利用NOAA卫星AVHRR资料分析云的性质

文章利用NOAA卫星AVHRR的通道3（3.55～3.93 μm）、通道4（10.3～11.3 μm）和通道5（11.5～12.5 μm）所在波长上的亮温（BT3,BT4,BT5）以及它们之间的亮温差（BTD34,BTD45）,分析云的性质。分析表明:对于密蔽的云和无云区,通道间亮温差有极小值,在密实的云区BTD34可出现负值;当存在半透明云时,通道间亮温差大;云与背景地面之间温差点聚图的振幅越大,通道间亮温差越大。     

一次极端短时强降水过程中FY-3微波湿度计观测特征分析

利用FY-3微波湿度计资料和常规观测资料,对2016年贵州至湖北一次强降水事件中极端短时强降水站点、一般性短时强降水站点上空对流云的微波观测特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)极端短时强降水站点上空150 GHz附近窗区探测通道亮温低于一般性短时降水站点。(2)极端短时强降水站点上空水汽通道亮温垂直分布呈现漏斗状,对干侵入有一定指示作用,亮温最低值出现在183.31±7 GHz附近,主要为暖云降水;一般性短时强降水站点上空水汽通道亮温垂直分布则呈竖条形,亮温最低值出现在183.31±3 GHz和183.31±7 GHz探测通道附近,为冷云暖云混合降水。(3)极端短时强降水站点上空未出现冲顶对流,但低层对流发展旺盛;一般性短时强降水站点上空出现冲顶对流,但低层对流发展强度偏弱。     

CRTM微波亮温模拟对地表和云参数的敏感性分析

利用快速辐射传输模式CRTM研究了微波地表发射率和微波亮温对地表参数和云参数的敏感性问题。首先利用实测的云南思茅地面和探空资料,通过CRTM正演了12个微波通道的地表发射率和亮温,与AMSR-E卫星亮温资料进行对比,分析了模拟亮温的正演误差,研究了地表参数对微波地表发射率模拟的敏感性,并重点分析了微波亮温对地表和云雨参数的敏感性。结果表明,地表参数中土壤湿度、地表温度和植被覆盖度三者对CRTM模拟亮温影响较大,而模拟微波地表发射率主要受土壤湿度和植被覆盖度的影响;有云雨存在时,降水云比非降水云的影响大。6种云中,雨云对模拟的影响最大。晴空条件下,大部分通道的正演亮温误差在3 K以内,垂直极化较水平极化误差小。低频通道比高频通道受地表参数影响大,受云雨影响小,垂直极化比水平极化更稳定。其中10.65 V通道几乎不受云雨影响,但对地表参数非常敏感。     

三年地基微波辐射计观测温度廓线的精度分析

对安装在北京南郊观象台的地基微波辐射计测量的温度廓线数据的精度进行了分析。首先在2006年9月晴天条件下,对比由7个氧气通道测量的亮温与由微波辐射传输模式计算的亮温。得到51.250GHz的测量值与计算值的标准差值最大,为3.8K,其余通道均小于1.8K。2种亮温的偏差值以及绝对偏差值,在51.250和52.280GHz处大于1.0K,在其余5个通道处都小于1.0K。2种亮温拟合直线的斜率,在52.280和53.850GHz处分别为0.66与0.7,其余通道都大于0.8。然后,使用2005年9月—2008年8月的观测数据,对比地基微波辐射计与探空同时观测的大气温度。结果显示,2种测量技术的差异随高度而增大。另外,将3a观测数据按照季节以及晴天与非晴无降水天进行对比分析。结果显示,不同季节2种测量技术存在不同差异。其中,夏季测量差异最小。而晴天测量差异在3.250km以下比非晴无降水天小。     

重庆不同天气条件下地基微波辐射计探测特征

利用2012年1月至2014年8月重庆沙坪坝站的微波辐射计和探空数据,通过数值模拟检验微波辐射计的亮温精度,并统计分析晴空、有云和降水天气条件下微波辐射计反演产品的变化特征。结果表明:(1)有云时微波辐射计氧气通道53.85、54.00 GHz亮温与探空观测温度相关性较好;晴空和有云时MonoRTM模拟亮温与微波辐射计观测亮温相关性较好。(2)不同天气条件下,微波辐射计反演温度与探空观测值的相关性都较高,降水时4.0 km以下微波辐射计反演温度明显偏高,有云和晴空时3.8 km以下的温度平均绝对误差小于2℃。微波辐射计反演的相对湿度与探空观测值的相关性较同高度层温度的相关性差,有云时1.0~2.6 km高度反演的相对湿度平均误差很小,降水时4.5 km以下平均误差也较小且稳定。降水时4.0 km以下微波辐射计反演的水汽密度平均误差明显偏大,有云时多数高度层平均误差较小。(3)4.2 km以下降水时08:00微波辐射计反演温度的平均误差较大,有云时08:00微波辐射计反演温度和水汽密度的平均误差均较小。说明微波辐射计反演的大气廓线具有可用性,且在稳定大气环境中反演效果更好。     

基于TRMM的热带气旋降水云系多谱段辐射特征分析

利用TRMM卫星测雨雷达、微波成像仪和可见光/红外扫描仪的探测资料,以2006年第8号台风"桑美"为例,研究了热带气旋在海面上强烈发展时期的降水云系多谱段辐射特征,研究结果表明:可见光资料反映了云的厚度信息,红外(亮温)资料反映云顶高度信息,可以较好地反映台风云系所表现台风的外观,但对台风云系覆盖下的细节特征的探测能力则有限.微波有很强的穿透性,能揭示台风云系中各种粒子的三维分布特征.微波通道亮温与PR降水的相关远大于可见光和红外遥感的效果.不论是可见光、红外还是微波亮温,与高层降水的相关系数绝对值总大于其与低层降水的相关系数.可见光和近红外波段的辐射率与降水正相关,相关系数随频率减小而减小;中红外和两个红外分裂窗区的亮温与降水呈负相关,相关系数的绝对值随频率减小略有增大.TMI低频通道的亮温与降水正相关,相关程度随频率减小略有减小;TMI高频通道的亮温与降水负相关,相关系数的绝对值随频率减小而减小.     

