A Vertical Two-Dimensional Model to Simulate Tidal Hydrodynamics in A Branched Estuary

A vertical (laterally averaged) two-dimensional hydrodynamic model is developed for tides, tidal current, and salinity in a branched estuarine system. The goveming equations are solved with the hydrostatic pressure distribution assumption and the Boussinesq approximation. An explicit scheme is employed to solve the continuity equations. The momentum and mass balance equations are solved implicitly in the Cartesian coordinate system. The tributaries are govemed by the same dynamic equations. A control volume at the junctions is designed to conserve mass and volume transport in the finite difference schemes, based on the physical principle of continuum medium of fluid. Predictions by the developed model are compared with the analytic solutions of steady wind-driven circulatory flow and tidal flow. The model results for the velocities and water surface elevations coincide with analytic results. The model is then applied to the Tanshui River estuarine system. Detailed model calibration and verification have been conducted with measured water surface elevations,tidal current, and salinity distributions. The overall performance of the model is in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The calibrated and verified numerical model has been used to quantify the tidal prism and flushing rate in the Tanshui River-Tahan Stream, Hsintien Stream, and Keelung River.     

A Three-dimensional Tidal Model in Boundary-fitted Curvilinear Grids

In hydrodynamic models of marine and estuarine currents the use of boundary-fitted curvilinear grids not only makes the model grids fit to the coastline and bathymetry well, but also makes the kinetic boundary conditions simple and more accurate. Because of these advantages, a three-dimensional tidal model with boundary-fitted curvilinear grids has been developed to simulate both tide and current in estuarine and shelf water. The basic idea is to use a set of coupled σ-stretched and elliptic transformations to map the physical space into a corresponding transformed space such that all boundaries are coincident with co-ordinate lines and the transformed grids are rectangular. The hydrodynamic equations in the transformed space are solved in a rectangular mesh of the transformed grid system. The application of the model in the simulation of the M₂,S₂ , K₁and O₁tidal waves in the Bohai Sea, China, shows that the numerical results are in good agreement with the observations. The method of boundary-fitted curvilinear grids is effective for improving simulation accuracy of current in the estuarine and shallow seas, especially at the coastal regions where the current was usually impractical by a uniform Cartesian grid system with the shoreline and bathymetry represented by numerous stair-steps.     

A WDM method on a generalized curvilinear grid for calculation of storm surge flooding

In this paper, the wet-dry grid point method (WDM) with generalized curvilinear computation grids is introduced with the aim of presenting a kind of effective numerical model for real-time forecasting of storm surge flooding. To realize this general WDM method, generalized 2-D shallow sea dynamic equations in curvilinear co-ordinates are derived, and the contravariant components of the velocity vector are employed for easily realizing boundary conditions and making the wet-dry point judgement criterion more reasonable. As the generalized equations are not limited to a specific co-ordinate transformation, a self-adaptive grid generation method, which optimizes simultaneously grid smoothness, orthogonality and variation in cell volumes, is then proposed to meet the needs of WDM with varying spacing grids. The paper also provides a numerically stable difference scheme and this scheme is proved accurate by the verification calculation of observed storm surge.     

A 2D Mathematical Model for Sediment Transport by Waves and Tidal Currents

In this study, the combined actions of waves and tidal currents in estuarine and coastal areas are considered and a 2D mathematical model for sediment transport by waves and tidal currents has been established in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Non-equilibrium transport equations of suspended load and bed load are used in the model. The concept of background concentration is introduced, and the formula of sediment transport capacity of tidal currents for the Oujiang River estuary is obtained. The Dou Guoren formula is employed for the sediment transport capacity of waves. Sediment transport capacity in the form of mud and the intensity of back silting are calculated by use of Luo Zaosen＇ s formula. The calculated tidal stages are in good agreement with the field data, and the calculated velocities and flow directions of 46 vertical lines for 8 cross sections are also in good agreement with the measured data. On such a basis, simulations of back silting after excavation of the waterway with a sand bar under complicated boundary conditions in the navigation channel induced by suspended load, bed load and mud by waves and tidal currents are discussed.     

