Another perspective on challenges in open ocean aquaculture development

Moving to open ocean locations will require the aquaculture industry to fundamentally change the way it develops installations due to increased environmental loads and longer distances from shore. With reference to the same technical issues faced by the oil producing offshore industry, technical and engineering challenges that are likely to face the aquaculture industry are identified with an emphasis on conditions off the east coast of Canada. Requirements are discussed with a view toward identifying areas where the aquaculture industry can borrow technology from the oil industry and areas where the Canadian aquaculture industry faces challenges unique to itself.     

我国大黄鱼产业的集聚水平研究

大黄鱼是我国近海主要的经济鱼类之一。为促进我国大黄鱼产业的可持续发展,文章从产业集聚的角度研究大黄鱼产业的发展规律,采用区位熵和空间基尼系数方法测度2011—2020年大黄鱼养殖产业和捕捞产业的集聚水平。研究结果表明：根据空间基尼系数的测算结果,大黄鱼养殖产业的集聚水平高于其捕捞产业;福建大黄鱼养殖产业的集聚水平相对于...     

Spatial management measures for disease mitigation as practiced in Scottish aquaculture

Aquaculture is an increasingly important economic activity in coastal waters. The fluid environment means spatial management is an important tool for protecting fish health. Scottish aquaculture (largely Atlantic salmon) uses a range of different types of area to group farms for different management or reporting purposes related to fish health. Farm Management Areas are defined by local knowledge and used by industry for co-operation among groups of farms, including in the management of sea lice. Disease Management Areas, defined using a simple but robust model, are used by the Scottish Government for control of notifiable diseases. Particle dispersal models are used to assess areas affected by treatment residue around farms, and to manage maximum allowable area biomass for environmental protection. Sophisticated models of sea lice transport have been developed to help inform management of this key parasite. Large regional areas are used for a variety of purposes, such as a policy presumption against new farms covering the entire east and north coasts of Scotland, and five reporting areas for official production statistics. Scottish aquatic environments are shared by many interest groups and spatial management is proving essential for sustainable development by aquaculture and other users.     

近海水域病原菌多样性研究进展

水产动物病原菌广泛分布于近海,不但影响海水养殖业的发展、海产品的质量安全,甚至还威胁到人类公众健康,因此,开展近海水域病原菌多样性的研究,对于海水养殖业的可持续发展及人类健康都具有重要意义。文章综述了近海水域水产动物病原菌多样性研究主要方法的原理、特点以及局限性,介绍了16S rRNA序列分析、分子杂交、指纹图谱等分子生物学技术,阐述了实时荧光定量PCR、竞争定量PCR等定量研究技术的应用,展望了病原菌多样性研究的发展趋势是原位、快速、高通量、灵敏、多技术联合和准确定量。     

青岛市水产养殖良种引进现状与发展战略研究

近20a来,青岛市的水产养殖新品种引进工作发展迅速.据不完全统计,驻青海洋科研院所以及各县、市有关单位,先后从国外和国内引进、移植了30余个海、淡水养殖新品种,为促进青岛地区乃至全国的水产养殖事业做出了重要的贡献.文中简要回顾和总结了青岛市水产养殖良种引进工作的现状,指出了存在的主要问题,并对今后引种工作提出了一些建议.     

改性粘土絮凝法对大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)存活及生理生化的影响初探

本文以平均体重为(388.00±41.11)g的大西洋鲑(Salmosalar)为实验对象,探究了改性粘土絮凝过程对养殖水体水质以及大西洋鲑存活、组织形态和氧化应激反应的影响。在本实验条件下,添加改性粘土的实验组水质得到一定程度的改善,其中磷酸盐、铵盐、亚硝酸盐浓度相较于对照组有明显降低的趋势(P0.05)。添加远高于现场可有效去除赤潮生物用量(4—10g/m~2)的改性粘土并没有导致大西洋鲑出现死亡现象,显微观察结果显示,实验组与对照组中大西洋鲑鱼鳃、消化道组织特征无明显差别。对大西洋鲑鳃、肝脏、消化道的丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性测定结果表明,改性粘土未对大西洋鲑造成显著的氧化胁迫(P0.05)。本研究结果说明,在远高于现场有效用量条件下,改性粘土未对大西洋鲑产生不良影响,该研究结果将为改性粘土治理有害藻华技术在国内外养殖海域的应用提供科学依据。     

