太平洋CC区多金属结核成矿元素迁移规律的界面地球化学研究

本文通过对太平洋ＣＣ区东区上覆水,间隙水,沉积物,结核中的环境参数、元素含量进行分析,研究了成矿元素在界面间（上覆水－沉积物,间隙水－沉积物、上覆水－间隙水、沉积物－结核）的迁移变化规律,为了解和揭示大洋多金属结核成因及成矿规律提供了依据。     

海底水－沉积物界面系统中稀土元素的变化及配分特征

本文利用“大洋多金属结核调查”期间“海洋４”号调查船ＨＹ_４－８７１、８８１航次在东太平洋海盆取得的底层水、沉积物、间隙水及多金属结核样品，对比研究了稀土元素（ＲＥＥ）在海底水－沉积物界面系统不同物质相中的分布变化及配分特征。结果表明，在大洋氧化性沉积物间隙水中ＲＥＥ相对于底层水亏损。除Ｃｅ外，沉积物与多金属结核ＲＥＥ含量较为接近。底层水、沉积物、间隙水ＲＥＥ配分特征极为相似，都表现出中稀土相对于轻、重稀土的轻度分离和富集，Ｃｅ表现为负异常。多金属结核中中稀土也有类似的富集倾向，但Ｃｅ主要表现为正异常。随深度的增加，沉积物ＲＥＥ含量增加，但其配分模式不变。     

太平洋北部铁锰结核中重金属元素的分布、来源及其与沉积环境的关系

通过对太平洋北部26个站位结核中重金属元素的分析结果与相对应的上覆水、间隙水、沉积物及生物资料的对比研究表明:结核中重金属元素的分布可明显的分为三组:Cu, Zn, Ni为Mn组(第一组),Pb, Co为Fe组(第二组),Cr为第三组;不同组元素的来源明显的不同,但随着结核所处的沉积环境以及生物作用的强度不同,同组元素的来源又有差异,这可能导致形成的结核类型不同。从而本文提出,太平洋结核的形成,并不是单一的沉积机制或生物机制,而是包括上述机制在内的生物地球化学机制。     

大亚湾沉积物间隙水的无机磷硅氮营养盐化学

1988～1989年对大亚湾14个站的沉积物间隙水和上覆水中的溶解性磷酸根、硅酸根、氨氮和硝酸根+亚硝酸根进行了3次调查研究.它们在间隙水及上覆水中的浓度表现出不同的空间和时间变化:除个别情况外,间隙水中的营养盐浓度比上覆水高.间隙水中的营养盐除硝酸根+亚硝酸根浓度随沉积物深度而降低外,其他的随深度增加.根据沉积物界面上的营养盐浓度梯度计算了它们的扩散通量.     

太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物和间隙水中Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg的地球化学

本文利用太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区(富集度1.1—22.0kg/m~2)7个柱状样的沉积物和间隙水资料,详细探讨了其Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg的地球化学特征。结果表明:(1)沉积物中Mn明显的比河口、陆架及贫结核洋区富集,而Fe则与河口沉积物相接近;(2)沉积环境不同,沉积物和间隙水中元素的垂直分布和进入间隙水的途径不同;(3)沉积物中Fe,Mg主要来自粘土吸附,Ca来自生物化学作用沉积,而Mn则可能通过河口、陆架及半深海沉积物次表层Mn的迁移、生物化学及附近海底火山作用而富集;(4)由于钙、硅软泥区生物作用强烈,使间隙水中Mn~(2+)/Fe~(2+)比值明显的比钙质软泥和褐色粘土区大,这在某种程度上支持了结核中Mn组元素的沉积物来源。     

中国多金属结核开辟区间隙水中铜、锰、镍的分布规律

通过对东北太平洋海域中国多金属结核开辟区沉积物间隙水中铜、锰、镍等微量元素的详细研究表明,锰主要受沉积环境的影响,其含量的变化范围在0.16～8.61μg/dm3之间;铜和镍则主要与表层海水的初级生产力有关,研究区内间隙水中铜和镍含量的变化范围分别为0.16～20.8和0.80～3.12μg/dm3,且这些元素在沉积物—水界面处均存在最大浓度梯度.利用“Fick扩散定律”计算表明,锰在研究区主要是从上覆海水向沉积物扩散,是沉积物中锰的主要来源之一;而铜和镍则是从沉积物向上覆海水扩散,是底层海水中铜和镍的主要来源。与表层海水中铜和镍向底层海水的输送通量计算结果相比,底层海水中铜和镍的含量主要受沉积物的控制.     