河口潮滩地貌和沉积物对人类工程的响应特征

河口潮滩受径潮流的共同作用，在自然环境与人类活动的影响下处于不断的动态调整中，其中大型人类工程往往对其短期地貌变化和沉积物特征产生巨大影响。2013年底至2014年5月，长江口崇明东滩北部开展大规模互花米草治理工程，本文基于地面三维激光扫描技术、植被点云数据滤除算法、沉积物取样以及室内粒度分析等手段，对比了工程前后潮滩地貌与沉积物特征。研究发现:（1）完工后研究区域靠海及南侧区域出现明显冲刷，北侧虽出现淤积，但整个区域平均冲刷幅度仍达4 cm；（2）工程前研究区域沉积物平均中值粒径为29 μm，工程完工后沉积物平均中值粒径则增大到38 μm；（3）工程完工后沉积物靠海及南侧区域明显粗化，北侧沉积物则变细。结果表明，围垦工程会造成邻近潮滩大幅冲刷以及表层沉积物粗化，但潮滩不同区域地貌和沉积物特征对工程的响应仍存在空间差异性。研究揭示尽管河口潮滩长期演变过程受流域来沙条件影响，但围垦工程等局部影响因素会短期内显著改变潮滩动力地貌过程。     

A study of non-linear tidal propagation in shallow inlet/estuarine systems Part II: Theory

The generation of tidal asymmetries is clarified via numerical integration of the one-dimensional equations for channel geometries characteristic of shallow estuaries. Channels without tidal flats develop a time asymmetry characterized by a longer falling than rising tide. This behavior is enhanced by strong friction and large channel cross-sectional area variability over a tidal cycle. Resulting tidal currents have a shorter, intense flood and a longer, weak ebb (flood-dominant). Addition of tidal flats to the channels can produce a longer rising tide and stronger ebb currents (ebb-dominant), if the area of tidal flats is large enough to overcome the effects of time-variable channel geometry. Weaker friction with flats can also produce this asymmetry.Despite the physical complexity of these systems, essential features of estuarine tidal response can be recovered from one-dimensional models. Shallow estuaries are shown to have a system response leading to stable, uniform senses of tidal asymmetry (either flood- or ebb-dominated, due to phase-locking of forced tidal constituents), with down-channel development in magnitude of asymmetry. These concepts are illustrated by modeling idealized representations of tidal channels at Nauset Inlet, MA, and Wachapreague Inlet, VA, which have flood- and ebb-dominance, respectively.     

垂向二维潮流数值模型及其在长江口北槽的应用

应用变网格有限元方法，采用任意四边形等参单元，离散横向积分的Navier—Stokes方程，建立河口潮流垂向二维数学模型。应用此模型，对长江口北槽水域两个观测站的潮流水位、流速垂线分布和整个北槽潮流流速纵向分布进行了模拟。潮流水位、流速垂线分布的模拟值分别与观测站的实测值可以较为吻合，证明了本文模型的实用有效。模拟得到的涨急、落急时刻整个北槽潮流流速纵向分布给出了定性的结果。     

Harmonious Development of Utilization and Protection of Tidal Flats and Wetlands-A Case Study in Shanghai Area

Spatial, environmental, and material resources are important for tidal flats and wetlands, thus, a harmonious balance between utilization and protection should be maintained. In the present study, the concept of tidal flat is defined, and its spatial limitation is also clarified. Located at the Yangtze Estuary, tidal flats in Shanghai area are selected for study. The relationship between water discharge and sediment transport of the Yangtze River, allowed exploration intensity and needs for wetland protection are discussed in the paper. The dynamic process and changing trend for different types of tidal flats are illustrated in detail. Regulations are proposed for a reasonable exploitation, dynamic protection, and ecosystem restoration of each individual tidal fiat and wetland. Some valuable suggestions are put forward for further study about the sustain＇able exploitation of offshore resources in Shanghai area.     