Shrimp aquaculture: economic perspectives for policy development

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of shrimp aquaculture from the perspectives of economics. It is offered as a contribution to the on-going policy debate on this globally important industry. The paper is organised into four sections: the benefits of shrimp aquaculture, the problems of shrimp aquaculture, economic development perspectives on shrimp aquaculture, and conclusions. Four main conclusions are drawn: there is a lack of independent analysis of the factors affecting the production strategies of private firms in the shrimp industry; there is a need to overcome polarisation in order to promote sustainable shrimp aquaculture; wider perspectives on shrimp aquaculture will be beneficial to policy formation; and it is in the long-run self-interest of shrimp producers to incorporate the external costs of production into planning decisions. The paper includes a review of the international literature which provides a valuable resource for policy-makers.     

Review of shark legislation in Canada as a conservation tool

Sharks are threatened from overfishing due to their life cycle biology, and unsustainably high catch rates to supply fins for shark fin soup. Canada, a leader in shark conservation uses numerous legislative tools to help conserve sharks. These tools include international treaty obligations under the Northeastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization [NAFO] and the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna [ICCAT], as well as national and provincial legislation including the Fisheries Act, Pacific and Atlantic Fisheries Regulations, and Coastal Fisheries Protection Act. Through the use of these legislative tools Canada has successfully banned shark finning in its waters, and implemented closed seasons, gear restrictions, and species restrictions to help manage shark populations. However, Canada still allows the sale of shark fin products locally, and allows the exportation of shark fins internationally. In order for Canada to maintain its leadership status Canada must increase legislative protection of sharks by following international best practices, and ban the sale and exportation of shark fin products. This would ensure that Canada does not play a role in global supply or demand of shark fins. Doing so would strengthen Canada's position as a leader in shark conservation, and improve the legislation currently used as a conservation tool.     

我国大菱鲆养殖主要产区的产业竞争力

大菱鲆养殖是我国海洋鱼类养殖的重要组成部分。为促进我国大菱鲆养殖产业的可持续发展,提高地区产业竞争力,文章采用资源禀赋系数和显示性比较优势指数2种评价方法,通过实地调查和资料查阅获取统计数据,对2016年我国大菱鲆养殖主要产区的产业竞争力进行实证分析,主要包括环渤海地区的多个城市和江苏省赣榆区。研究结果表明:沧州市、唐山市、青岛市、天津市和威海市等地的大菱鲆养殖具有较好的资源禀赋;以鲆鲽类养殖产量、海水养殖产量和水产品总产量为参照标准,葫芦岛市大菱鲆养殖具有很强或较强竞争力,烟台市、日照市、赣榆区和秦皇岛市具有较强或中度竞争力,竞争优势与产量不相关。结合各地区资源和产业竞争优势情况,提出提升大菱鲆育种产业化水平、转变大菱鲆养殖产业发展方式和优化大菱鲆养殖产业布局的建议。     

Salmon aquaculture and coastal ecosystem health in Chile: Analysis of regulations,environmental impacts and bioremediation systems

In 2007 salmon, mollusk and seaweed aquaculture production in Chile totaled 904 thousand tonnes, making the nation the leading marine aquaculture producer in the western world. Salmonids grown in open cage net pens account for over 73% of the production. This review summarizes the current status of Chilean aquaculture and proposes the establishment of new regulations and monitoring programmes that encourage and accommodate emerging bioremediation technologies. In contrast to a rapidly expanding, well-financed and technologically advanced industry, the regulatory structure in Chile is outdated and based on insufficient science. The number of publications on the environmental impacts of salmon aquaculture in Chile is low relative to its production level. Nevertheless, the impacts of organic and inorganic waste on benthic communities, pelagic organisms and bird populations are documented. The technology to reduce these impacts using integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) strategies exists, but has not been implemented at commercial scales. We call on the government and industry to support the creation of a well-financed and politically independent agency responsible for developing and enforcing science-based environmental regulations in Chile. The agency's immediate goal should be to fund research required to develop a transparent, ecosystem-based regulatory framework that promotes IMTA. Monitoring programs and licensing procedures must consider the impacts of individual sites and the cumulative impacts from multiple sites across a wide range of spatial scales. Before such changes are realized, environmental threats and human health risks will remain unacceptably high and salmon farming in Chile will not meet any reasonable definition of sustainability.     

