青海湖表层底泥中放射性同位素137Cs的来源

青海湖是我国环境研究中的一个热点地区,近年来137Cs计年技术已在这一地区得到广泛的应用.已报道的青海湖沉积物中137Cs垂直分布曲线显示,剖面最表层0-1 cm泥沙的137Cs浓度约60 Bq/kg,大致为峰值浓度的2/3,远超过近年来大气沉降137Cs所应带来的沉积水平为查明青海湖表层底泥中放射性同位素137Cs的来源,深入理解湖泊沉积过程,本文对青海湖沉积剖面的137Cs面积活度与137Cs本底值、湖泊表层底泥的137Cs浓度与入湖河流洪水沉积泥沙开展了比对研究.结果表明核爆期间的大气直接沉降是青海湖东南湖湾表层沉积物中的137Cs主要来源,约占4/5,风沙和入湖径流河沙的间接输入的137Cs仅占1/5而最表层0-1 cm的沉积物中137Cs很可能主要来源于底泥扰动,在这样的情况下,利用沉积岩芯开展青海湖环境研究时,分辨率的选取需要慎重考虑这一因素.     

结合粒度和137Cs对小流域水库沉积物的定年——以黔中喀斯特地区克酬水库为例

对取自黔中喀斯特地区克酬水库32cm长沉积物柱样进行^137Cs比活度以及粒度测定,结合气象站点降雨数据进行比对分析,对沉积物不同层位的年代进行了划分,并以此结合质量深度推算了1960-2004年间该水库的沉积速率。结合实例分析了^137Cs沉降、运移和沉积,改进了仅依靠^137Cs峰值定年方法,认为在流域面积较小、^137Cs比活度测试绝对数值较小的流域,降水和其他条件造成的土壤侵蚀程度差异可能是造成土壤中^137Cs进入湖泊沉积物多少的更主要原因,并表现为沉积物中^137Cs不同层位的差异。     

中国地区湖泊沉积物中137Cs分布特征和环境意义

137Cs是人为放射性核素,长期以来,它在沉积物岩芯剖面中的分布被用作近代沉积物定年的重要手段之一,本文全面收集了关于我同湖泊沉积物中137Cs分布的研究文献,对它们进行了综合分析和对比;试图揭示中国湖泊沉积物中137Cs剖面分布特征和环境意义;结合我同湖泊分区和特点,分别讨论了我国5大湖区137Cs的总体特征和主要影响因素,研究表明:影响137Cs沉积剖面分布的因素,除了纬度和海拔外,还应与当地的地貌特征、降雨量、植被状况和人类活动有关;全球核大气沉降是中同湖泊沉积物的137Cs剖面分布最主要的来源,同时我国早期的大气核试验和前苏联切尔诺贝利核泄漏事件对我国部分地区137Cs分布可能有一定的影响.     

137Cs质量平衡法测算青海湖现代沉积速率的尝试

本文是~(137)Cs质量平衡法测算青海湖现代沉积速率的尝试.青海湖和其他低沉积速率湖泊沉积物剖面中,深度数cm处的~(137)Cs蓄积峰,也可能是沉降到底泥表面的~(137)Cs尘埃,以扩散和迁移的方式向下入渗形成.因此,将沉积剖面中的~(137)Cs蓄积峰解释为1963年的沉积,并据此计算沉积速率,未必合理.青海湖湖滨草地测得的2005年~(137)Cs本底值为1 17.7mBq/cm~2.湖泊中部海心山到东南部渔场一线的6个孔的~(137）Cs面积活度介于92.9-325.0mBq/cm~2,其中青海湖东南部两个孔的~(137)Cs面积活度较高,分别为本底值的155%和270%;湖泊中部4个孔的~(137)Cs面积活度略高于或低于本底值.显然,湖泊东南部有明显沉积发生,特别是位于江西沟冲积扇前缘水下部分的QHH02孔,沉积强烈,水深也最小;湖泊中部沉积轻微.根据表层底泥样品的~(137)Cs浓度,入湖河流泥沙的~(137)Cs浓度和流域内草地表层土壤~(137)Cs浓度的分析,初步确定C=30mBq/g,为1963年以来青海湖沉积泥沙的平均~(137)Cs浓度.利用~(137)Cs质量平衡模型求得的湖泊中部的平均沉积速率为0.020cm/a,和根据布哈河输沙模数求算出的青海湖平均沉积速率0.018cm/a吻合,远低于已报导的断代法测定的青海湖沉积速率.湖泊东南部的沉积速率大于湖泊中部,QHH02孔的沉积速率高达0.229cm/a,是已报导的青海湖沉积速率的两倍.     