伶仃洋河口水域纳潮特性分析

为阐明伶仃洋河口水域纳潮现状和特性,分别采用经验公式和建立贴体曲线坐标系下的珠江河口二维数学模型的方法,对河口伶仃洋水域的纳潮特性进行了分析和探讨.数学模型的离散和求解采用纯隐格式的混合有限分析法,根据实测资料对其进行了验证.比较显示,采用实测资料和经验公式计算到的伶仃洋水域纳潮量与数学模型的计算结果相差在5%以内,从而证实了数学模型的可靠性.结果表明,伶仃洋海域的主要纳潮口门为伶仃洋口门,约占总纳潮量的87.7%,通过香港暗士顿水道进出的潮量仅占12.3%左右,显示伶仃洋口门为该海域的主要径潮通道,对该河口的防洪和生态具有重要的作用     

浙江省三门湾北部潮滩互花米草遥感研究

浙江省三门湾地区潮滩互花米草扩散迅速,已成为潮滩主要植被类型,挤占滩涂生态空间,降低海湾纳潮量,引起滩涂淤长和水交换能力下降,互花米草入侵和扩散问题引起当地生态环境和海洋管理部门高度关注。本文利用Landsat和Sentinel-2系列卫星遥感数据,结合无人机摄影测量,对三门湾北部潮滩近20年来互花米草分布和变化进行分析,结果表明,近20年间三门湾北部潮滩互花米草快速扩张,面积由2000年的21.8 km²增加到2017年高峰值为38.6 km²,年扩展面积近1 km²,主要分布在宁海县的一市港、双盘涂、三山涂和象山县的蟹钳港等湾顶潮滩区。2017年后,部分互花米草生长的上部潮滩被改造为海水养殖池,总体上互花米草面积有所下降,到2020年4月份统计的互花米草面积为34.9 km²,但潮滩下部米草扩增趋势仍然持续。扩增主要为沿潮沟两侧及先斑块后连续的特征。高程、人类活动引起的水动力环境改变是互花米草面积变化的主要因素。     

长江口潮间带沉积对台风过程的响应

位于陆海交汇区的河口潮滩对台风作用的响应极为敏感.台风大浪极可能构成河口潮滩沉积过程的快速变化,进而不利于潮滩保护、开发及利用.基于此,本文利用200509号"麦莎"台风作用前后长江口南汇潮滩采集的沉积物样品及水文资料,探讨台风高能事件作用下河口潮滩动力沉积过程及其主控因素.结果表明长江口潮间带不同区域沉积作用对于"麦...     

基于无人机技术的潮滩动态监测研究

无人机具有快速高效、体积小和成本低等特点,不仅可以监测淤泥质潮滩不同区域的变化趋势,还可以观测到卫星难以捕获的潮滩短历时发育过程。文章基于无人机航拍测量技术,通过后期图像处理生成正射影像,获取临港新片区潮滩的沙滩和植被区域面积,分析潮滩短周期沙滩和植被时空分布特征和对不同事件的响应。研究结果表明：近年来临港潮滩潮上带从淤泥质海滩逐渐转变为沙质海滩;潮滩植被有明显季节性变化,秋冬季枯萎,春夏季生长茂盛,分布在潮滩西侧的植被变化最为显著;沙滩随着植被枯萎而裸露,易受波浪、潮汐冲刷;相比于季节性转化,沙滩在事件上的响应更为显著,洪水期淤积和台风冲刷导致潮滩变化剧烈。     

A Finite Volume Method with Unstructured Triangular Grids for Numerical Modeling of Tidal Current

The finite volume method （FVM） has many advantages in 2-D shallow water numerical simulation. In this study, the finite volume method is used with unstructured triangular grids to simulate the tidal currents. The Roe scheme is applied in the calculation of the intercell numerical flux, and the MUSCL method is introduced to improve its accuracy. The time integral is a two-step scheme of forecast and revision. For the verification of the present method, the Stoker＇s problem is calculated and the result is compared with the mathematically analytic solutions. The comparison indicates that the method is feasible. A sea area of a port is used as an example to test the method established here. The result shows that the present computational method is satisfactory, and it could be applied to the engineering fields.     

