长江三角洲地区深基坑降水与地面沉降模拟预测耦合模型研究

长江三角洲地区深基坑降水复杂,且极易引起地面沉降地质灾害问题,传统的基于地下水动力学原理的解析解模型(Theis公式或Dupuit公式)已难以满足降水设计模拟计算的需要,尤其是无法预测降水引起的地面沉降问题,深基坑降水与地面沉降耦合模型将地下水渗流模型和土体应力-应变模型耦合起来,可根据基坑地下水位的控制要求,同时模拟计算出降水井的布局、各井的开采量和地面沉降量。据此确定出的基坑降水方案既能满足地下水位的控制要求,又能对降水引起的地面沉降进行最优化控制。     

复合含水层地区深基坑降水三维渗流场数值模拟以上海环球金融中心基坑降水为例

长江三角洲分布有巨厚、松散的第四纪沉积层,地下含水系统为一复合含水层系统,深基坑降水一般采用非完整井,且由于深基坑周围连续挡水墙难以深入含水层底板,所以其地下水渗流场变化极其复杂,具有明显的三维流特征。本文以上海环球金融中心深基坑降水为例,采用数值模拟方法,模拟了在多层含水层复合存在、含水层最深底板埋深达149m、基坑周围挡水连续墙埋深达34m、基坑内地下水位降深达26m的情况下的地下水三维渗流场特征,并以此为据确定出了该基坑降水的最优化方案。     

基于基坑降水优化设计的地面沉降数值模拟

深基坑降水引起的地面沉降给工程和周边环境带来很大的危害,以天津地铁 XX站深基坑为例,通过使用有限差分模拟软件Processing Modflow建立三维地下水渗流场与地面沉降耦合模型,利用抽水试验数据反演识别场区的水文地质参数,对基坑降水对周边环境的影响进行预测。结合施工要求,本着在规定时间内用最少的抽水量完成降水要求,并对基坑周围造成的环境影响最小的原则,对基坑降水进行优化设计。     

Processing Modflow在基坑疏干抽排水中的应用

以天津某基坑为研究对象,采用Processing Modflow数值模拟软件建立了地下水三维渗流与地面沉降耦合模型。模拟了基坑疏干抽排水在完成支护、止水帷幕施工条件下其周边地下水位和地面沉降的实时变化:即由于疏干抽排水引起的基坑周边约80 m内地下水水位降幅在0.90~82.15 cm之间,约80 m内地面沉降量在0.001~26.21 mm之间。模拟结果与后期监测数据吻合较好,能够较为真实的反映降水过程对周边环境的影响。     

利用Modflow预测某基坑降水引起的地面沉降

在掌握场区水文地质条件和抽水试验成果的基础上，通过利用Modflow对某基坑降水工程建立了较合理的渗流计算模型，并针对可能采用的基坑降水方案，模拟预测出基坑降水下的基坑内外地下水位变化，定量评估了基坑降水引起的附加地面沉降问题，为结构设计核算和施工应对措施提供了重要依据。     

天津市汉沽区深层地下水演变研究

根据天津市汉沽区地下水历史资料,分析区域地下水开采量、水位埋深、地面沉降变化及它们之间的联系等。发现汉沽区地下水处于长期超采状态,地下水位也呈逐年下降趋势,地面不断下沉,地下水的过量开采是引起地面沉降和水位持续下降的主要原因。通过建立汉沽区地下水流-地面沉降模型,设定三个水平年地下水开采方案,预测未来地下水位埋深及地面沉降变化。预测表明,随着地下水开采量的消减,地下水位逐步上升,地面下沉趋势可得到遏制。     

宁县典型测井地下水埋深的灰色预测研究

采用灰色系统理论中灰色动态模型GM（1,1）,对一观测孔地下水位埋深进行灰色动态模拟。利用观测孔2011年实测地下水位埋深数据建立GM（1,1）预测模型,并对2012年地下水位埋深进行预测。经验证,模型预测精度较高,具有一定的实用价值。     

深基坑降水疏干过程中三维渗流场数值模拟研究

运用潜水、承压水渗流理论和有限差分法,以及干湿单元、预处理共扼梯度算法,以上海环球金融中心塔楼深基坑降水为依托工程,对深基坑降水的三维非稳定渗流场的计算建模和降水疏干过程进行了数值模拟研究。利用5口井和8口井的群井抽水试验资料,对模型主要参数进行了校正及后继检验计算。在上述基础上对中心基坑水位降至-22m时井的布置方案进行了优化设计,同时分析了深基坑内外渗流场的变化,为深基坑降水设计和施工提供了依据。     

