南海北部晚第四纪高分辨率元素比值反映的东亚季风演变

选取大洋钻探ODP 184航次在南海北部钻取的1144站(20°3.18'N,117°25.14'E;水深2037m)上部岩芯为研究材料.通过X荧光光谱(XRF)岩芯扫描仪获取晚第四纪100ka以来时间分辨率高达10年的元素记录,并与德国"太阳号"95航次在同一站位获得的17940-2柱状样(20°07.0'N,117...     

同步辐射X射线荧光光谱测定沉积物中元素含量的归一方法研究——以四海龙湾纹层沉积物为例

同步辐射X射线荧光光谱分析(SRXRF)是一种基于同步加速器光源与X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)相结合的原位分析方法,可以直接对沉积物进行扫描获得每个点的能谱图,从而计算元素含量的相对变化.但是由于荧光光谱定性和定量分析中存在的问题,国内发表文献中各种XRF原位分析数据均以相对含量或者计数表示.本文通过对各种标准物质(土壤、沉积物和岩石)的SRXRF分析,结合标准样品的定量数据,对同步辐射X射线荧光光谱的定量方法进行了研究.鉴于元素质量数和谱线强度的差异,不同元素需要运用不同的归一方法.对于K和Ca元素,采用ROI0-195背景归一;Ti元素采用ROI293-303背景归一;Mn元素采用ROI214-222背景归一;而较高序数的元素Fe采用拟合康普顿散射峰归一.通过上述归一方法,我们获得了K、Ca、Ti、Mn和Fe元素的定量标准曲线,相关系数分别为0.89、0.98、0.96、0.93和0.98.运用标准样品对各元素的定量标准曲线进行检验,结果表明:Fe元素含量预测的平均相对偏差小于10％,K、Ca和Ti的平均相对偏差小于20％,Mn的相对偏差较大,为35.9％.从总体上看,SRXRF获得的数据可以基本满足湖泊沉积物中元素分析的定量化需求.为验证SRXRF方法能否揭示元素含量的季节性变化,我们对四海龙湾纹层沉积物进行了分析,按选定的归一方法计算样品中元素特征谱线的强度,利用各元素的标准曲线计算岩芯沉积物中元素含量.K、Ca、Ti、Mn和Fe元素含量具有明显的季节韵律变化,浅色碎屑微层中Ti和Ca含量较高,而Mn和Fe丰度的高值对应于暗色有机质-碎屑混合层.初步研究结果表明同步辐射X射线荧光光谱分析可以揭示湖泊中沉积的元素的季节性变化,对研究过去季节-年尺度的古气候、古环境变化具有重要的科学意义.     

抚仙湖全新世自生碳酸盐及其区域气候和湖泊水位指示意义

抚仙湖是我国面积、蓄水量最大的高原湖泊之一。通过对抚仙湖FXH-B2钻孔岩芯296 cm沉积物的矿物组成和碳酸盐含量分析,结合岩芯XRF扫描数据和AMS^14C年代的测定,探讨了抚仙湖湖泊沉积物中碳酸盐含量与方解石矿物及沉积物Ca元素相对含量之间的关系及其环境指示意义,在对比和参考水下地形测量、地球物理勘探、水质和地球化学监测和不同部位钻孔岩芯的分析结果的基础上,重建了抚仙湖全新世以来气候和湖泊水位的变化。结果指示,抚仙湖碳酸盐含量与方解石的XRD信号强度、沉积物Ca元素的XRF扫描数据之间存在很高的相关性,沉积物中碳酸盐类物质主要为方解石(其他碳酸盐类矿物相对含量极微甚至可以忽略不计),沉积物中Ca元素主要来自碳酸盐,因此其含量由碳酸盐、即方解石矿物含量决定。沉积物中碳酸盐含量的变化可以用沉积物中Ca元素XRF扫描结果进行表示。由于抚仙湖处于亚热带季风气候区,以10月至次年4月降水量极少而蒸发强烈为特点的干季和以5月至9月降水为主的湿季所形成的干湿变化控制了湖泊演化的主要过程,区域气候变化是湖泊演化和水位变化的主要动力。结合湖泊沉积碳酸盐稳定同位素δ^18O和δ^13C、有机质含量及其同位素δ^13C、抚仙湖北部边缘水下侵蚀地形测量、地球物理勘探和沉积地层年代的确定和讨论,明确了抚仙湖沉积碳酸盐含量指示湖泊水位的变化,并重建了抚仙湖过去约12 ka以来水位变化的历史。结果显示,在约12 cal.ka B.P.至2.2 cal.ka B.P.期间的湖泊水位变化主要经历了波动式降低的过程,其中4.37~2.2 cal.ka B.P.期间高CaCO3含量、偏正的碳酸盐δ^18O、δ^13C值指示抚仙湖一度出现低于现代湖面约30 m左右的低水位,可能记录了抚仙湖流域极端的干旱时期,在2.2~2.0 cal.ka B.P.期间抚仙湖水位经历了快速升高的变化事件,期间湖水位快速上升达到现代湖水水位,揭示了印度季风控制区区域降水的特殊性和气候变化的突发性。     

