库水压力作用下不同类型断层诱发水库地震的可能性分析

根据断裂力学原理,研究了水库蓄水后,在原有产生断裂的地应力基础上库水产生的附加应力,并分析了张开和闭合断裂的应力强度因子的变化趋势和正断层、逆断层及走滑断层发生扩展的可能性,从而揭示不同断层诱发水库地震的可能性。     

由向家坝水库震源机制探讨诱发地震的成因

金沙江向家坝水库是目前中国第三大水库,2012年底水库开始蓄水,水位升高71m;2013年6月底再次蓄水,升高的水位淹没到库尾段。该水库以及上游的溪洛渡水库布设了地震台网,有35台仪器连续记录,能够很好地控制库区及周边的地震。水库地震台网在2007年9月—2013年6月记录了库尾一带1级以上地震共计38次,平均每月发生0.66次。而2013年7—9月则记录ML≥1.0地震186次,平均水平达到每月62次,已经接近以往月均值的100倍,可判别为诱发地震。同期还记录1级以下地震553次,在强震背景区发生大量小地震已经引起巨大反响。震源位置采用3维速度模型进行重新修订,发现这些地震有94%发生在0~5km深度范围。利用水库地震台网的观测资料,取垂直向记录到直达P、S波的最大振幅,得到库尾一带蓄水之前9个、蓄水后69个小地震的震源机制,并进一步利用这些震源机制反演了南、北2个区的应力场,以期通过分析震源机制和应力场变化,探索水库诱发地震发生的特点及成因。结果显示,在蓄水后69个震源机制中走向滑动类型占最多,存在较多过渡类型,倾向滑动的正断层、逆冲断层数目较少,震源机制空间取向复杂、破裂类型多样,显示区域应力场对小震的控制较弱。利用这些震源机制反演得到南、北2个区的应力场差别较大,状态不均匀,北区呈现挤压应力状态,而南区呈现弱拉张状态,均与区域应力场不一致。穿过库尾的猰子坝断裂是活动断裂,却没有控制诱发地震,有可能表明水库蓄水抑制了逆断层的活动。库尾区分布碳酸盐岩、灰岩,存在溶洞。分析认为库水涌入溶洞,渗透到裂隙、节理,导致孔隙压力增加,摩擦强度、岩石破裂强度降低以及库水载荷加大造成弹性变形等共同作用是诱发地震的成因。     

新疆黑孜断层现今活动特征研究及有关问题的讨论

在前人研究的基础上，用近年黑孜水库的形变测量资料重新计算了黑孜断层的微量位移，表明自1973年以来黑孜断层活动特征发生了变化，大致经历了4个阶段；其中第3个阶段有正断层特征，其余3个阶段属逆断层特征。水库大坝的修建及水库的蓄水对断层的现今活动具有重要影响，甚至改变了某个阶段断层活动的性状。地震活动对形变测量资料、断层活动也有一定程度的影响。     

葛洲坝水库蓄水前后地震活动对比分析及水库诱发地震的探讨

本文对葛洲坝水库区蓄水前后的地震活动资料进行了分析,对库区蓄水后的地壳形变特点作了介绍.在此基础上对本库是否存在水库诱发地震问题进行了讨论.作者认为:本库区出现诱发地震的机率很小,不会因蓄水而诱发较强的地震。     

澜沧江大朝山水库蓄水前的地震活动本底

分析了大朝山水库蓄水前，水库区域历史中强、强地震背景与1992年来的地震活动格局，及蓄水前9年中库坝区天然地震活动的时、空、强分布，结果表明：大朝山水库区为地震活动水平较低的区域，库坝附近30km以2、3级地震活动为主，库首方向距大坝40km左右的景谷与库尾方向距大坝50km的昌宁、凤庆一带为5级地震活动区，外围100km左右的耿马、澜沧、普洱等地区为6、7级强震活动区；库坝区的地震活动基本符合G—R关系式，b值为0．69，累积应变曲线呈稳定增长趋势，时间分布上出现活跃与平静交替的分布格局。     