辽东湾沉积物间隙水中卤素的地球化学

辽东湾沉积物间隙水中卤素(氟、氯、溴、碘)等的测定结果表明,间隙水中氯含量接近于上覆海水,且随深度无明显变化.氟、溴、碘由于受有机质吸附作用的影响而富集在间隙水中,随着深度增加多呈极大值或指数增加分布.基于这种分布,我们讨论了间隙水中卤素的化学成岩过程,提出了卤素的早期成岩作用模式,计算了沉积物-水界面的扩散通量.间隙水中卤素的地球化学过程,主要受有机质分解和固相沉积物的移去反应所控制,沉积物-水界面的质量转移特征是卤素离子自沉积物中向上覆海水扩散.     

海底水－沉积物界面系统中稀土元素的变化及配分特征

本文利用”大洋多金属结核调查“期间”海洋4“号调查船HY₄-871、881航次在东太平洋海盆取得的底层水、沉积物、间隙水及多金属结核样品,对比研究了稀土元素(REE)在海底水-沉积物界面系统不同物质相中的分布变化及配分特征。结果表明,在大洋氧化性沉积物间隙水中REE相对于底层水亏损。除Ce外,沉积物与多金属结核REE含量较为接近。底层水、沉积物、间隙水REE配分特征极为相似,都表现出中稀土相对于轻、重稀土的轻度分离和富集,Ce表现为负异常。多金属结核中中稀土也有类似的富集倾向,但Ce主要表现为正异常。随深度的增加,沉积物REE含量增加,但其配分模式不变。     

中太平洋海盆Ca、Mg的沉积聚集及其控制因子

本文对1983年中太平洋锰结核调查中所取的10个站沉积物、间隙水以及表层上覆水体等样品,进行了沉积物固相Ca、Mg、碳酸盐含量以及间隙水和上覆水体中Ca2+、M2+等项的测定,并与东海陆架区某些有关资料进行对比,以探讨Ca、Mg的分离、聚集及过程的制约因子和机制等问题。结果表明,测区沉积物Ca、Mg的分离和聚集与水深制约有密切的关系。在固相与水相之间的关系上,从水相中Mg2+优势转变为沉积物固相Ca优势的过程事实上就是Ca、Mg分离与聚集的质变过程,其原因与Ca、Mg碳酸盐的溶解度有关。文章着重探讨了间隙水与上覆水体之间的分离、聚集关系和环境pH对过程的重要影响。     

草鱼不同混养模式的上覆水、间隙水及沉积物中各形态碳的分布特

设定3种草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)混养模式:草鱼、鲢和鳙混养(GSB),草鱼、鲢、鳙和凡纳滨对虾混养(GSBL),草鱼、鲢、鳙和鲤混养(GSBC)。于2013年4—9月采集不同混养池塘的上覆水和底泥样品,分析上覆水、表层间隙水及沉积物中各形态碳的含量及相关关系。研究显示:(1)不同混养池塘表层间隙水中DOC和DIC含量显著高于上覆水(P0.05),DOC和DIC含量在GSB、GSBC组中于8月出现最大值,而在GSBL组中于7月出现最大值;上覆水DOC和DIC含量在不同模式中的变化规律与表层间隙水基本一致。(2)上覆水和表层间隙水中DOC含量整体均表现为GSBCGSBLGSB,DIC含量整体均表现为GSBCGSBGSBL,各组间的DOC和DIC含量在8月的差异显著(P0.05);表层沉积物TOC和TIC含量则整体均表现为GSBGSBLGSBC,在8、9月各组间TOC差异显著(P0.05),而6、7月GSB组的TIC显著高于其它2组(P0.05)。(3)间隙水DOC、DIC和沉积物TOC、TIC垂直分布规律与养殖模式关系密切:总体而言,GSB、GSBL组仅在0~2cm变化明显;GSBC组在0~2和2~4cm均有明显变化,且2层含量在养殖中后期较接近。(4)上覆水DOC和DIC含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01);上覆水DOC与表层间隙水DOC呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与表层沉积物TOC也呈正相关关系,但相关性不显著;上覆水DIC与表层间隙水DIC呈显著正相关关系(P0.01),而与表层沉积物TIC呈显著负相关关系(P0.01)。间隙水及底泥中各形态碳含量的垂直分布特征主要受生物扰动作用的影响,其次是扩散作用。GSBC模式中间隙水及底泥中各形态碳含量受生物扰动作用影响最明显,GSBL模式次之。     