“珍珠”台风卫星红外通道亮温的数值模拟

热带地区云的覆盖率高, 卫星辐射资料特别是红外通道的数值模拟容易受到云的影响, 提高台风等热带天气系统卫星亮温资料的模拟能力, 有助于热带地区数值模式的检验以及提高卫星资料直接同化的水平。首先, 利用天气研究和预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model, 简称WRF) 对 “珍珠” 台风的三维气象场, 包括云结构特征, 进行了模拟, 并诊断分析了总云量、云顶气压等物理量; 然后, 结合快速辐射传输模式 (fast radiative transfer model for TOVS, 简称RTTOV) 8.7版对 “珍珠” 台风的高分辨率红外辐射探测仪3型 (High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder, 简称HIRS/3) 红外辐射亮温进行了模拟, 并且比较了有云和无云条件下的模拟结果。结果表明, 如果不考虑云的影响, RTTOV模式无法模拟出台风的结构特征; 结合三维云特征的模拟量, RTTOV模式可以较好地模拟出HIRS/3第4～10、13～19通道的辐射亮温。加入云结构特征对峰值能量高度在云层以下的红外通道的模拟有正面影响, 该方案既可以作为检验模式模拟的一种手段, 同时也表明红外资料在热带天气系统的资料同化领域具有潜在的应用能力。     

基于高光谱资料对FY-1C/1D气象卫星进行交叉定标

介绍了利用AQUA卫星高光谱AIRS资料对FY-1C、FY-1D气象卫星热红外通道进行交叉定标的方法及定标结果。首先利用卫星轨道预报软件预报出AQUA与FY-1C以及AQUA与FY-1D卫星交叉点,再对交叉区域卫星资料进行像元投影和像元匹配,像元匹配包括时间、观测角度、环境均匀性等检验。以AIRS探测结果作为辐射基准,利用其观测值和FY-1卫星热红外通道光谱响应函数进行光谱匹配,最终得到FY-1卫星热红外通道的准真值并与FY-1卫星的业务产品进行比较分析。对FY-1C、FY-1D两年多卫星资料进行多次交叉比对,结果表明FY-1C通道4比AIRS观测亮温低1.3K左右,通道5低3.6K左右;而FY-1D通道4比AIRS观测亮温低0.3K左右,通道5低3.6K左右。这个准真值与FY-1观测的计数值进行再定标得到新的定标系数。     

热带测雨卫星TMI探测结果对非降水云液态水路径的反演方案研究

根据TRMMTMI的探测特点,结合微波辐射传输模式,研究了针对副热带地区非降水云液态水路径的TMI反演方案,并对反演方案进行了间接检验。首先,利用微波辐射传输模式进行模拟研究,分析了在副热带地区,相应TMI各通道的微波亮温对非降水云液态水路径的响应特点,结果表明37.0GHz和85.5GHz的水平极化通道探测结果对非降水云液态水路径的响应更为敏感;随后,利用模式分析了TMI各单一通道反演的非降水云液态水路径与理论值的差异,并在此基础上给出了利用37.0GHz和85.5GHz的水平极化通道亮温联合反演非降水云液态水路径的方案;最后,利用TMI的探测结果,采用该反演方案对无云区、非降水云区以及台风降水云区进行了反演计算。结果表明,无云区的液态水路径在-1—1g/m2之间,且平均值为10-5量级;非降水云的液态水路径变化范围在0—500g/m2之间,且其水平分布与TRMM的可见光通道0.64μm探测的云分布一致;在台风降水云个例中,随着台风的成熟,高液态水路径的面积比初始阶段增多,且当地表降水率小于5mm/h时,云中液态水路径随地表降水率的增大而逐渐增大。     

基于PR和VIRS融合资料的东亚台风和非台风降水结构分析

借助JAXA/EORC热带台风数据集资料,实现了台风区和非台风区的分离,在此基础上,利用热带测雨卫星搭载的测雨雷达和可见光/红外扫描仪的融合观测资料,对1998~2007年东亚雨季台风及非台风降水的气候特征和降水云红外信号特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)东亚台风降水强度谱较非台风降水谱更宽,特别是对流降水主要分布在5~20 mm/h之间;强降水更多,主要分布在东亚洋面。2)雨季东亚降水的主要形式是非台风层云降水,但台风降水对局地降水量的贡献也不容忽视,例如台湾以东附近洋面可达20%。3)台风降水云亮温海陆分布差异显著;其雨顶高度在4~9 km(层云)和4.5~12.5 km(对流)之间均有分布,较非台风降水雨顶高度谱更宽。4)不同等级的台风在降水强度、覆盖区域和云顶10.8μm亮温分布上差异大。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.