澜沧江漫湾电站水库诱发地震分析

全面分析了漫湾电站水库蓄水前后,库坝区周围地震活动时空强分布,水库蓄水的水位与库坝区地震活动的动态变化关系,结果表明,漫湾水库诱发地震的时间集中于蓄水后5年内,库水位升降之后1个月左右,库坝区发生高频度的3～4级地震,最大月频次为蓄水前的6倍,最大地震震级为4．6级,空间分布集中于大坝约10km范围内,为快速响应、震群型的诱发地震。     

新疆克孜尔水库地震危险性预测研究

应用库区多项形变观测资料，对克孜尔水库蓄水后出现的形变异常及诱发水库地震的危险性进行了研究。结果认为：①穿过水库大坝的F2活断层在水后出现水平和垂直形变的特大异常变化主要是前期水库施工开挖土石方、填筑土石方及水库蓄水引起地面负荷变化的综合效应所致；②克孜尔水库虽然存在诱发水库地震的潜在因素，但从库容、坝高、F2活断层产状、地质构造背景、水地质条件、岩性以及世界各国发生水库 诱发地震的充分条件；③由库区各项形变观测资料分析表明，库区地壳形变已由施工－蓄水初期时的反向异常变化恢复到了施工蓄水前的正常变化状态，各种受力因素经过调整达到了新的平衡，已进入相对稳定的继承性运动期，因此今后因蓄水诱发水库地震的可能性不大。     

四川紫坪铺水库区水文地质与工程地质条件研究

分析了四川紫坪铺水库坝区和库区的水文地质和工程地质条件。由于库区内基岩山区为强烈上升区，地形切割深，高差大，各种不良工程地质现象发育，虽然不致于影响水库的正常工作，但也应引起充分注意。水库畜水后，渗漏问题对水库区和坝区影响较大，应采取相应措施解决；水库蓄水后，库水有可能下渗，应加强对该水库诱发地震的监测和研究。     

漫湾和大朝山电站水库诱发地震活动及其构造环境研究

位于云南澜沧江中段的漫湾和大朝山两电站水库位置相邻、大小相仿,坝高和库容均达到可能诱发地震的规模,都处于构造复杂的逆断层环境,但蓄水后库区地震活动水平明显不同,其中漫湾水库有明显的诱发地震活动,而大朝山水库蓄水5年来库区未出现地震活动明显增强现象.通过对漫湾和大朝山两电站水库蓄水后库区地震活动、库区地层和断层特点、地震活动与库区地层和断层特点的关系进行分析,认为沿断层的库水渗透、岩溶塌陷、水库规模、高应力环境、规模较大断裂的通过和断层力学环境等,并不是这两个电站水库诱发地震活动的主要因素;而马街、腰街、哨街一带发育有NE和NW向断层,且多为正断层性质,断面多倾向水库一侧,这些断层的破裂可能是诱发水库地震集中发生的重要原因.     

湖南省黄石水库诱发地震的形成条件及成因探讨

在湖南桃源县黄石水库库区，由于张扭性活断层和深部岩溶的存在，水库蓄水后产生的附加应力场及水库区增强的岩石孔隙流体压力诱发了断层的断滑，使得库区应力集中区和岩溶发育区合二为一的地带发生构造型地震，从而在震活动的时间序列、空间规律，地震与库水位关系，震源深度、震情等方面表现出构造水库诱发地震的特点。     

EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECANISMS IN THE DALIANGSHAN SUB-BLOCK AND ADJACENT AREAS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGIONAL STRESS FIELD

