大气非线性波动方程的解

本文从非线性大气运动方程出发,用比较简洁的方法,求得了大气非线性惯性波、非线性重力内波和非线性Rossby波的周期解,这些解反映了非线性大气波动的特色。分析指出:对有限振幅的惯性波和重力内波,振幅大的波传播越快,而有限振福的非线性Rossby波,振幅大、波长长的波传播越慢;本文还分析了这些解的某些可能的实际意义。 这些非线性波的研究提供了解非线性方程的新的途径,而且,它可以与大家熟悉的线性波动进行比较。对于天气预报和大气湍流的研究都有一定的意义。     

大地形上边界层流场的动力学研究

本文应用边界层气象学中Estoque数值模式关于湍流交换系数及分层的处理方法,求得了大地形存在时定常边界展方程的零、一级解析解,并用来得到大地形存在时边界层的散度场、垂直速度场,改进了前人的结果。     

A DYNAMICAL STUDY OF THE FLOW FIELD IN THE PBL OVER LARGE-SCALE TOPOGRAPHY*

In this paper, the eddy coefficient and the treatment for dividing layers of Estoque's numerical model in modern PBL dynamics have been applied to derive order-zero and order-one analytic solutions over large-scale topography,the solutions are used to obtain the divergence and vertical velocity, improving the previous results.     

不同形式的加热对冷锋环流影响的数值研究

利用原始方程模式对３种加热形式影响冷锋环流的情形作了数值计算，结果显示，大尺度凝结潜热释放对冷锋非地转环流和锋区垂直运动的影响最大，使之明显增强，它有可能在短时间内使冷锋暧区中产生强的暴雨系统，积云对流加热也能使锋面环流增强，但影响较小；感热加热增强冷锋环流，而且可能是锋区多重雨带产生的一种驱动因子。     

在正压过滤模式大气中地形和水平扩散对非对称运动形成的作用

利用考虑地形和水平扩散作用的正压涡度方程,在线性情况下,给出了描写对称运动和反对称运动(都是对赤道来说的)的方程和它们各自的解析解。分析这些解可以看出,不论对于对称运动或反对称运动,解都由三部份组成:一是与初始流场有关的Rossby波;一是以Rossby波波速传播的,与地形和水平扩散有关的行进波;另一是与地形和水平扩散有关的定常波。但是,如初始时刻运动是对称的,则地面拔海高度和水平扩散系数的反对称分布可以引起反对称运动,从而,引起非对称的运动。在定常情况下,则对称的流场,和地面拔海高度、水平扩散系数的对称分布有关,反对称的流场,和地面拔海高度、水平扩散系数的反对称分布有关。最后,还用数值试验,证明反对称地形可以引起反对称运动;还讨论了南北半球的相互影响的问题。     

青藏高原大地形对冷涌作用的理论研究

本文从包含大地形效应的线性浅水波方程组出发,考虑青藏高原大地形为由西向东等科率倾斜,导得两类重力波解,一类是两个高频重力惯性波解,另一类是由地形激发的低频地形重力波解。后者与Kelvin波有某些类似之处。它们分别类似于数值试验所得冷锋迅速南下和冷涌强风速中心沿青藏高原大地形东侧边缘较慢向南传播的重力波。特别当无地形时,则低频波消失,仍有高频波。还求得了重力波波射线的传播路径为次摆线方程,这与数值试验所得冷涌强风速中心环绕青藏高原大地形东侧边缘的弧形路径颇为一致。且沿大地形下游沿海地区可能存在地形重力波波导管。     

A THEORETICAL STUDY ON THE MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA OF TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE AND THEIR RELATION TO THE ONSET OF THE SUMMER MONSOON

Multiple equilibria and their stability in tropical atmosphere are investigated through β-plane barotropic models with consideration of heating and dissipation. We have derived the solutions of the model equations corresponding to the multiple equilibria or the steady flows first, and then establish the criteria for the stability of steady flow by use of the Liapunov direct Method. When these criteria are applied to the solutions of equilibria obtained, stable flows, which are closely related to the different patterns of quasi-stationary circulation in the tropical region, are found. The configurations of these stable flows and the shift between two of them as season changes provide quite reasonable explanations to many fundamental problems of tropical circulation features such as the catastrophe mechanism of the onset and the break-active cycle of the Asian summer monsoon. It follows that the onset or the abrupt transition of the Asian summer monsoon could be attributed to the multiple equilibrium property of the tropical circulation resulted from the advective nonlinearity, which provide another explanation among others.     