XRF分析技术测定储层岩石孔隙度的方法研究

通过对影响储层岩石孔隙度大小的各种因素的分析,认为利用元素含量变化寻找岩石孔隙度的变化规律是一种可行的方法。采用X荧光光谱分析技术(XRF)测定了大牛地气田500余个岩石样品的Si、Al、Mg、Ca、Fe、K、Ca含量,并对基于XRF分析数据获得的岩石近似相对分子质量和岩石密度分别与传统实验室孔隙度测定结果进行了相关性分析,结果显示它们之间有很好的相关性,R2分别达到0.915,0.920。将基于XRF分析数据获得的岩石近似相对分子质量(Mlith)和岩石密度(ρ)测量结果结合建立了岩石孔隙度的计算模型:φXRF=f(Mlith)+f(ρ),并在多口井中得到了印证,实例证明该方法在石油与天然气勘探开发领域具有良好的应用前景。     

赤道西太平洋晚第四纪古生产力变化:来自元素比值的证据

通过对热带碳循环"973"项目于2008年暖池区专题航次采集的KX08-97321-2柱状样(01°25.01'S,157°58.91'E;水深1897m)进行X射线荧光光谱(XRF)扫描以及浮游有孔虫氧同位素测定.结果发现,In(Ba/Ti)和In(ca/Ti)指示的赤道西太平洋古生产力在过去的370ka以来具有明显...     

3万年以来挪威海南部冰岛-苏格兰溢流变化及其对海冰活动的响应

北欧海南部沉积物所记录的末次冰盛期以来千年尺度快速气候事件下的溢流水变化特征,对研究历史上热盐环流与气候的相互作用机制有着重要意义.本文基于冰岛东北部陆架IS-1B岩芯(65°36.357′N, 8°59.045′W)上部130 cm的沉积物粒度组成、颜色反射率和高分辨率XRF元素地球化学扫描测试数据,结合有孔虫AMS 14C测年数据和邻近海区站位沉积资料,利用因子分析等方法,重建了研究区3万年(HS 3期)以来的沉积记录,并重点研究了冰岛-苏格兰溢流水(ISOW)的历史变化特征及其对海冰活动的响应.研究结果显示, ISOW在末次冰盛期初期、 HS1末期到 B/A 暖期和全新世时期强度较高,在HS 3期末期、末次冰盛期中后期到HS 1初期和YD时期强度较弱,其中粒度和地球化学证据都指示ISOW在末次冰盛期和YD时期受北冰洋底层水入侵和海平面下降的影响可能发生了多次停滞.总体来说,挪威海南部ISOW强度的变化与表层海水温度有较强的相关性,表现为冰期减弱,间冰期增强的变化趋势.挪威海北部海冰的覆盖范围自HS 3末期至末次冰盛期开始逐渐南移,并在HS 2初期越过冰岛-苏格兰海脊,在冰岛海盆北部形成常年的冰覆盖. HS 1期中后期到B/A暖期,海冰影响范围开始逐渐下降,但在 B/A 暖期末期到YD时期海冰活动便快速恢复,直至进入全新世后,挪威海南部海冰活动强度才逐渐下降,一直保持相对稳定的季节性海冰活动状态.     