The Daliangshan sub-block is a boundary region among the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block. It hosts four major fault systems:The southwest to south trending Xianshuihe-Zemuhe Fault zone in the west, the Longmenshan fault zone is the northern boundary, the Zhaotong-Lianfeng fault zone in the south, and the NS-trending Mabian-Yanjin fault zone in the east. This study focused on focal mechanisms and the regional stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block to help understand the earthquake preparation process, tectonic deformation and seismic stress interaction in this area. We collected broadband waveform records from the Sichuan Seismic Network and used multiple 1-D velocity models to determine the focal mechanisms of moderate and large earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.5)in the Daliangshan sub-block by using the CAP method. Results for 276 earthquakes from Jan 2010 to Aug 2016 show that the earthquakes are dominated by strike-slip and trust faulting, very few events have normal faulting and the mixed type. We then derived the regional distribution of the stress field through a damp linear inversion(DRSSI)using the focal mechanisms obtained in this study. Inversion results for the spatial pattern of the stress field in the block suggest that the entire region is predominantly under strike-slip and trust faulting regimes, largely consistent with the focal mechanisms. The direction of maximum compression axes is NW-NWW, and part of the area is slightly rotated, which is consistent with the GPS velocity field. Combining geodynamic background, this work suggests that because the Sichuan-Yunnan block is moving to SE and the Tibetan plateau to SE-E along major strike-slip faults, the stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block and its adjacent regions is controlled jointly by the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block.     

西藏羊八井高温地热田地噪声与微地震勘查研究

为进一步探测西藏羊八井地热田深部高温热储的信息，１９８９年９－１０月在羊八井热田进行了地噪声测量、地热噪声源测试及微地震台网的短期监测工作结果得出：热田南部浅层热储的地噪声具有波谱主频稳定与振幅大的特性，圈定的异常范围与已知热储的分布一致；热田北部地噪声的波谱具有主频高、振幅小的特征．在热田首次记录到微地震与极微地震活动，综合结果分析认为在热田北部具有勘探深部高温热储的前景，并以实际资料给出了３处优先勘探的地段．     

THE DISPLACEMENT AND STRESS FIELD GENERATED BY THE COLLAPSE IN PINGYI COUNTY,SHANGDONG PROVINCE,ON DECEMBER 25, 2015

A collapse happened in Pingyi County, Shandong Province, on December 25, 2015. The displacement field, stress field and Coulomb failure stress change on the Mengshan frontal fault generated by the collapse are calculated by using point collapse model in isotropic medium. The result shows that: (1) The maximum horizontal displacement is located at the center of the collapse with value of~18mm. The horizontal displacements are greater than 1mm within~5km of the collapse with its direction pointing to the collapse center. The maximum subsidence is located at the center of the collapse with the value of 4mm. The subsidence is greater than 1mm within ~3km of the collapse. The displacement field decays so rapidly that can be ignored at far away from the collapse for the shallow source, which caused local displacement field. (2) Influenced by the free surface, the contraction area stress within ~5km of the collapse with the order of 1000Pa and expansion area stress in farther away areas at depth of 2km are estimated. the expansion area stress of 1000Pa is estimated at the~5km from the collapse center. Then the expansion area stress decays to 100Pa at the distance of ~10km from the collapse. The maximum compressive and extensional principal stresses are estimated as 10000Pa at the depth of 2km. The compressive stress axes present radical direction pointing to the collapse within ~5km of the center. In farther away from the collapse, The extensional principal stress axes present radical direction pointing to the center of the collapse. With farther distance to the collapse, the compressive and extensional stress decay rapidly to the order of 100Pa. (3) The Coulomb failure stress on the northwestern part of the Mengshan frontal fault, which is known as active segment of the Mengshan frontal fault, is decreased by the collapse with maximum value of 2500Pa. Whereas, the Coulomb failure stress on the southeastern part of the Mengshan frontal fault, which is known as left-lateral normal slip fault segment in Quaternary period, is increased by the collapse with maximum of 2400Pa, to which attention would be paid in seismic hazard analysis.     