Altitude-dependent distribution of ~(137)Cs in the environment:a case study of Aragats massif,Armenia

This paper considers the distribution of technogenic 137Cs and naturally occurring radionuclides:238 U,232 Th and40 R concentrations in soils and 137Cs in atmospheric dry depositions by altitudinal belts of the Aragats mountain massif,Republic of Armenia.Undisturbed soil samples were collected at altitudes from 1000 to 3200 m.For the determination of geochemical variability,two soil sampling campaigns were undertaken.Atmospheric dry depositions were sampled from five stations at1100-3200 m collected onto organic fiber filters between June and December 2016.137Cs activity was measured using a high-purity Germanium detector coupled to a multichannel analyzer(Canberra).Results indicated that specific activity of 137Cs in soils at 1000 m is495-528 Bq m^-2,andat3200 mis10,500-11,470 Bq m^-2.No correlation observed for 137Cs versus naturally occurring radionuclides,which varies in distribution by altitude.Specific activities of 137Cs in dry atmospheric depositions varies from 1.06 at 846 m to2.37 Bq m^-2 per quarter at 3200 m and increases as the altitude increases.Activities of 137Cs in soil and dry atmospheric deposition correlated significantly,and 137Cs activity in soils and atmospheric dry depositions decrease as the absolute altitude decreases.The 50-year effective dose from exposure to 137Cs fallout varies with altitude from 0.007 to 1.42 m Sv.     

南极阿德雷岛湖泊沉积210Pb、137Cs定年及其环境意义

测试了南极阿德雷岛两个湖泊 (Y2和G)沉积物的2 10 Pb和137Cs比度 .根据2 10 Pb和137Cs比度垂向变化特征 ,采用CRS模式对G湖进行了定年 ,年龄跨度大约为 134± 43年 ,并据此计算了G湖的沉积速率 .近大约 10 0年来G湖呈增长变化的沉积速率以及沉积物2 10 Pb ,137Cs蓄积量和沉降通量远大于大气直接沉降 ,可能是温度升高引起该地区大量冰雪 (盖 )融水携带补充的结果 .     

利用210Pb、137Cs和241Am计年法测算云南抚仙湖现代沉积速率

通过对云南抚仙湖沉积物柱芯样品的210Pb、137Cs和241Am测试表明,柱芯剖面上有明显的1963年和1986年137Cs蓄积峰,验证了1975年次级蓄积峰存在的可能性,这些峰形完好的蓄积峰对抚仙湖的现代沉积环境有明显的时标意义。利用137Cs计年法得到抚仙湖沉积物自1963年、1975年及1986年以来到2007年的平均沉积速率分别为0.063g/(cm2·a)、0.052g/(cm2·a)和0.039g/(cm2·a),说明了过去近五十年抚仙湖沉积速率整体上经历了一个由快到慢的过程。借助于241Am 的1963年蓄积峰可以提高137Cs计年的准确性。根据210PbCRS计年模式,计算出每个样品深度所对应的年代,与137Cs计年法比较存在一定的偏差,分析了两种计年方法存在差异性的原因。通过质量深度和年代分析,抚仙湖的沉积速率变化幅度比较大,表明抚仙湖近129年来的沉积环境不稳定,可能与相应历史时期的人类活动有密切的关系。     

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL LOSS ON UNCULTIVATED SLOPE LAND BY USING 137CS TECHNIQUE IN THE UPPER YANGTZE RIVER BASIN OF CHINA

Radionuclides are used as tracers of sediments in areas where no plot data or field monitoring data are not available. Caesium-137 can provide important information on both soil loss rates and sediment sources. The 137Cs technique is employed to assess soil erosion rates in forest and grass lands in the Upper Yangtze River Basin, China. The study area includes 6 forestlands and 4 grasslands in 8 counties and cities over the eastern part of the basin. The ^137Cs reference inventories ranged from 620.9 Bq m-2 to 2560.3 Bq m^-2. For the 6 forestlands, the average 137Cs inventory over a field ranges from 960.8 Bq m^-2 to 2560.3 Bq m^-2. The average erosion rate is estimated from the ^137Cs measurements between 0 to 588 t km^-2yr^-1. For the 4 grasslands, the average ^137Cs inventory ranges from 119.0 Bq m2 to 869.7 Bq m^-2. The average rate of erosion from grassland varies from 0 to 4435 t km^-2 yrl. Where the erosion was more severe, the ^137Cs inventory was lower. The results showed that there is no clear relationship between ^137Cs inventory, slope length and slope gradient on uncultivated land. The erosion rates for uncultivated land and cultivated land is compared. The result indicates that the erosion rates on uncultivated land is much lower than those on cultivated slopes and the severity of the soil erosion is closely related to vegetation cover.     

