再议走滑断裂与地震孕育和发生条件

走滑断裂是与大地震关系最紧密的活动断裂带。研究走滑断裂带上大地震是如何孕育和发生的是地震学家们极为关心的问题。构造地质学研究表明,走滑断裂是一个复杂的构造系统,反映了在剪切作用下产生的各类变形组合。文中立足于国内外不同走滑断裂带实例,对连续或不连续走滑断裂的几何学、运动学和演化过程进行了研究和总结;分析了走滑断裂的枢纽作用,发现枢纽轴部强烈挤压,形成闭锁,应力在此集中,应变在此局部化,地震在此成核和孕育。当闭锁的枢纽轴被突破时,沿走滑断裂发生失稳错动,产生突发性大位移,伴随大地震发生。而在不连续走滑断裂不同性质的阶区,则遵循其相应的应力场和破裂机制孕育和发生相应规模和类型的地震。     

1850年西昌地震孕育和发生的地质构造条件

主要从区域性的断块运动、深部构造特征及走滑断层的枢纽运动等方面对1850年西昌地震孕育和发生的地质构造条件进行研究.     

1850年西昌地震孕育和发生的地质构造条件

主要从区域性的断块运动、深部构造特征及走滑断层的枢纽运动等方面对 1850年西昌地震孕育和发生的地质构造条件进行研究。     

1850年西昌地震孕育和发生的地质构造条件

主要从区域性的断块运动、深部构造特征及走滑断层的枢纽运动等方面对1850年西昌地震孕育和发生的地质构造条件进行研究。     

1995年1月17日日本阪神7.2级地震的构造条件研究

从地质构造背景、余震活动 、地震地表破裂及其位移分布特征和强地面运动等方面，分析了1995年1月17日日本阪神7.2级地震发震构造的几何学和动力学特点，认为野岛断裂和六甲山断裂走向相同，但倾向相反，上升盘与下降盘呈对角对称分布，属于逆走滑断裂．它们构成一条枢纽性走滑断裂，阪神地震就发生在该断裂的枢纽轴部，走滑断裂的枢纽运动导致了此次强震的孕育和发生．走滑断裂的枢纽运动常常伴随着大地震的发生，其动力学原因可以通过矩形截面梁扭转的应力分析来模拟．在一定的震中距范围内，地震地表破裂的位错量、余震密集程度以及峰值加速度随震中距的变化规律，有如在扭转的矩形截面梁内部从中心向周围的剪切应力大小的改变． 最后，从特定的地质构造环境和构造力学条件，分析了神户市地震破坏最严重地区的分布特点．本文的研究结果不仅在识别中长期地震危险区，而且在合理地建立地震灾害预测模型等方面都有一定的应用价值.      

2021年云南漾濞MS6.4地震序列发震构造及其与2013年洱源、2017年漾濞地震的异同

2021年5月21日云南漾濞发生M_S6.4地震.为深入了解该地震的发震断层及发震构造特征,探讨其与2013年洱源与2017年漾濞地震发震构造及背景的异同,本文基于中国地震台网中心的观测报告,使用双差方法对漾濞地震序列进行重定位,并从全球矩心矩张量(GCMT)和美国地质调查局(USGS)搜集了9个震源机制解计算了震源区构造应力场,初步得到如下结论:(1)2021年漾濞地震序列呈NW-SE向展布且SE端余震数量多于NW端,余震区地壳应力不均匀释放,致使5.0级及以上地震周边余震稀少;4个5.0级及以上地震初始破裂深度大于矩心深度,推测发震断层是从断裂底部向浅部破裂.(2)发震断裂是维西—乔后—巍山断裂西南侧的未知断裂F2、F3,其走向NW-SE、倾向SW、倾角近垂直,具有右旋走滑特征.其中F2贯穿整个地震序列,长约30 km,F3主要发育在中南段,长约11 km,两条发震断层相交于地震丛集中间位置.(3)震源区构造应力场是走滑的应力机制,呈SSE向(174.57°)低倾伏角(18.79°)挤压,及SWW向(-93.65°)近水平(5.21°)拉张状态.震源区的发震构造受川滇块体与滇南块体形成的右旋走滑边界控制.(4)这3个地震均发生在川滇块体右旋走滑西南边界形成的走滑应力机制作用背景下.2013年洱源地震可能更多的受控于局部构造的垂向差异运动;2017年漾濞地震仅受到川滇块体西南边界的右旋走滑作用;2021年漾濞地震则主要受控于川滇块体西南边界的右旋走滑运动,还存在少量局部构造垂向差异运动作用.     