日本海末次冰期千年尺度古环境变化的地球化学记录

日本海末次冰期交替出现的深色层与浅色层可能记录了格陵兰冰芯指示的Dansgarrd-Oeschger旋回冷暖变化。本文对取自日本海南部KCES1岩芯纹层沉积物进行了高分辨率XRF岩芯扫描地球化学测试,运用因子分析来判别沉积物不同组分和来源。结果显示深色纹层中指示陆源碎屑来源元素Al,K和Ti含量较高,而代表生源组分的元素Ca和Sr含量较低;浅色层相反。深浅色纹层元素含量变化指示的陆源碎屑输入波动记录了Dansgarrd-Oeschger旋回信号,与冷期相比,在温暖期钻孔沉积物中较多的陆源碎屑可能是由加强的东海沿岸流带入日本海。末次冰期格陵兰和北大西洋等高纬地区气候变化导致大气环流和/或洋流系统发生改变,从而对东亚季风降水的调控可能是造成KCES1岩芯中元素含量变化的主要原因。     

新疆西克尔地区碳酸盐岩层系垂向裂缝层控发育模式

为研究裂缝力学层控发育模式,进而实现对裂缝型油气藏碳酸盐岩层系裂缝发育特征有效预测,通过对新疆西克尔露头区地层产状平缓奥陶系碳酸盐岩层系3个野外露头剖面(21号剖面(39°50′17.34″N,77° 28′ 36.12″E)、32号剖面(39°50′18.18″N,77°28′25.62″E)以及43号剖面(39°5...     

岩芯沉积物化学元素及重矿物含量变化对腾格里地区碎屑物源的指示

腾格里地区地处青藏高原与戈壁阿尔泰山之间的山间盆地的西南隅,该地区的沉积物对构造及气候变化非常敏感。BJ14钻孔位于腾格里沙漠腹地白碱湖一带,钻孔岩芯长度为104 m,覆盖了整个第四纪以来的沉积。分别采用高分辨率的X射线衍射(XRD)及X射线荧光光谱(XRF)岩芯扫描技术系统地分析了第四纪BJ14钻孔岩芯沉积物中的重矿物及化学元素组成,并通过部分样品的重矿物镜下鉴定检验了利用XRD获得的重矿物分析结果。结果显示,沉积物中多种化学元素(如Si、Al、Cl和S)的相对强度同步变化,且与多种重矿物(如锆石、金红石、白钛石、石榴石、绿帘石、电气石)的含量在约1.8 Ma、1.2~0.6 Ma时段同步变化。这种变化与根据碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱获得的源区变化信息基本一致,共同指示在约1.8 Ma、1.2~0.6 Ma时段腾格里地区源自青藏高原东北缘的碎屑物质增加。同时,腾格里地区的ZTR指数在1.8 Ma及0.7 Ma前后明显降低,指示腾格里碎屑物源区在该时段构造活动加强。因此,腾格里地区钻孔岩芯沉积物物源的变化敏感地响应了青藏高原在第四纪期间的阶段性隆升。     

Beiya Gold Deposit,Heqing County,Yunnan——One of China's Ten Biggest Gold Deposits

<正>The Beiya gold polymetallic ore district covers an area of 22.06 km2 and is located 47.5 km away in the direction 172°from Heqing county seat of northwestern Yunnan.Its geographical coordinates are 100°11′15″–100°13′00″E and6°07′30″–26°10′30″N.Since its discovery in 1999 until November 31st 2013,it has had accumulative proven(111b+122b+331+332+333)gold metal amounts of 258.475t at an average grade of 2.61 g/t.This deposit contains 88.98million tons of paragenetic and associated iron ores,with TFe grade varying from 9%to 36%;metal amounts are:gold     

多元统计分析在地质学中的应用——以惠州凹陷M层物源分析为例

以29口钻孔的重矿物百分含量数据来分析样本,通过Q型聚类分析、因子分析方法恢复不同物源体系的发育范围及其母岩类型,并以不同物源体系的边界范围为限定条件,结合ZTR指数及其等值线图,对珠江口盆地惠州凹陷M层物源特征进行了系统的研究。研究结果表明：研究区发育3大物源沉积区,分别为东北-北部物源沉积区、西北物源沉积区和东南物源沉积区,且各区重矿物组合特征明显,主次物源分明,整体表现为母岩类型复杂的特征。东北-北部沉积物主要母岩为酸性岩浆岩,次要母岩为变质岩和沉积岩,西北沉积物主要母岩为中性及基性岩浆岩,次要母岩为酸性岩浆岩和变质岩,东南沉积物主要母岩为中性及基性岩浆岩,次要母岩为变质岩。东北-北部物源区和西北物源区为远源沉积的产物,而东南物源区为近源沉积的产物。东北-北部物源区沉积物来自北方和东北方向,而西北物源区和东南物源区沉积物分别来自西北方向和东南方向。     

两种煤质分析指标的关联方程组研究

在综合分析大量文献资料的基础上，采用多元线性回归方法，利用MATLAB对大量煤质分析结果进行了回归分析，推导出了煤质元素分析与工业分析的关联方程组。新方法实现了由工业分析结果求元素分析成分的目的，具有重大的实用意义。     

An algorithm andFortran-iv program for large-scaleQ-mode factor analysis and calculation of factor scores

An algorithm andFortran-iv computer program,cabfac, forQ-mode factor analysis is described. The program will accept up to 1500 items and 50 variables on a moderate-size computer.     