利用~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs和~(241)Am计年法测算云南抚仙湖现代沉积速率

通过对云南抚仙湖沉积物柱芯样品的~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs和~(241)Am测试表明,柱芯剖面上有明显的1963年和1986年~(137)Cs蓄积峰,验证了1975年次级蓄积峰存在的可能性,这些峰形完好的蓄积峰对抚仙湖的现代沉积环境有明显的时标意义。利用~(137)Cs计年法得到抚仙湖沉积物自1963年、1975年及1986年以来到2007年的平均沉积速率分别为0.063g/(cm~2·a)、0.052g/(cm~2·a)和0.039g/(cm~2·a),说明了过去近五十年抚仙湖沉积速率整体上经历了一个由快到慢的过程。借助于~(241)Am的1963年蓄积峰可以提高~(137)Cs计年的准确性。根据~(210)Pb CRS计年模式,计算出每个样品深度所对应的年代,与~(137)Cs计年法比较存在一定的偏差,分析了两种计年方法存在差异性的原因。通过质量深度和年代分析,抚仙湖的沉积速率变化幅度比较大,表明抚仙湖近129年来的沉积环境不稳定,可能与相应历史时期的人类活动有密切的关系。     

洼地沉积的^137Cs法断代测定森林砍伐后的喀斯特小流域土壤流失量

贵州喀斯特高原的毁林开荒往往引起严重的土壤侵蚀.喀斯特洼地沉积泥沙的^137Cs断代用以调查贵州普定石人寨小流域1979年森林破坏后的坡地地表侵蚀的土壤流失量.该小流域集水面积0.054km^2,洼地面积2652m^2,2009年采集的洼地5个孔的顶层和峰值层的137Cs平均浓度分别为2.35和7.25Bq·kg^-1,峰值层的深度介于84-113.5cm之间,平均深度为92.1cm.1979年以来的沉积泥沙的总体积和总重量分别为1965m3和2496t.洼地底部可视为一暂时性蓄水体,确定的泥沙输移比为0.7,1979年以来的坡地平均土壤侵蚀速率为2315t·km^-2·a^-1.5个孔的137Cs平均面积活度7693Bq·m^-2,为本底值782Bq·m^-2的9.8倍.洼地泥沙的137Cs总量为20.4×10^6Bq,1954年以来坡地的137Cs平均流失量为358Bq·m^-2,相当于本底值的45.8%.由于森林破坏和随后的垦殖期的之前和之后,流域坡地土壤侵蚀并不强烈,估计石人寨小流域1979-1990期间的坡地侵蚀速率可能高达7000t·km^-2·a^-1.     

随钻方位伽马测井仪器的优化设计

随钻方位伽马测井仪器能在钻井过程中有效测量地层的方位放射性强度,其测量效率与其结构参数有关.合理设计测井仪器的结构参数,可以大大提高其测量效率.利用蒙特卡罗数值模拟方法建立模型,从归一化统计误差和探测特性分析仪器的响应特征,为结构参数的选取提供理论依据.研究结果表明,6.75 in(1 in=2.54 cm)的钻铤外径下,当晶体直径为1 in左右,晶体长度为18~22 cm,屏蔽体长度为2~3 cm,屏蔽体厚度为2~3 cm,窗口材料为铍,屏蔽体开口角度选在0°附近,泥浆通道半径为2 cm左右时,仪器可以获得相对较低的统计误差和相对较好的探测特性.该研究表明,优化后的随钻方位伽马测井仪器的测量效率大大提高.     

脉冲中子双伽马谱饱和度测井方法及数值模拟研究

脉冲中子双伽马谱饱和度测井方法是利用特定的脉冲和测量时序设计,采用远、近伽马探测器记录非弹性散射和俘获伽马能谱以及伽马射线时间谱,通过获取C/O和地层宏观俘获截面等信息来确定地层含油饱和度.采用大直径仪器和BGO晶体探测器时,其采集的非弹性散射和俘获伽马能谱计数统计性优于国外仪器,重复脉冲发射中子后伽马射线时间谱仍满足指数衰减规律,且能使伽马射线时间谱的道计数累积,计数统计性好于常规中子寿命测井,得到的地层宏观俘获截面与单脉冲发射近似相同.在地层孔隙度未知的情况下,利用C/O和地层宏观俘获截面交会技术可以定量确定含油饱和度.     

Stochastic simulation of bivariate gamma distribution: a frequency-factor based approach

A frequency-factor based approach for stochastic simulation of bivariate gamma distribution is proposed. The approach involves generation of bivariate normal samples with a correlation coefficient consistent with the correlation coefficient of the corresponding bivariate gamma samples. Then the bivariate normal samples are transformed to bivariate gamma samples using the well-known general equation of hydrological frequency analysis. We demonstrate that the proposed bivariate gamma simulation approach is capable of generating random sample pairs which not only have the desired marginal densities of component random variables but also their correlation coefficient. Scatter plots of simulated bivariate sample pairs also exhibit appropriate linear patterns (dependence structure) that are commonly observed in environmental and hydrological applications. Caution should also be exercised when specifying combinations of coefficients of skewness and the correlation coefficient for bivariate gamma simulation.     