EFFECTS OF OROGRAPHY AND HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION ON THE GENERATION OF THE ASYMMETRIC MOTION IN THE BAROTROPIC FILTERED MODEL ATMOSPHERE

By utilizing the barotropic vorticity equation including effects of orography and horizontal diffusion,the linearized equations describing symmetric and antisymmetric motions and their analytic solutions are pre-sented.It can be found from the solutions that no matter what kind of motion may be,each solution consistsof three waves,namely,Rossby wave related to initial values,marching wave propagating at Rossby wavevelocity and stationary wave.The latter two are closely related to orography and horizontal diffusion.However,if the motion is symmetric at the initial instant,then the antisymmetric components of orographyand of horizontal diffusion are likely to lead to the generation of antisymmetric motion.In the steady state,the symmetric flow is connected with symmetric orography and horizontal diffusion and the antisymmetricflow with antisymmetric orography and horizontal diffusion.Further,in order to verify the above analysis,three numerical experiments have been made.The results show that antisymmetric orography can produceantisymmetric motion.Finally,the atmospheric interactions between Northern and Southern Hemispheresare discussed.     

THE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL FORCING,DISSIPATION AND NONLINEARITY ON THE SOLUTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC EQUATIONS

Based on the primitive equations of the atmosphere,we study the effects of external forcing.dissipation and nonlinearity on the solutions of stationary motion and non-stationary motion.Theresults show that the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the forced dissipative nonlinear system isessentially different from that of the adiabatic non-dissipative system,the adiabatic dissipativesystem,the diabatic non-dissipative system and the diabatic dissipative linear system,and that thejoint action of external forcing,dissipation and nonlinearity is the source of multiple equilibria.From this we can conclude that the important actions of diabatic heating and dissipation must beconsidered in the models of the long-term weather and the climate.     

湿大气中低涡暴雨系统发展东移的初步分析

七十年代,谢义炳教授指出:湿大气动力学和干大气动力学特征有明显差异。结合我们的天气实践,注意到经常造成鄂北强降水的西南低涡处于对流层低层,在这一层次内不仅流场辐合明显,而且水汽丰沛,空气为强烈的对流性不稳定,这些因子对低涡的生消移动必然有较大的影响。本文的目的是,引入水汽因子后,通过简化涡度方程在湿斜压大气中的应用,并考虑湿静力稳定度σ_m既为P的函     

ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS OF NONLINEAR WAVE EQUATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

In this paper,starting with the nonlinear equations of atmospheric motion and using a relatively simple method,we have obtained the periodic solutions to the nonlinear inertia waves,internal gravity waves and Rossby waves.These solutions represent the characteristics of nonlinear waves in the atmosphere.A preliminary analysis reveals that as for the inertia waves and internal gravity waves with finite amplitudes, the larger the amplitudes are,the faster the waves propagate,but for the Rossby waves with finite amplitudes,the larger the amplitudes and wavelengths are,the slower the waves move.The practical senses of the solutions are also discussed in this paper. This paper gives a new way to study the nonlinear waves.This result has certain significance for the weather forecasting and the study of atmospheric turbulence.     

THE ROLES OF BOUNDARY-LAYER DYNAMICS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION

In this paper,a tropical atmospheric model of relevance to shorts-term climate variations(Wang and Li 1993)is util-ized for study of the development of Madden-Julian oscillation.The model contains an interactive process ofboundary-layer Ekman convergence and precipitation heating.The model is solved by expanding dependent variables interms of parabolic cylindrical functions in the meridional direction and truncating three meridional modes n=0,2,4 forequatorial symmetric solutions.The free wave solutions obtained under long-wave approximation are induced as aKelvin wave and two Rossby waves.After considering the effect of boundary-layer dynamic process,the modifiedKelvin wave becomes unstable in long-wave bands with a typical growth rate on an order of 10~(-6) s~(-1)and an eastwardphase speed of 10 m s~(-1);the most unstable mode is wavenumber one.These theoretical results are consistent with the ob-served Madden-Julian oscillation in equatorial area.For the two modified Rossby waves,one with a smaller meridionalscale(n=4)decays except for extra long-waves;the other with a larger meridional scale(n=2)grows in short-wavebands.This may be relevant to explaining the westward propagation of super cloud clusters in the Madden-Julianoscillation.The theory suggests that the boundary-layer dynamic process is an important mechanism in the develop-ment of the Madden-Julian oscillation.     