The transport of bacteria in the sediments of a temperate marsh

The number of bacteria in sediments, interstitial water and overlying tidal water of an oligohaline marsh system are about 10⁹, 10⁶ and 10⁶ cells cm^?3, respectively. Average cell size in the overlying water (about 0·06 μm³), is much smaller than that in sediments and interstitial water (about 0·18 μm³). Most bacterial cells in sediments are bound to sediment particles and less than 1% of the cells were displaced by percolating water through sediment columns. Concentration of bacteria in flooding tidal waters is generally higher than that in ebbing waters. Movement of bacterial biomass does not appear to be a significant mechanism of particulate organic transport in marsh sediments and marsh sediments do not appear to be a source of suspended bacteria for estuaries.     

长江口及邻近海域沉积物再悬浮对水体磷酸盐的影响的模拟研究

以长江口及邻近海域为研究区域,采用改进后的SEDEX法对沉积物中各形态磷的含量进行了分析,并通过模拟实验探讨了沉积物再悬浮对上覆水体磷酸盐浓度的影响。结果表明:碎屑磷（De-P）是沉积物磷的主要赋存形态,占总磷（TP）的50%以上;其次是可提取态有机磷（Or-P）和非活性有机磷（Re-P）;生物可利用磷（BAP）占总磷的比例约为21%,可提取态有机磷（Or-P）是生物可利用磷（BAP）的主要存在形态。沉积物再悬浮时,水体磷酸盐的浓度显著升高,说明沉积物再悬浮会引起沉积物中磷的释放;水体磷酸盐浓度升高主要源于沉积物中磷的释放,而间隙水的贡献较低。沉积物发生再悬浮时,厌氧条件相对于好氧条件,更有利于沉积物磷的释放。     

The Functions of China Marginal Sea Sediments in the Cycle of Biogenic Elements

The contents of biogenic elements in China marginal sea sediments are related to their grain sizes, river transport, et al. In general, the finer the grain size is, the higher the contents of organic matter and OC, N, P are, the lower the contents of S and Si are. The biogeochemical environments of sediments are related to Eh, pH, temperature content of OC,Fe3 /Fe2 radio, water dynamics condition, grain size of sediment, S system in sediment interstitial waters, et al., and they influence the early diageneses and cycle of biogenic elements in sediments. In most regions of China marginal sea, the flux directions of S2-, HS-,3- NH4 H4SiO4, PO4 , across the sediment-water interface are from sediment to the overlying seawater, the flux directions of SO42-, HCO3-, NO3-, NO2- across the sediment-water interface are from the overlying seawater to sediment. The irrigation of living things is important in the cycle of the biogenic elements across sediment-water interfaces.     

The effect of biological and physical disturbances on the transport of arsenic from contaminated estuarine sediments

From the distribution of dissolved and solid arsenic species in a contaminated estuarine sediment and measured rates of flux of the various arsenic species we propose an empirical model for the cycling of arsenic between sediments and water column. The chemical form of arsenic in the sediment was largely determined by the redox state of the sediment. Arsenite was the dominant dissolved and solid species in the deeper reduced sediment, and arsenate was dominant in the oxidized surface layer. Arsenite in the interstitial water diffused toward the surface layer, where it was mostly oxidized to arsenate prior to leaving the sediments. Some arsenate adsorbed to the surface sediments and produced a surface layer enriched in arsenic. Small concentrations of methyl and dimethyl arsenic were produced in the sediments, and these also diffused into the overlying water.Nereis succinea, a burrowing polychaete, affected distribution and flux of arsenic from the sediments by its production of irrigated burrows. These burrows increased both the effective surface area of the sediment and the diffusion of arsenic by a factor of five. When the relative effects of the activities of Nereis succinea and physical resuspension are compared, results indicate that although physical resuspension can produce large pulses of materials from contaminated sediments, continuous biological activity is likely to be more important in the mobilization of contaminants from sediments in many estuarine environments.     

