes, from which burnt surface material was conveyed to the stream network via pre-existing gullies. Erosion was predominantly driven by sheetwash, enhanced by soil water repellency, and modified by bioturbation which both supplies subsurface sediment and provides sinks for erosive overland flow. Footslope and riparian zones were not important sediment source areas. The estimated event-based (wildfire and subsequent rainfall) sediment yield is 58 ± 25 t km^− 2, based on fallout ⁷Be measurements. The upper estimate of total particulate phosphorus yield (0.70 kg ha^− 1) is more than 10 times that at equivalent unburnt sites. This illustrates that, soon after fire, burnt eucalypt forest can produce nutrient loads similar to those of agricultural catchments. The tracer budgets indicate that wildfire is an important control on sediment and phosphorus inputs to the stream network over the decadal timeframe and the pulsed nature of this release is an important concern for water quality management.