Study on the Log-Linear Velocity Profile of Near-Bed Tidal Current in Estuarine and Coastal Waters

Many observed data show that the near-bed tidal velocity profile deviates from the usual logarithmic law. The amount of deviation may not be large, but it results in large errors when the logarithmic velocity profile is used to calculate the bed roughness height and friction velocity （or shear stress）. Based on their investigation, Kuo et al. （1996） indicate that the deviation amplitude may exceed 100%. On the basis of fluid dynamic principle, the profile of the near-bed tidal velocity in estuarine and coastal waters is established by introducing Prandtl＇ s mixing length theory and Von Kannan selfsimilarity theory. By the fitting and calculation of the near-bed velocity profde data observed in the west Solent, England, the results are compared with those of the usual logarithmic model, and it is shown that the present near-bed tidal velocity profile model has such advantages as higher fitting precision, and better inner consistency between the roughness height and friction velocity. The calculated roughness height and friction velocity are closer to reality. The conclusions are validated that the logarithmic model underestimates the roughness height and friction velocity during tidal acceleration and overestimates them during tidal deceleration.     

A fully nonlinear Boussinesq model in generalized curvilinear coordinates

Based on the fully nonlinear Boussinesq equations in Cartesian coordinates, the equations in generalized coordinates are derived to adapt computations to irregularly shaped shorelines, such as harbors, bays and tidal inlets, and to make computations more efficient in large near-shore regions. Contravariant components of velocity vectors are employed in the derivation instead of the normal components in curvilinear coordinates or original components in Cartesian coordinates, which greatly simplifies the equations in generalized curvilinear coordinates. A high-order finite difference scheme with staggered grids in the image domain is adopted in the numerical model. The model is applied to five examples involving curvilinear coordinate systems. The results of these cases are in good agreement with analytical results, experimental data, and the results from the uniform grid model, which shows that the model has good accuracy and efficiency in dealing with the computations of nonlinear surface gravity waves in domains with complicated geometries.     

象山港潮滩坡度对潮动力影响的数值研究

象山港属于狭长型半封闭港湾，湾内分布有大面积潮滩。多年以来象山港内实施了大量海岸工程及养殖工程，湾内潮滩坡度发生了显著变化。基于非结构网格和有限体积数值模式（FVCOM）建立象山港三维潮动力模型，研究湾内不同区域潮滩坡度变化对象山港潮动力过程的影响机理。结果表明：潮滩坡度下降将增大湾内纳潮量，进而增大M2分潮振幅和迟角，反之则反。铁港潮滩坡度的减小（增大），将改变底部耗散项，进而增大（减小）M4分潮振幅。由于M2和M4分潮的振幅在湾顶较大，所以湾顶（铁港）潮滩坡度对象山港潮动力过程的影响明显大于侧岸（西沪港）。西沪港潮滩坡度对象山港潮动力过程的影响是局部的。铁港、西沪港潮滩坡度对湾内潮汐不对称、余流及潮能影响显著。铁港潮滩坡度的改变均会减弱湾内落潮占优程度。西沪港区域潮滩坡度的减小将减弱湾内落潮占优趋势，反之则反。铁港和西沪港潮滩坡度的减小，将增大余流大小及潮能密度，进而潮能耗散增大，反之则反。研究结果对河口海岸潮滩区域的工程建设及生态修复有重要参考价值。     

2-D Current Field Numerical Simulation Integrating Yangtze Estuary with Hangzhou Bay