Multivariate discriminant analysis of bioclastic turbidites

A piston core from the southern Blake Basin penetrated nine distinct bioclastic carbonate turbidites separated by pelagic terrigenous clay units. X-ray diffraction analysis of the carbonate mineralogy of the graded, laminated, and homogenous units of the individual turbidite units indicated a general loss of unstable carbonates in the homogenous unit beyond that contained in the lower two units. Univariate and multivariate statistical tests were employed to determine the significance of the changes and to determine if different units of a turbidite sequence could be consistently grouped by statistical methods. Principal components, discriminant function, and cluster analysis were used in the multivariate tests. The graded and laminated units were closely related in mineralogy with little significant differences. The mineralogy of the homogenous units was significantly different than that of the other two units except in one example. Cluster analysis generated five groupings of the samples with the end members consisting of graded and laminated units at one end and homogenous units at the other.     

On the use of Bayesian networks as a meta-modelling approach to analyse uncertainties in slope stability analysis

In this paper, we report on the use of Bayesian networks, BNs, learnt from data generated by physical and numerical models, to overcome to a certain degree a number of complications in traditional slope stability analyses that jointly consider the mechanical and hydraulic properties of soils. Discrete Bayesian networks resulted to be useful and efficient to acquire knowledge from simulated data and to identify significant factors by the combined use of backward inference and global sensitivity analysis. Further, BNs enable decision thresholds to be estimated quickly. Along with this, backward inference and global sensitivity analysis are performed in BNs at low computation costs. Moreover, under conditions in which knowledge is scarce, we show how a practitioner can be better informed using the proposed approach. All these previously under-reported modelling features in the specialised literature encourage the further application of the proposed approach to enhance slope stability analysis.     

A形塔结构矩阵分析与应力测试

以有限元结构矩阵分析为理论基础，结合应力应变测试和现场实际使用情况，利用计算机结构分析程序，对ＺＴ－Ａ系列三个不同高度钻塔的天梁、塔腿和绷绳做了结构应力分析，弄清了Ａ形塔在承受垂直荷载、水平荷载以及偏载条件下，组成钻塔的各构件的荷载及应力分布；对钻塔设计提出了改进意见；并从整体角度分析了绷绳的作用；对在不同荷载条件下有无绷绳时钻塔的结构应力从量上做了对比；最后提出了应当如何布置提升系统才会使钻塔处     

Efficiency of local polynomials in contour mapping

On the basis of samples taken from a known topographic surface, the parameters of two types of linear models are estimated. The first category is defined by polynomials or trigonometric functions, whose parameters are simultaneously computed from available data. In the second category a set of local centers is defined, and in the neighborhood of each center a fixed-degree polynomial is developed. An approximative resemblance index is calculated, and contour maps corresponding to various models are compared with the topographic map. It is found that with an increasing number of grid points, maps of local polynomials are converging both in continuity and in resemblance. For a sufficient number of grid points, this resemblance is always higher than those produced by models of the first category.     

Undrained limiting pressure behind soil gaps in contiguous pile walls

Finite element limit analysis with plane strain condition is employed to determine the upper and lower bound solutions of the undrained limiting pressure behind soil gaps and the lateral force acting on a pile per unit length in a contiguous pile wall. Computed bound solutions confirm serious limitations of existing studies in predicting these two solutions. Predicted failure mechanisms and the arching effect behind soil gaps are discussed. A closed-form equation of the limiting pressure factor is proposed for a convenient and accurate prediction of the lateral force acting on a pile in contiguous pile walls in practice.     

Dynamic models of geomorphological patterns

A deformation mechanism is described and analyzed. It is intended for height patterns exposed to erosion and tectonic activity. A simulation experiment is carried out for this model. Closedform expressions are derived for the covariance field, the properties of spectral estimates, and for the optimal retrospective reconstruction of earlier, unknown height patterns. For obvious reasons the author is in no position to make claims about the verisimilitude of the model. It is offered as an example of a potential application to geology of the theory of patterns developed by the author and his coworkers in recent years. It is hoped that those more qualified than the author in the subject matter area can extend and modify the analysis to make it closer to geological reality. supported by NSF grant GJ-3100X.