建设青岛国家海洋高技术产业基地的战略研究

海洋高技术产业作为21世纪的朝阳产业,其发展速度和前景明显优于其他高技术产业,成为西方发达国家推崇的主导产业。青岛市作为中国的海洋科学研究中心,应建成中国的海洋高技术产业基地。对建设青岛国家海洋高技术产业基地作了分析,提出了青岛市以发展海洋药物及功能食品、海洋天然产物和活性物质提取、海洋精细化工和海洋防腐、海洋水产品苗种培育及养殖、海洋工程设备及仪器仪表五大类海洋高技术产业基地的总体发展目标和战略对策。     

Work segmentation in the Norwegian salmon industry: The application of segmented labor market theory to work migrants on the island community of Frøya,Norway

Work migration is increasing in Norway, particularly in the production sector of the aquaculture industry. This sector is growing rapidly and manual labor needed in the industry is consistently being sought through Eastern European networks and temp-agencies. This article looks at the island community of Frøya, in Sør Trøndelag in Norway, where around 20% of the population is of foreign descent, and where stakeholders in the production line experience a lack of upward mobility due to their lack of Norwegian language skills, and the insecure nature of their employment status. The capacity of the island community to adapt to a 3-fold increase in aquaculture production will depend on this segment of society as well being able to adjust, and on their inclusiveness in society. Based on a stakeholder driven workshop looking at the perceptions of a set of foreign workers in the aquaculture industry,segmented labor market theory was applied to the experience of the workers. The priority issues of the migrant population of Frøya involved in the aquaculture industry was also explained, and their wish for upward mobility and job security, as well as inclusiveness in society elaborated upon. This upward mobility, however, would lead to the bottom segment of the labor market on Frøya – the aquaculture production line – to have to be filled with another lower segment group of workers.     

中国水产养殖产业演化影响因素研究

水产养殖业在我国渔业产业结构中占据重要地位,在促进我国渔业经济发展中发挥着重要作用。当前渔业正处于由要素驱动向创新驱动转型的新旧动能转换时期,这也对水产养殖业的转型升级提出了更高要求。文章根据产业演化路径及其运行机理,从资源、技术、市场、制度4个方面构建指标体系,采用1998—2019年的指标数据,通过灰色关联分析和岭回归分析,探索影响产业演化的因素,探讨不同影响因素对水产养殖业演化发展的影响程度,以期为促进中国水产养殖产业的发展,增强水产养殖业的竞争力提供理论支撑。结果表明,城镇居民人均水产品消费量对中国水产养殖产业演化影响程度最大,GDP及单位面积产量的影响显著,水产技术推广经费支出影响最小。基于此,为促进我国水产养殖业的转型升级提出做好水产品消费需求引领与管理、拓展国内国际消费市场;增加科技投入,发展养殖技术;加大资源保护力度,推进绿色发展;着力解决养殖水产品质量安全问题等相应对策建议。     

现代水产种业硅谷建设的几点思考

"国以农为本,农以种为先",种业位于农业产业链的最前端,是国家战略性、基础性产业,也是决定现代农业发展的核心要素。我国是世界上12个生物多样性特别丰富的国家之一,水产种质资源分布极为广泛。近年来,我国水产种业发展迅速,但水产增养殖业的良种覆盖率仍然较低。因此,加快发展水产种业尤显迫切。该文论述了国内外水产种业发展现状,分析了我国水产种业存在的问题和发展趋势,提出了建设水产种业硅谷的设想,并对建设目标、建设内容、建设原则及其保障措施提出了几点建议,以期为我国水产种业健康发展起到积极的促进作用。     

虾类营养免疫学研究进展

对虾广泛发病和大量死亡是全球虾类养殖业所面临的共同问题。近年来由于疾病的困扰,使我国乃至世界范围的对虾养殖受到严重制约,造成极大的经济损失。所以通过营养免疫学的手段控制虾病成为全球研究热点。正因为如此,世界范围内对虾类的营养免疫学研究空前高涨,也取得了显著的成绩。本文从免疫指标和抗病力两个方面综述了近年来国内外虾类营养免疫学的研究成果,提出了虾类营养免疫学今后的研究方向。     