基于GNSS观测的泸定MS6.8地震震前变形演化特征研究

利用2017—2020年中国局部GNSS速度场和地壳运动观测网络的基准站时间序列数据,从基线时间序列变化特征、多尺度地壳应变参数两方面,详细分析了2022年泸定M_S6.8地震前的构造变形及其演化特征,得到以下认识:①2021年玛多M_S7.4地震后,巴颜喀拉块体内部甘孜—小金、炉霍—小金基线时间序列的加速压缩,表明其边界断裂受同震破裂影响发生解耦并加速向南、东向推挤,导致鲜水河断裂南段—龙门山断裂西南段所围限的三岔口一带的应变能积累速率加快,地震危险性增加;②泸定M_S6.8地震处于大型走滑断裂带剪切应变高值边缘的弱化区、垂直于断层方向应变的张性区,表明闭锁背景下正应变的减小有利于断层破裂和地震成核。     

川滇地区活动块体边界断裂现今运动和应力分布

基于川滇地区活动块体划分及断裂构造现有认知,文中构建了包含块体主要边界断裂的二维有限元接触模型,利用1991—2015年长期GPS观测结果,采用"块体加载"方法模拟块体边界带现今的运动,得到了断裂滑动速率和应力分布.结合震源机制解、地震活动性等资料,对川滇地区大型左旋走滑断裂带滑动速率分配、传递与应力转换的关联,局部区域正断型震源机制解的构造机制以及红河断裂南、北段地震活动性差异的可能成因进行了初步探讨.主要结论包括:1)东昆仑断裂带和鲜水河-小江断裂带的左旋走滑由NW向转变为近SN向,断裂强烈转折区吸收了部分走滑分量并转化为应变积累,呈高应力分布特征.2)受小江断裂左旋剪切的影响,红河断裂中南段以右旋走滑兼微弱挤压运动为主,并牵引断裂北段右旋走滑,与金沙江和德钦-中甸断裂共同构成右阶斜列右旋剪切变形带,正断型震源机制解多分布于该变形带的构造拉分区内.3)红河断裂中南段为弱压性,北段呈弱张性,更易破裂,地震活动明显强于中南段.     

后差分GPS测量则木河断裂地震微地貌特征

地震微地貌是研究古地震的重要证据。 发生在则木河断裂带上的1850年地震的地表破裂带在人类活动较少的地区得以保存完好。 研究区内地形起伏大, 断塞塘、 断层陡坎、 鼓包等微地震地貌特征明显, 在三维视图内可直观反映测量区内的这些地貌特征。 利用后差分GPS方法测量断裂活动形成的地震微地貌, 水平测量精度可达0.5 m, DEM精度可到一个像元1 m, 是定量化研究地震微地貌的一种新方法。 测量结果表明, 大箐梁子顶部七条干沟对应多次古地震事件; 大箐梁子顶部鼓包被断裂断错, 断塞塘沉积区向南迁移, 鼓包最新断错约4 m, 大箐村南山坡形成50 cm高断层陡坎。 说明大箐梁子一带地震活动性较强, 且以挤压构造为主。     