胶州湾海水-沉积物界面氮、磷、铁的地球化学特征

对胶州湾底层水溶解氧、总氮、总磷、溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐、铁及孔隙水中溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、铁和沉积物粒度、有机碳进行了分析。结果显示除铵氮外,孔隙水浓度明显高于底层水中浓度,其中硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、活性磷酸盐、铁在孔隙水中的浓度分别为在底层水中浓度的17.8、9.3、12.5、7.7倍,暗示孔隙水中的物质可能向上覆水体扩散。在横向上,底层水及孔隙水中硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、铵氮、活性磷酸盐都呈东岸高西岸低的分布规律,在西南部出现低值。Fe在底层水及孔隙水中的分布规律为东低西高,然而在沉积物中则与此正好相反。氮、磷、铁主要补给源有河流输入、工业生活污染排放、海洋生物自身分解以及孔隙水的释放。影响氮、磷、铁分布的主要因素为物源、河流输入及水动力条件,同时受到沉积物粒度的制约。相关分析显示,溶解氧、有机碳、铁对水体中磷及氮的分布具有某种制约作用。     

Denitrification in Qi''ao Island coastal zone, the Zhujiang Estuary in China

Samples of sediments and the overlying water were collected in the Qi'ao Island coastal zone, the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Estuary (ZE). Denitrification rates, sediment oxygen demand (SOD) , and fluxes of inorganic nitrogen compounds were investigated with N2 flux method, using a self-designed continuous flow through and auto-sampling system. The results indicate that the denitrification rates varied between 222 and 908 μmol/(m2·h) with an average of 499 μmol/(m2·h). During incubation, the sediments absorbed dissolved oxygen in the overlying water with SOD ranging from 300 to 2 363 μmol/(m2·h). The denitrification rates were highly correlated with the SOD (r2 =0.77) regardless of the NO3- + NO2- concentrations in the overlying water, organ- ic carbon contents in sediments and water temperature, suggesting that the SOD was probably the main environ-mental factor controlling the denitrification in the Qi'ao Island coastal zone. There was a net flux of NO3- + NO2-into the sediments from the overlying water. The NH4+ flux from sediments into water as the result of mineraliza-tion was between 12. 3 and 210. 3 μmol/(m2·h) ,which seems limited by both organic carbon content in sedi-ment and dissolved oxygen concentration in the overlying water.     

REE distribution in water-sediment interface system at deep ocean floor

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The diffusive fluxes of inorganic nitrogen across the intertidal sediment-water interface of the Changjiang Estuary in China

1IntroductionEstuaries are the main channels linking bothland and coastal seas,through which pass matterleached from land into rivers,together with anthro-pogenic matter discharged directly into the estuaries.During the past few decades,increasing concern…     

草鱼不同养殖模式底泥间隙水与上覆水营养盐的分布特征

于2009年6～10月采集草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)不同养殖模式围隔底泥的样品,对上覆水和间隙水中营养盐形态与含量进行分析,探讨间隙水和上覆水中营养盐浓度间的相关关系。结果表明:草鱼不同养殖模式围隔大部分间隙水中营养盐浓度要高于上覆水,上覆水与间隙水中PO43--P浓度呈极显著的正相关性(P<0.01)。上覆水和间隙水中的NO2--N和NO3--N浓度垂直分布特征随月变化规律较一致。养殖期间,间隙水溶解态无机氮(DIN)中NH4+-N比例最高,占95%以上。间隙水中NH4+-N浓度随深度增加而逐渐升高(0～10cm),而NO2--N和NO3--N浓度则随深度增加而减小(0～4cm)。表层底泥在0→1cm方向PO43--P浓度明显增加,从2～3cm层后多数养殖模式下浓度缓慢下降,而4→10cm方向上浓度会随深度增加而明显下降。总体而言,三元混养组中(GSL2)上覆水中营养盐的浓度一般要低于GSL1组和GSL3组,且养殖期间该组底层水DO浓度要高于GSL1组和GSL3组,初步认为是一种较为优化的草鱼混养模式。