FOCAL FAULTS AND STRESS FIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF M7.0 JIUZHAIGOU EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE IN 2017

On August 8, 2017, Beijing time, an earthquake of M7.0 occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, with the epicenter located at 33.20°N 103.82°E. The earthquake caused 25 people dead, 525 people injured, 6 people missing and 170000 people affected. Many houses were damaged to various degrees. Up to October 15, 2017, a total of 7679 aftershocks were recorded, including 2099 earthquakes of M ≥ 1.0. The M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred in the northeastern boundary belt of the Bayan Har block on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where many active faults are developed, including the Tazhong Fault(the eastern segment of the East Kunlun Fault), the Minjiang fault zone, the Xueshan fault zone, the Huya fault zone, the Wenxian fault zone, the Guanggaishan-Daishan Fault, the Bailongjiang Fault, the Longriuba Fault and the Longmenshan Fault. As one of the important passages for the eastward extrusion movement of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Tapponnier et al., 2001), the East Kunlun fault zone has a crucial influence on the tectonic activities of the northeastern boundary belt of Bayan Kala. Meanwhile, the Coulomb stress, fault strain and other research results show that the eastern boundary of the Bayan Har block still has a high risk of strong earthquakes in the future. So the study of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake' seismogenic faults and stress fields is of great significance for scientific understanding of the seismogenic environment and geodynamics of the eastern boundary of Bayan Har block. In this paper, the epicenter of the main shock and its aftershocks were relocated by the double-difference relocation method and the spatial distribution of the aftershock sequence was obtained. Then we determined the focal mechanism solutions of 24 aftershocks(M ≥ 3.0)by using the CAP algorithm with the waveform records of China Digital Seismic Network. After that, we applied the sliding fitting algorithm to invert the stress field of the earthquake area based on the previous results of the mechanism solutions. Combining with the previous research results of seismogeology in this area, we discussed the seismogenic fault structure and dynamic characteristics of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Our research results indicated that:1)The epicenters of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence distribute along NW-SE in a stripe pattern with a long axis of about 35km and a short axis of about 8km, and with high inclination and dipping to the southwest, the focal depths are mainly concentrated in the range of 2~25km, gradually deepening from northwest to southeast along the fault, but the dip angle does not change remarkably on the whole fault. 2)The focal mechanism solution of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake is:strike 151°, dip 69° and rake 12° for nodal plane Ⅰ, and 245°, 78° and -158° for nodal plane Ⅱ, the main shock type is pure strike-slip and the centroid depth of the earthquake is about 5km. Most of the focal mechanism of the aftershock sequence is strike-slip type, which is consistent with the main shock's focal mechanism solution; 3)In the earthquake source area, the principal compressive stress and the principal tensile stress are both near horizontal, and the principal compressive stress is near east-west direction, while the principal tensile stress is near north-south direction. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake is a strike-slip event that occurs under the horizontal compressive stress.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF TECTONIC STRESS FIELD OF THE XIAOWAN RESERVOIR BEFORE AND AFTER THE IMPOUNDMENT

Using the seismic waveform data of Xiaowan seismic network and Yunnan seismic network, we determined the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015 by generalized polarity and amplitude technique. We inverted tectonic stress field of the Xiaowan reservoir before impounding, using the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and CAP solutions of 58 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 4.0)collected and the solutions in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor(GCMT)catalog; We inverted local stress field of the reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area, using 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015. Focal mechanisms statistics show that, the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault is the seismic fault. Focal mechanisms were strike-slip type in initial stage, but normal fault type in later stage. Focal depths statistics of 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)show that, the average value of focal depths in period Ⅰ, period Ⅱ and period Ⅲ are 8.2km, 7.3km and 7.8km respectively and the standard deviations are 4.3km, 3.5km and 6.0km respectively. The average value of focal depths is basically stable in different period, only the standard deviation is slightly different. Therefore, there is not positive connection between focal depth and deviation of focal mechanisms. What's more, there are 2 earthquakes(number 46 and number 47 in Fig.5 and Table 3)with almost the same magnitude, epicenter and focal depth, but they have different faulting types as normal and strike-slip. The focal mechanism of event No.46 is strike:302°, dip:40° and rake:-97° for plane Ⅰ, however, the focal mechanism of event No.47 is strike:292°, dip:82° and rake:140° for plane Ⅰ. Likewise, earthquake of number 3 and number 18 have similar characteristic. Therefore, the obvious focal mechanism difference of similar earthquake pair indicates the complexity of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault. Considering the quiet-active character of reservoir-triggered earthquakes, we discussed the change of local stress field in different period. The σ₁ of tectonic stress field was in the near-south direction, with a dip angle of 14° before the impoundment, however, the direction of σ₁ of local stress field changed continuously, with the dip angle getting larger after the impoundment. The direction of σ₁ of local stress field of reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area is close to the strike of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault, and reservoir impoundment increased the shear stress in the fault, so the weakening of fault was beneficial to trigger earthquakes. Comprehensive analysis suggests that fluid permeation and pore pressure diffusion caused by the water impounding, and the weakening of fault caused by local stress field are the key factors to trigger earthquake in the Xiaowan reservoir.     