地震三角形分类图解法与华北地区地震成因分析

选取华北地区的近期震源机制参数资料,改进地震分类的三角形图解法,提出了地震的二级分类法和依据,详细划分了带正断裂型、逆断裂型、走滑型分量的混合型二级类型等多种断层机制,并讨论了华北地区地震成因．结果表明：一级地震类型以走滑机制为主,其次为正、逆断层机制和过渡型,而二级地震类型多为带其它分量的混合型机制、正、逆断层机制和过渡型,走滑型机制的地震数量不到一半．说明华北地区现今地壳脆性变形虽然以走滑机制为主。但是大多数地震属带其它分量．在NEE—SWW向的水平主压应力作用下,形成了NWW向的张家口一蓬莱地震密集带和与此相共扼的一系列NE向或NEE向具有强震机制的构造,以走滑动机制或带其它分量的走滑动机制为主,并在一系列的第三纪、第四纪断陷盆地边缘或平原中发生带有走滑分量的正断裂或带正断层分量的走滑型机制的地震,表明断裂上盘在侧向运动的同时,也存在着一定量的向下运动,继续进行着盆地、平原的“生长”;而在太行山及晋北山区,也同样存在着慢速隆起．这是现代华北地区山区、盆地差异运动的一种形式,反映出华北地区地壳变形是在复杂力学环境背景下发生的和具有复杂的发生、发展和变化过程．     

震源机制解分类与川滇及邻近地区最新变形特征

以位错理论为依据探讨了地震分类的理论基础,利用美国哈佛大学1977—2008年的震源机制解资料,采用地震三角形分类法,研究了中国川滇及邻近地区震源机制解124例,从地壳脆性变形的角度分析了川滇次级块体的变形形式。结果表明:整体上川滇及邻区的走滑断层、逆冲断层和正断层具有明显的分区性特征,受青藏高原SE方向的挤压,沿着鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带和小江断裂带产生了大的剪切位移和变形带;同时,受缅甸弧挤压和四川盆地的阻挡,在缅甸弧前端和龙门山断裂带等地形成了强烈的挤压区,在云南大部分区域形成了扇形剪切应力变形区;而沿鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带和小江断裂带所产生的大的剪切位移和变形直接作用在红河断裂带上,造成红河断裂带呈右旋向SE方向错动,引起其后延金沙江断裂至丽江-小金河断裂之间形成大的应力拉张区,构成了现今川滇及邻区地壳变形的最新格局     

祁连山构造带的新构造变形机制

论述了祁连山构造带新生代以来的变形过程及形成机制。研究表明： 祁连山构造带的变形过程是在欧亚大陆与印度大陆碰撞汇聚作用下发生和发展的, 其变形过程与整个青藏高原的隆升过程同步进行。其中阿尔金断裂在其东段的走滑贯通对祁连山－ 河西走廊地区的构造运动影响很大。上新世末或第四纪初阿尔金断裂东段的走滑导致了祁连山地区应力场的旋转, 进而增大了沿 Ｎ Ｗ Ｗ 向主断裂的水平走滑分量。它是引起主断裂发生走滑的重要原因之一。     

巴颜喀拉块体东缘形变及九寨沟地震孕震环境数值分析

2017年8月8日四川发生九寨沟M7.0地震,是继2008年汶川M8.0地震后发生在巴颜喀拉块体东部的又一强震.现今GPS速度观测数据显示,2008年汶川地震前后的1999-2007年和2011-2016年两个时间段内巴颜喀拉块体东部地表速度场存在明显的差异.本文以实际GPS速度观测资料为约束,构建三维有限元地球动力学模型,分别计算分析了两个时段内震源区及周边现今地壳形变、弹性应变能和应力积累特征,进一步探讨汶川地震的发生对九寨沟地区变形及应力的影响.数值模拟结果显示,汶川地震之后(2011-2016年)巴颜喀拉块体东部的地壳形变、弹性应变能积累及应力积累速率均明显大于震前,增加量值达1.5-3倍;九寨沟地震发震断裂上库仑应力增长率在1999-2007年约为0.7 kPa·a~(-1),2011-2016年间增至1.2 kPa·a~(-1).上述结果表明,现今巴颜喀拉块体东部地壳应力积累过程有利于左旋走滑型九寨沟地震的发生,汶川地震的发生调整了区域应力状态,加速了九寨沟地震的孕育过程.     