我国刺参种业态势分析与技术创新展望

刺参为我国重要的海水养殖对象，而种业是刺参产业链条健康发展的基础环节，但仍存在野生种质资源匮乏、良种不足及良种覆盖率低的现状。本文综述了当前我国刺参种业现状与态势，重点比较分析了“东科1号”等6个已育成良种的特点，提出了在全球气候变化现状下未来刺参种业的发展趋势，并针对刺参产业发展需求，提出了应用现代遗传技术实现性状精准高效选育等未来刺参育种技术体系创新发展方向，以期为我国刺参种业转型升级提供参考。     

A review of the feasibility, costs, and benefits of platform-based open ocean aquaculture in the Gulf of Mexico

Platform-based open ocean aquaculture (or mariculture) is a fledgling industry with a unique set of risks and uncertainties. In the past two decades, several commercial and experimental platform-based mariculture projects have been launched in the United States, however, all these projects failed or were abandoned because of operational problems or legal issues. The oil and gas infrastructure in the Gulf of Mexico is well suited for mariculture systems as these platforms are large, sturdy and long lasting, and designed to operate in the offshore environment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the costs and benefits of a open ocean aquaculture industry in the Gulf of Mexico with particular focus on platform-based aquaculture. The opportunities for the use of idle oil and gas structures for open ocean aquaculture are limited, but the reuse of previously removed structures may have more promise.     

Media framing of aquaculture

Norway is the world's largest producer of farmed salmon. Aquaculture is the country's second largest export industry and thus vital for employment in coastal areas of Norway. The industry is dependent on public acceptance and good standing in local communities in order to gain access to new sites and to be able to sell its product. Public opinion (and assumptions about public opinion) on aquaculture may influence the industry's framework conditions and policy. Being located in coastal and rural areas, the industry must rely on the media to spread information to the public about the industry. Therefore, the media are an important source of information about farmed salmon, and the way the media present aquaculture issues has an impact on public opinion as well as authorities. This article examines how the aquaculture industry is portrayed in Norwegian newspapers and discusses how media topics and media framing may influence public opinion. The analysis shows that the most frequent topics covered in Norwegian newspapers are connected to the environment, aquaculture industry, and politics, where the concerns about the environment are dominant within the risk frame. The negative images portrayed by the media have a strong agenda-setting force and may skew public opinion to a narrow focus on environmental risks, influencing both the debate's content and the regulators’ increased emphasis on environmental risks. This is strengthened further by the focus on sustainability, where the focus is solely on the dimension of environment, making other sustainability dimensions less prominent in the media coverage.     

The role of the capture fisheries and aquaculture sectors in the Korean national economy: An input–output analysis

The aquaculture industry can meet food security needs and reduce the pressure on marine resources. The expansion of aquaculture allows the fisheries industry to restructure from hunting to farming, and thus drives the need for an analysis of the economic impacts of aquaculture industry in consideration of the interdependence between capture fisheries and aquaculture industry. This study attempts to analyze the economic impacts of two fishery sectors using input–output (I–O) analysis, with specific application to Korea. To this end, this study applies the I–O models to the Korean I–O tables generated by the Bank of Korea, paying particular attention to the two fishery sectors in Korea, considering them as exogenous, and then determining their impacts. Specifically, the production-inducing effects, employment-inducing effects, supply shortage effects, sectoral price effects, forward linkage effects, and backward linkage effects of the two fishery sectors are presented over the period 1995–2010. For example, the production-inducing effect of a KRW 1.0 change in fisheries investment is larger in the petroleum and chemical sectors than in other sectors. Moreover, the aquaculture sector has larger employment-inducing effects than the capture fisheries. Finally, the potential uses of the results of this analysis are presented from the perspective of policy instruments, and policy implications are discussed.     

我国大黄鱼养殖产业发展研究

文章对我国大黄鱼养殖产量及分布、养殖模式、投入产出情况、收购价格变动和进出口情况进行分析，总结了几项产业中存在的问题，包括：养殖结构亟待调整、关键养殖技术欠缺、鱼苗成活率偏低、市场中存在逆向选择。在此基础上，提出积极调整养殖结构与养殖密度、提升合作社与试验站职能、加强养殖技术与鱼药研发力度、培育推广优质大黄鱼苗种、促进可追溯体系建设的产业发展建议。