于桥水库风季流埸的计算与分析

本文依据水流运动的基本理论,并考虑风对水体的剪切作用,应用改进的移步ADI法,建立了风作用下流场的数值模似系统,其结果与连续四年的实测资料验证相吻合。计算预报了于桥水库三个典型水文年定常风不同风速、风向的流场,并由计算机绘制出彩色流场图。文中还针对计算应用成果进行了分析。     

昌马地震应力场及发震机制研究

本文利用前人大量的地质、地球物理资料，建立了昌马盆地的立体地质模型，利用三维有限元法研究了１９３２年昌马７．６级地震前后应力场的变化及其昌马地震成因机制，结果表明：（１）震源断层走向与利用主压应力推测的断裂走向相差６５°，可能是由于地壳浅部旋转的主压应力与深部北东方向的主压应力所产生的力矩使块体发生旋转所致，其枢纽点即为震源所在；同时，该旋转也导致了地震断层和震源断层在力学性质和几何性质上的不同。（２）昌马地震是在闭锁、贯通和块体旋转联合作用下形成的。（３）区域应力场与局部应力场不一致、应力松弛单元的出现可能与地震的孕育、发生有关。（４）断裂活动的不均一性与平面最大剪应力分布不均匀成正相关，且各断裂均以相对左旋走滑兼挤压为特征，但是其走滑量的分布是不均匀的。     

渭河盆地及邻区现今地壳形变及构造特征研究

基于2009—2014年渭河盆地及邻区GPS资料,利用Shen提出的连续形变场与应变场计算方法,获得渭河盆地及邻区的水平形变场及应变率场,结合构造地质、地震目录等资料对渭河盆地及邻区的现今地壳形变及构造特征进行研究,并得到如下结论:(1)鄂尔多斯地块南缘西段和东段GPS形变场变化差异明显,六盘山—陇县—宝鸡断裂带形变场...     

非均匀半无限介质中振荡电偶极子地表电场的理论公式和计算方法

根据Naxwell方程，首先引入赫兹矢量，导出了层状介中电偶极子源激发电场的亥姆霍兹方程和边界条件，并对其进行求解，得到了地表电场表达式，对于分布有断层的层状介质根据Maxell方程，引入格林张量，导出了地表电场的积分表达式，从而为地电场变化的数值模拟研究提供了理论公式。     

京北地热田开发对地下流体动态的影响

在地震地下流体动态研究中发现有多种干扰,特别是地下水资源开发的干扰较为普遍,地下热水开发的干扰较为严重,影响地下流体动态监测的效果,因此需要关注、调查与研究地下水开采对地下流体动态的影响问题。作者在研究京北地热田区水文地质条件及热水开采的历史与现状的基础上,重点分析了热水开采对不同水文地质条件与离开采井距离不等的观测井地下流体动态的影响及这种影响在不同测项上表现的差异。研究结果表明,在京北地热田区热水开采对地下流体动态的影响距离为5km,对位于导水断裂带附近的观测井动态影响最为明显;就测项而言,对水位与水温动态的影响最为明显,其次是逸出气(Rn,Hg)动态的影响,对土壤气(CO2)动态的影响不明显