2001年8.1级昆仑山大震破裂过程及对2008年汶川8.0级大震孕育发生影响的研究

本文用三维流变非连续变形(块体边界)与有限元(块体内)相结合(DDA+FEM)的方法,在青藏高原及其东侧四川盆地,鄂尔多斯块体地区三维构造块体相互制约的大环境中,考虑了龙门山断裂带东西两侧地势、地壳厚度和分层的明显变化,及断裂带东侧四川盆地及鄂尔多斯块体坚硬地壳阻挡的影响,通过用GPS资料做位移速率边界约束和震源机制约...     

Current tectonic deformation and seismogenic characteristics along the northeast margin of Qinghai -Xizang block

Introduction The northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block has become the place with close attentions from geo-specialists at home and abroad for its significant tectonic movement and intensive seismicity. Quite a number of achievements have been obtained from the studies on geological structures and strong earthquake activities (DING, LU, 1989, 1991; GUO, et al, 1992, 2000; GUO, XIANG, 1993; HOU, et al, 1999; Tapponnier, et al, 1990; Gaudemer, et al, 1995). In the Development Program…     

Numerical simulations of deformation and movement of blocks within North China in response to 1976 Tangshan earthquake

Using methods of discontinuous deformation analysis and finite element (DDA+FEM), this paper simulates dynamic processes of the Tangshan earthquake of 1976, which occurred in the northern North China where its internal blocks apparently interacted. Studies focus upon both the movement and deformation of the blocks, in particular, the Ordos block, and variations of stress states on the boundary faults. The Tangshan earthquake was composed of three events: slipping motions of NNE-striking major fault, NE-striking fault near the northeastern end of the NNE-striking fault, and NW-striking fault on the southeastern side of the NNE-striking fault. Compared with previous studies, our model yields a result that is more agreeable with the configuration of aftershock distributions. A number of data are presented, such as the principle stress field during the earthquake, contours of the maximum shear stress, the strike-slip deformation between blocks near the earthquake focus, time-dependent variations of slips of earthquake-triggered faulting, the maximum slip distance, and stress drops. These results are in accord with the earthquake source mechanism, basic parameters from earthquake wave study, macro-isoseismic line, observed horizontal displacement vectors, etc. The Tangshan earthquake exerted different influences on the adjacent blocks and boundary faults between them, thus resulting in differential movement and deformation. The Ordos block seems to have experienced the small-scale counterclockwise rotation and deformation, but its northeast part, bounded on the east by the Taihangshan and on the north by the Yanshan and Yinshan belts, underwent relatively stronger deformation. The Tangshan earthquake also changed the stress state of boundary faults of the North China, leading to an increase in shear stress and a decrease in normal stress in the NW-trending Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault through Tangshan City and the northern border faults of the Ordos block, and therefore raises the potential risk of earthquake occurrence. This result is supported by the facts that a series of Ms≥ 6 earthquakes took place at the northern margin of the Ordos block after the Tangshan earthquake.     

Numerical simulations of deformation and movement of blocks within North China in response to 1976 Tangshan earthquake

Using methods of discontinuous deformation analysis and finite element (DDA+FEM), this paper simulates dynamic processes of the Tangshan earthquake of 1976, which occurred in the northern North China where its internal blocks apparently interacted. Studies focus upon both the movement and deformation of the blocks, in particular, the Ordos block, and variations of stress states on the boundary faults. The Tangshan earthquake was composed of three events: slipping motions of NNE-striking major fault, NE-striking fault near the northeastern end of the NNE-striking fault, and NW-striking fault on the southeastern side of the NNE-striking fault. Compared with previous studies, our model yields a result that is more agreeable with the configuration of aftershock distributions. A number of data are presented, such as the principle stress field during the earthquake, contours of the maximum shear stress, the strike-slip deformation between blocks near the earthquake focus, time-dependent variations of slips of earthquake-triggered faulting, the maximum slip distance, and stress drops. These results are in accord with the earthquake source mechanism, basic parameters from earthquake wave study, macro-isoseismic line, observed horizontal displacement vectors, etc. The Tangshan earthquake exerted different influences on the adjacent blocks and boundary faults between them, thus resulting in differential movement and deformation. The Ordos block seems to have experienced the small-scale counterclockwise rotation and deformation, but its northeast part, bounded on the east by the Taihangshan and on the north by the Yanshan and Yinshan belts, underwent relatively stronger deformation. The Tangshan earthquake also changed the stress state of boundary faults of the North China, leading to an increase in shear stress and a decrease in normal stress in the NW-trending Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault through Tangshan City and the northern border faults of the Ordos block, and therefore raises the potential risk of earthquake occurrence. This result is supported by the facts that a series of Ms ≥ 6 earthquakes took place at the northern margin of the Ordos block after the Tangshan earthquake.     

