Pdif震相在CDSN兰州地震台的记录特征

通过对CDSN兰州地震台1990-2000年间31个极远震记录的分析,得到了Pdif震相在CDSN宽频带数字地震仪上的运动学和动力学特征;给出了兰州地震台Pdif震相走时便查表,以便分析时查询比较.所得结果有助于提高地震速报能力和积累震相分析经验,有助于对核幔边界物理性质的认识.     

关于Δ≥140°的地震衍射波Pdif(P'''')

本文讨论了△≥140°的地震衍射波Pdif的走时及振幅、周期。并讨论了识别这一震相的方法,还肯定了763长周期地震仪记录衍射波Pdif的优越性。     

Pdif震相的记录特征

通过对北京地震台1990-2008年间63个极远震记录的分析,简要讨论Pdif震相在CDSN 宽频带数字仪器上的记录特征.目前,北京地震台观测到的Pdif震相的记录范围约101.87°—172.18°,最小震级为6.0级,最浅震源深度为9 km,最深为631.3 km.所得结果有助于提高地震速报能力和积累震相分析经验,...     

核幔界面衍射波Pdiff震相最大 记录震中距探讨

智利M_S8.8特大地震在甘肃数字测震台网记录的最大震中距达179.7°, 通过读取该地震初至震相的观测走时, 计算该震相的平均观测慢度为4.104 s/°, 与P_diff震相的理论慢度4.439 s/°基本一致. 研究结果表明: 由于甘肃数字测震台网和甘东南野外观测流动台阵独特的地理位置, 记录到了至今全球最大震中距(179.7°)的核幔界面衍射波P_diff震相; P_diff震相起始观测走时明显滞后于IASP91理论走时; 核幔界面复杂的形态对不同方位传播的P_diff震相观测走时产生了一定的影响.      

2010年智利Ms8．8地震震相特征分析

对昆明地震台数字地震仪记录的2010年2月27日智利Ms8．8地震的震相进行分析,与格尔木、高台、呼和浩特、成都、银川、兰州、西妥等7个地震台记录进行对比,提出智利地震的记录特征、分析难点,并将JB表中Pdif波走时曲线的截止距离从150°延伸到177．8°。     

第二影区地震震相到时特征变化浅析

运用国家台甚宽和超宽频带地震计记录的波形数据,对震中距介于105°～128°(即第二影区)的地震波形进行仿真处理,分析各台站地震波由地幔传播到核幔交界面时,各震相记录特征发生的变化.结果表明,当震中距增大到105°左右时,地震波进入到核幔过渡带这一复杂的低速层中,地震波能量衰减加快;P波与Pdif波震相未表现出明显的分...     

PKPdif波-内核低速层存在的地震学证据

通过对中国数字地震仪台网(CDSN)11个台1993—2012年间30个极远震记录的分析,识别出了PKP波入射到内外核界面(ICB)上的衍射波PKPdif波。PKPdif波在震中距120°左右时出现在PKIKP波之前,在震中距150°以后出现在PKIKP波之后,是一个长周期波。为了解释PKPdif波超前于PKIKP波的原因,设想在距地面约5 156.1～5 372.2 km的深度,即内外核界面下有可能存在一个PKIKP波的低速层(厚度约216.1 km)。该设想符合Jeffreys速度模型,给出的PKPdif波在震中距119.4°～176.1°间的走时表填补了目前使用的《IASPEI1991地震波走时表》的空白。讨论PKPdif波的运动学特征有助于对内外核界面物理性质的认识,有助于提高分析震相的水平和积累震相分析经验。     

中国地震台网记录到震中距大于160度的衍射波

我国基本地震台网过去使用中长周期地震仪,由于受频带限制,虽然记录到一些幔核界面的衍射波震相Pdif,但震相初至清晰可辨的较少,震中距大于160度的Pdif,则从未记录到。自从763型长周期地震仪在我国基本台网铺设以来,则相继记录到震中距110—150度的初至清晰的Pdif。 1985年3月3日在智利发生了一次强震,美国PDE目录给出了如下参数:0:22~h47~m06.9~s;φ:33.155s;λ:71.980w;h:33km;Msz:7.8。这次地震在我国基本台网中     

核幔边界的速度结构对PKPab波形的影响

用地球的自由振荡研究地球内部结构、速度间断面、密度分布等具有射线理论不可替代的优点。而地球的自由振荡可以用简正振型来表示,用简正振型叠加方法合成的PKP波理论地震图,其PKPab波震相和PKPdf波震相的走时与射线理论计算的理论走时基本一致,并且研究了在地幔底部至核幔边界上方300km处,压缩波的速度梯度的变化对PKPab波振幅的影响,从而证明当波以接近掠射角或者大于掠射角入射时,会有漏能现象的发生,或者可称之为隧道效应。发现用3个不同模型合成的地震图,在震中距相同的情况下,核幔边界上P波速度梯度大的,其PKPab波的振幅较小一些。这也进一步说明核幔边界上方P波速度梯度的变化对漏能现象有一定程度的影响。     

SSDP单台地震处理软件常见故障分析及排除

随着数字化的正式运行，提高数字仪的地震分析水平提到议事日程，而提高地震分析水平，无疑要充分掌握SSDP单台地震处理软件。为此，我们对该软件做了详细地分析和研究，并完善了它的一部分功能。 1 走时表选用引起的故障 （1）当我们在用震相P，S计算震中距分析地震时，SSDP单台地震处理软件会自动默认CFG/CHINA.TAB区域走时表，但是，该走时表最小值只有8°，换算成千米即是899.91 km。这样一来，就会出现一种错情，即8°以内的地方震的定位结果均是899.91 km，且发震时刻也是错误的。通过阅读下面的CFG/CHINA.TAB区域走时…     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.