—In this paper,integrating the Yangtze Estuary with the Hangzhou Bay,a 2-D velocity fieldmodel is established.In the model,fine self-adaptive grids are employed to adapt to the complicated coast-al shape.The hydrodynamic equations satisfied by two contravariant components of velocity vector andsurface elevation in non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates are used.In each momentum equation thecoefficients before the two partial derivatives of surface elevation with respect to variables of alternative di-rection coordinates have different orders of magnitude,i.e.,the derivative with the larger coefficient mayplay a more important role than that with the smaller one.With this advantage,the ADI scheme can beeasily employed.The hydrodynamic factors include tidal current,river runoff and wind-induced current.In terms of tidal current,seven main constituents in the area are considered in the open boundaries.Theverifications of surface elevation process and current velocity process in the spring tide and in the n     

江苏岸外辐射沙洲区沙岛形成过程的初步研究

江苏岸外辐射沙洲曾经历了由暗沙到明沙的发育过程，进入20世纪90年代后，近岸的沙洲由于持续淤高并高出大潮平均高潮位而成为沙岛。通过卫片判读和实地观测对沙岛自然属性和形成机制进行了初步研究，认为条子泥西部多年来的持续淤积和潮沟的稳定是沙岛形成的关键，而潮汐和风暴潮是沙岛形成的动力因素。沙岛的形成说明辐射沙洲的发育进入一个新阶段即成岛阶段，并标志着沙洲并陆过程的开始。     

Tidal data inversion: interpolation and inference

Initial efforts in applying inverse methods to studies of ocean tides have focused on making the best use of a small number of observations to map tidal fields in a large area. As such, inversion can be viewed as an objective analysis scheme which uses a dynamically appropriate spatial covariance, derived from the shallow water equations, to interpolate and smooth a sparse data set. Data from recent altimetry missions are not sparsely distributed relative to tidal wavelengths in the open ocean, apparently reducing the need for complicated dynamically based interpolation schemes. Altimetric data sets are also quite large, making application of rigorous inversion methods to global tidal modeling a challenging computational problem. We describe here a new iterative solution scheme which allows us for the first time to fit the full set of TOPEX/Poseidon cross-over differences. The resulting solution (TPXO.3) fits validation tide gauges significantly better than previous inverse solutions. TPXO.3 also reduces residual cross-over variances relative to other recent inverse and empirical solutions, particularly in shallow water where improvements are dramatic. With the new solution approach very significant improvements in global tidal models should be possible in shallow areas and in the vicinity of complex bathymetry, where high-accuracy tidal modeling remains a challenging problem. With the recent improvements in the definition of tidal elevations in the open ocean it should now also be possible to resolve some long unanswered questions about tidal energetics and dynamics. Inverse methods provide a natural framework for addressing these issues, and making inferences about tidal dynamics. In particular, by bringing data and dynamics together in a single solution, we can rigorously test the consistency of the two. We present results of global and local inversions which suggest that over elongated bathymetric features oriented perpendicular to tidal flows, energy dissipation in the open ocean is significantly enhanced, presumably due to conversion of barotropic tidal motions into baroclinic modes. For the M₂ tide our preliminary results suggest that perhaps as much as 0.5 TW of energy is dissipated in this manner. However, due to the simplified linear dynamics and limited spatial resolution used for our inversion, there are significant uncertainties associated with these results. A more careful application of inverse methods to make more rigorous inferences about tidal energetics, including use of more reasonable prior dynamics, and the highest possible spatial resolution, should allow for closure of the tidal energy budget within the next few years.     

基于余水位精化潮高模型的水位生成研究

研究了基于余水位精化潮高模型的水位生成方法。所提方法首先构建网格潮汐场模型，其次采用余水位提高内插模型精度。通过网格搜索策略实现了水深点所属网格的快速定位及水位生成，探索了该模型在水位改正及预报中的应用。实验表明：所提方法既可应用于水位改正又可用于水位预报，且较现有方法在精度上有所提高。