依兰-伊通断裂方正段晚第四纪以来的构造活动及其地貌表现

方正断陷是位于依兰-伊通断裂中北部的一级负向构造单元,依兰-伊通断裂构成盆地边界的控堑断裂,在盆地中部发育走滑断裂(伊汉通断裂),与边界断裂一起构成统一的断裂系统。该中部断裂的最新活动在地貌上具有明显的表现,在卫星影像上显示出清晰的线性。笔者在高分辨率卫星影像解译的基础上,通过野外地质地貌观察测量等手段,分析认为此断裂为一长期活动断裂,普遍错断河流一级阶地,并有连续的断层陡坎展布,最新的活动时代为全新世,应该曾发生过7级以上地表破裂型地震。现今以右旋走滑运动为主,兼具垂向滑动分量,并且垂向上表现为枢纽断层的运动特征。这些结果与前人认为的依兰-伊通断裂晚第四纪以来活动性极弱,东北地区是我国构造最稳定的地区的结论似乎不甚相符。笔者认为还需要更深入的工作,以分析该断裂与盆地边界断裂的关系,并以科学的态度认识依兰-伊通断裂活动特征,充分认识其地震危险性。     

Research on the seismotectonics of the January 17, 1995 HanshinM7.2 earthquake

Based on the geological tectonics, aftershock activity, earthquake surface rupture and peak ground motion, the geometric and dynamic characteristics of seismogenic tectonics about the 1995 Hanshin earthquake are analysed. Nojima fault and Rokko fault have the same trending direction, but opposite dips. Their rising and falling plates are in symmetrically diagonal distribution. The two faults can be defined as thrust-strike slip faults and constitute a pivotal strike-slip fault. The earthquake just occurred at the pivot, which is the seismotectonics for the earthquake to develop and occur. The pivotal movement along a strike-slip fault often leads to the occurrence of large earthquakes, whose dynamic process can be demonstrated by the stress analysis on the torsion of a beam with rectangle section. The displacement of earthquake surface rupture, aftershock density and peak acceleration change in a certain range of epicentral distance just similar as the shear stress changes from the center to the sides in the rectangle section. The distribution characteristics of the heaviest damage areas are also discussed in the article from the aspects of special geological tectonics and seismotectonic condition. The result obtained from the article can be applied not only to realizing the potencial earthquake sources in middle-long time, but also to build reasonably the prediction model about earthquake hazard.     

Regional tectonic deformation setting before the Ms8.1 earthquake in the west of the Kunlun Mountains Pass

This paper gives a preliminarily study of the regional tectonic deformation setting before the Ms8.1 earthquake that occurred in the west of the Kunlun Mountains Pass; in the study, the data of the velocity field of crustal horizontal movement during 1991-2000 observed by GPS in and around the Qinghai-Tibet block and those of gravity reiteration in 1998 and 2000 were used. Analysis shows that the preparation and occurrence of this large earthquake are related to the horizontal movement and deformation setting in a large region and might be attributed to the block activity on a relatively large scale. Within the Qinghai-Tibet block, the region of left-lateral shear deformation is of a very large extent. This large earthquake occurred right in such a place where the left-lateral shear strain along the fault strike had the highest rate and the planar dilatation strain was tensile, which was on the margin of negative value region of abnormal gravity variation. The regional tectonic deformation setting can help the huge left-lateral strike-slip rupture to develop.