深基坑降水引起周边地面沉降量值计算修正系数Ms的确定

从降落漏斗水位以上覆盖层、弱透水层的排水固结过程到多孔介质（岩土层）的压缩、水的压缩三方面分析了深井降水引起地面沉降的机理,得出降水引起地面沉降的压缩层厚度主要为降落漏斗水位以上降深范围内的覆盖层和弱透水层厚度的结论。同时收集了10个有代表性的深基坑降水工程的相关资料,通过实测值与理论值的比值,得出一批降水引起地面沉降修正系数 值（880组数据）。采用BP神经网络对这批数据进行处理,使它能在给定的输入 和输出（ ）之间,建立一种网络映射关系。利用该网络任意输入一组 值,即可得出不同 ,S对应的修正系数Ms等值线图,为类似地层的基坑降水工程,在预测不同的时间、距离的实际沉降量上具有实用价值。     

密集井点小泵量基坑降水技术的应用

介绍了在水源补给充分、水位降深较大的基坑施工中,采用密集井点小泵量连续抽水控制地下水位,使降水漏斗曲面平缓,减小基坑周围地面沉降的风险的方法,以及取得的良好的降水效果。     

基坑工程降水渗流场特性分析

基于Biot固结理论和Terzaghi有效应力原理,采用有限元法对深基坑工程降水渗流场进行应力场与渗流场耦合的数值模拟。结合南京九华山隧道基坑工程降水实例,分析了基坑降水水位线的形状、流速分布及地表沉降规律;比较了降水井不同布置、井深对基坑渗流场及周围地表沉降的影响,其结果有助于进一步了解地下水与土体相互作用机理,并为基坑工程降水井的设计提供可靠的指导。     

Dewatering induced subsidence during excavation in a Shanghai soft deposit

Foundation dewatering has become a major cause of land subsidence in Shanghai. The burial depth of foundations in relation to geotechnical construction works is less than 75 m, and the corresponding groundwater includes phreatic, low-pressure artesian, and the first confined aquifers. Based on the geological and hydrogeological conditions beneath Shanghai, methods of dewatering may be divided into three modes and further five patterns according to the insertion depth of the dewatering-retaining system. The most common dewatering mode aims to reduce the water pressure in the confined aquifer by setting the dewatering wells inside the pit, whilst the retaining walls are buried in the confined aquifer and partially cut off the confined aquifer layer. To predict the settlement due to foundation dewatering, numerical models are generally adopted, which are similar to those used to predict land subsidence induced by regional groundwater withdrawal; however, since foundation dewatering is conducted along with the setting of retaining walls and foundation pit excavation, which differs from regional groundwater withdrawal, interactions between the retaining wall-dewatering well, the dewatering-excavation, and dewatering-recharge are important factors affecting the analytical model. Since the grading of the shallow soil layers is different, stratified settlement characteristics of the shallow soil strata and seepage erosion, which results in additional deformation, need to be given particular consideration.     

桩基后压浆对深基坑降水渗流场的影响

钻孔灌注桩后压浆后,与坑外含水层相比,基坑范围内含水层的渗透系数减小,这对基坑降水渗流场具有比较明显的影响。某广场式建筑由五幢塔楼和地下车库组成,采用桩侧后压浆钻孔灌注桩,基坑开挖深度21m,承压含水层组厚10m,透水性较强,采用敞开式完整井降水,井位主要沿基坑周边布置。在对水文地质条件进行概化后,建立了地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,进行了非均质渗流场模拟,并与均质渗流场作比较。结果表明,坑内后压浆区域的渗透系数减小后,坑内水力坡度变陡,单井涌水量减小,井数应相应增加;若模型计算域全部按注浆后的渗透系数考虑,则会严重降低补给强度、低估基坑总涌水量;在相同的降深要求下,坑内后压浆后渗透系数减小、但坑外渗透系数不变,基坑总补给量基本没有变化。现场监测与模拟结果较为一致。研究成果对类似工程地下水控制有一定的借鉴意义。     

Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18

In terms of controlling groundwater in deep foundation pit projects, the usual methods include increasing the curtain depth, reducing the amount of pumped groundwater, and implementing integrated control, in order to reduce the drawdown and land subsidence outside pits. In dewatering design for confined water, factors including drawdown requirements, the thickness of aquifers, the depth of dewatering wells and the depth of cutoff curtains have to be considered comprehensively and numerical simulations are generally conducted for calculation and analysis. Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18 is taken as the case study subject in this paper, a groundwater seepage model is developed according to the on-site engineering geological conditions and hydrogeological conditions, the excavation depth of the foundation pit as well as the design depth of the enclosure, hydrogeological parameters are determined via the pumping test, and the foundation pit dewatering is simulated by means of the three-dimensional finite difference method, which produces numerical results that consistent with real monitoring data as to the groundwater table. Besides, the drawdown and the land subsidence both inside and outside the pit caused by foundation pit dewatering are calculated and analyzed for various curtain depths. This study reveals that the drawdown and the land subsidence change faster near the curtain with the increase in the curtain depth, and the gradient of drawdown and land subsidence changes dwindles beyond certain depths. In this project, the curtain depth of 47/49 m is adopted, and a drawdown-land subsidence verification test is completed given hanging curtains before the excavation. The result turns out that the real measurements basically match the calculation results from the numerical simulation, and by increasing the depth of curtains, the land subsidence resulting from dewatering is effectively controlled.     

Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18

In terms of controlling groundwater in deep foundation pit projects, the usual methods include increasing the curtain depth, reducing the amount of pumped groundwater, and implementing integrated control, in order to reduce the drawdown and land subsidence outside pits. In dewatering design for confined water, factors including drawdown requirements, the thickness of aquifers, the depth of dewatering wells and the depth of cutoff curtains have to be considered comprehensively and numerical simulations are generally conducted for calculation and analysis. Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18 is taken as the case study subject in this paper, a groundwater seepage model is developed according to the on-site engineering geological conditions and hydrogeological conditions, the excavation depth of the foundation pit as well as the design depth of the enclosure, hydrogeological parameters are determined via the pumping test, and the foundation pit dewatering is simulated by means of the three-dimensional finite difference method, which produces numerical results that consistent with real monitoring data as to the groundwater table. Besides, the drawdown and the land subsidence both inside and outside the pit caused by foundation pit dewatering are calculated and analyzed for various curtain depths. This study reveals that the drawdown and the land subsidence change faster near the curtain with the increase in the curtain depth, and the gradient of drawdown and land subsidence changes dwindles beyond certain depths. In this project, the curtain depth of 47/49 m is adopted, and a drawdown-land subsidence verification test is completed given hanging curtains before the excavation. The result turns out that the real measurements basically match the calculation results from the numerical simulation, and by increasing the depth of curtains, the land subsidence resulting from dewatering is effectively controlled.     

落底式止水帷幕条件下基坑涌水量计算研究

涌漏点的存在使得落底式止水帷幕条件下基坑涌水量的计算成为一个有待解决的技术难题。在承压含水层中开挖落底式深基坑时,针对落底式止水帷幕渗漏的不确定性,建立承压含水层中落底式基坑非完整井降水水文地质模型。基于Theis非完整井非稳定流理论,结合映射原理,推导等效渗透系数计算公式,并提出涌漏系数法用以评价落底式止水帷幕隔渗效果以及计算基坑涌水量。以武汉某深基坑降水工程为例,采用该方法评价止水帷幕的隔渗效果以及对其基坑涌水量进行计算,并与实测结果和传统方法计算结果分别进行对比验证。结果显示涌漏系数法计算误差较小,且计算过程简便,兼具安全性和经济性。研究结果可应用于指导工程设计,具有一定实际应用价值。     

深基坑开挖卸荷对下卧既有地铁隧道的影响分析

长沙田汉大剧院地下空间商业项目一期基坑工程位于地铁1号线某区段正上方,坑底距隧道顶的最小距离约为6.2m。基坑坑底位于圆砾层中,地下水较丰富,考虑到降水对周边环境的影响,基坑工程采用封闭式止水帷幕并设置抗浮锚索。基坑开挖、降水引起的土体卸荷、地下水渗流,以及施工的抗浮锚索,共同影响坑底土体回弹,从而对下卧地铁隧道产生影响,如何分析与计算其影响成为该项工程的重点和难点。为此先通过两种常用的回弹变形估算方法计算坑底回弹量和隧道隆起位移;然后利用MIDAS GTS有限元软件建立三维数值分析模型,分别进行3种工况的模拟,包括不考虑地下水渗流影响并不采用抗浮锚索工况,考虑应力渗流耦合但不采用抗浮锚索工况,考虑应力渗流耦合并采用抗浮锚索工况。对比分析表明:帷幕渗透率较低时,考虑应力渗流耦合与不考虑渗流影响的坑底回弹和隧道隆起位移模拟结果基本一致;规范推荐估算方法在合理修正其卸荷应力,并确定合理的卸荷影响深度后,其计算结果与数值模拟结果相近。所得成果可为优化设计和施工提供有益的参考,并为类似工程提供借鉴。     

长江漫滩复杂地层条件下超大超深基坑降水设计

长江漫滩地区第四系松散层是一个巨厚的复杂含水体,地下水丰富,对深基坑施工影响极大。详细分析了南京梅子洲过江通道及青奥轴线地下交通系统工程中B2-J1区基坑降水工程的特征,分区分段进行降水设计,并根据各区段的地层特征,选用合适的降水井结构,利用全孔填滤料的方式对开挖面以上含水层进行疏导,取得良好的降水效果;针对坑内、外水位差大的区段设置坑外备用井,防止因围护结构缺陷造成基坑管涌,为基坑安全增加保障,并有效地控制了降水对周边环境破坏。