大气中行星尺度孤立波的动力特征

大气中的非线性波一直是气象学界所关心和重视的问题,Long和Benney等人最早把孤立波理论应用到大气中来,成功地解释了大气中的一些天气现象,后来我国学者巢纪平、刘式达、刘式适等又进行了这方面的研究工作,取得了一些有意义的结果。本文利用行星大气中的相当正压模式和Burger模式,在一定的条件下分别导出了它们所满足的KdV方程,     

THE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL FORCING,DISSIPATION AND NONLINEARITY ON THE SOLUTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC EQUATIONS*

Based on the primitive equations of the atmosphere,we study the effects of external forcing.dissipation and nonlinearity on the solutions of stationary motion and non-stationary motion.The results show that the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the forced dissipative nonlinear system is essentially different from that of the adiabatic non-dissipative system,the adiabatic dissipative system,the diabatic non-dissipative system and the diabatic dissipative linear system,and that the joint action of external forcing,dissipation and nonlinearity is the source of multiple equilibria.From this we can conclude that the important actions of diabatic heating and dissipation must be considered in the models of the long-term weather and the climate.     

低纬大尺度大气水平运动的稳定性与季风活动

本文从赤道β平面近似下的水平运动方程组出发,在简化条件下研究了赤道低纬地区大尺度大气水平运动的稳定性及其分岔和突变的特征,并讨论了某些条件下运动的解析解及其流型特征,且利用所得到的结果对季风的活跃、中断及振荡特征作了简单的分析和讨论,得到了一些有意义的结论。      

海气相互作用的零维模式

利用文献[4],本文求出了考虑海气耦合时零维模式的平衡态,讨论了它们的稳定性和现代气候的敏感性问题。 结果表明:气候系统存在三个平衡态,两个稳定态分别表示冰期和间冰期气候;当考虑海气作用时,现代气候条件下的敏感性比不考虑海气作用时小,外参数变化为1%,温度平均变化为1°K左右。 在此基础上,就随机模式的反馈系数提出了不同的看法,对随机分析作了简略探讨,并用实际资料进行了检验。      

湿大气方程组解的渐近性质

研究无穷维Ｈｉｌｂｅｒｔ空间中,湿大气运动系统解的长期行为,在导得了湿大气运动方程是Ｈｉｌｂｅｒｔ空间中一个非常特殊的算子方程之后,利用算子的性质讨论了全局吸收集和全局吸引子的存在性,揭示出系统解的渐近行为表现在吸引子的结构上及系统向非绝热加热的非线性适应过程。最后指出了几个简化方程组与原方程组在解的长期行为上的根本不同,从而给出长期天气或气候研究中简化方程组必须遵循的原则。     

局地积云降水过程对云结构的影响

本文考虑了降水过程中水滴对空气的拖带作用和降温作用,并考虑到含水量变化时,由于水滴对空气拖带力的变化,而对垂直运动产生的反馈影响,导出了局地积云的运动方程、热力方程和含水量方程,并由此研究在降水过程中云中空气垂直运动、云内外温差和含水量结构的变化。计算结果指出,局地积云在降水过程的影响下,云中空气的垂直运动、云内外温差和含水量都要明显变小,并且很快地由下向上逐渐出现下沉运动,云也由下向上逐渐消散。计算结果与实际观测现象是基本相似的。本文共做了五个不同条件的个例数值计算,并由此分析比较了不同降水强度、不同稳定度、不同云中初始条件和不同云外环境所起的不同作用。     

暴雨系统数值预报初值中气象变量的相对重要性

修改初值中的某些变量,积分模式,与“对照过程”相比较,以确定在暴雨系统数值预报中一些变量的相对重要性问题。初始的水汽分布和边界层风场相对说来是不重要的。通过动力学上的联系,在积分6—12小时后能迅速的调整出和“对照过程”基本上一致的场。地面气压场是重要的。修改地面气压场后,预报的形势和降水量有根本性的改变。     

二维大气中定常广义地转流的稳定性分析

本文归纳总结了在绝热、无耗散对称二维大气中定常广义地转流稳定性分析中的扰动方程组的基本特征，并将其概括为具有这类问题共同基本特征的统一形式的扰动方程组的定解问题。在此基础上，统一地证明了：１）由统一的扰动方程组所确定的定解问题的解是存在唯一的；２）基态的性质是由Λｍｉｎ（Ｇ）的性质决定的：ａ．当Λｍｉｎ（Ｇ）＞０时，基态是稳定的；ｂ．当Λｍｉｎ（Ｇ）＜０时，基态是不稳定的。３）基态的全局稳定性质可以通过局部稳定性分析来确定；４）合理的、充分简化的局部稳定性分析结论在局部分析中是严格有效的