Gamma random field simulation by a covariance matrix transformation method

In studies involving environmental risk assessment, Gaussian random field generators are often used to yield realizations of a Gaussian random field, and then realizations of the non-Gaussian target random field are obtained by an inverse-normal transformation. Such simulation process requires a set of observed data for estimation of the empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) and covariance function of the random field under investigation. However, if realizations of a non-Gaussian random field with specific probability density and covariance function are needed, such observed-data-based simulation process will not work when no observed data are available. In this paper we present details of a gamma random field simulation approach which does not require a set of observed data. A key element of the approach lies on the theoretical relationship between the covariance functions of a gamma random field and its corresponding standard normal random field. Through a set of devised simulation scenarios, the proposed technique is shown to be capable of generating realizations of the given gamma random fields.     

The MAGIC telescope

The MAGIC telescope, the largest and most advanced single instrument to observe very-high-energy cosmic gamma rays from the ground, started regular operation in spring 2005. Eckart Lorenz and Manel Martinez report on progress observing the most distant and energetic universe; exciting results are just around the corner.     

Studying the solar corona above active regions from microwave observations during solar flares recorded by CORONAS-F satellite

In 2001–2003, 45 flares of hard X ray (HXR) and gamma ray radiation, identified with a particular active region (AR) that produced each event, were recorded during the experiments onboard the Russian Solar Observatory CORONAS-F using the SONG (solar neutrons and gamma ray quanta) instrument. The solar corona structure and dynamics above these ARs is studied on the basis of the microwave observations with two Russian radio telescopes RATAN-600 and Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT). The results are illustrated using the active region NOAA 9601 and flare of September 5, 2001 (～ 1430 UT) as an example. The flare is interesting because the energy of its gamma radiation exceeded 1 MeV, while its power was only M6.0 in soft X rays. Such a combination of the event characteristics is not too frequent, which indicates that the spectrum of the studied event was rather hard. The type of the source of microwave radiation above NOAA 9601 has been determined. Some properties of this-type sources of a diagnostic value for detecting ARs capable of producing HXR and gamma radiation are indicated.     

A PORTABLE PROTON PRECESSION MAGNETOMETER*

The paper describes a transistorised, portable proton precession magnetometer constructed for surface geophysical prospecting. Constructional and circuit details are furnished. The readout of the instrument is digital. The accuracy of measurement is ± 1 part in 20,000. The maximum gradient of the total field under which a satisfactory measurement can be made is about 1 gamma/cm. The sensing head uses a single coil system with distilled water as the proton sample.     

自适应hp-FEM在随钻电阻率测井仪器响应数值模拟中的应用

随钻电阻率测井仪器响应数值模拟在电法测井仪器研制和资料处理与解释中具有重要的意义.本文利用自适应hp有限元算法(hp-FEM)模拟和分析了地层各向异性以及相对倾斜对仪器接收信号幅值比和相位差的影响,并对仪器响应特性进行了评价;同时,利用HERMES有限元软件包与VC++开发平台相结合,可以对随钻电阻率测井仪器响应数值模...     

聊古一井数字化氡观测资料的分析与应用

对聊古一井SD－3A数字化氡观测资料的变化特征进行了分析，与该井原有的模拟观测资料进行了对比研究，并对数字化氡观测资料的应用与分析方法进行了探讨。认为尽管SD－3A自动测氡仪所测为逸出氡与模拟观测溶解氡的物理量有所不同，但两具有基本一致的变化趋势，且数字化氡具有较强的映震能力。     

基于ZigBee对地震勘探数据精度提高技术的方法研究

针对传统地震勘探方法不能准确获取高精度勘探数据,提出基于ZigBee对地震勘探数据精度提高技术的方法。采用全站仪极坐标法根据地震勘探地区地质和地表结构进行空间定位划区,利用地震勘探技术,通过分析地震波的传播方式及影响检测效果的地震分辨率因素,获取引入差分GPS定位模块的勘探仪器探测的地震数据;运用射线追踪技术,对地震数据中的破损数据进行检测追踪,采用专用检测设备提取破损数据,并对其修复处理;创建由MEMS加速度传感器和ZigBee模块构成的检测系统,并根据拓扑结构网络实现对地震勘探数据的质量检测,以提高地震勘探精度。根据仿真实验验证,该方法具有较高的地震勘探数据精度和有效性,可为相关工作提供较大的帮助。