气候变暖对河南省蚱蝉始鸣期的影响

 利用河南省驻马店、沈丘和太康3个农业气象观测站1990-2004年的蚱蝉物候观测资料和气象资料,研究了气候变暖对蚱蝉始鸣期的影响。结果表明：在气温升高的气候背景下,蚱蝉始鸣期呈提前趋势;3-6月平均气温对蚱蝉始鸣期有显著的影响,始鸣期与1月1日至平均始鸣期期间＞5℃有效积温关系最为密切。用积温法以5℃为发育起点温度,＞5℃初日为起始日期对各站蚱蝉始鸣期进行模拟和预报,其效果优于平均法。     

气候变暖对河南省蚱蝉始鸣期的影响

利用河南省驻马店、沈丘和太康3个农业气象观测站1990-2004年的蚱蝉物候观测资料和气象资料,研究了气候变暖对蚱蝉始鸣期的影响。结果表明：在气温升高的气候背景下,蚱蝉始鸣期呈提前趋势;3-6月平均气温对蚱蝉始鸣期有显著的影响,始鸣期与1月1日至平均始鸣期期间＞5℃有效积温关系最为密切。用积温法以5℃为发育起点温度,＞5℃初日为起始日期对各站蚱蝉始鸣期进行模拟和预报,其效果优于平均法。     

物候模型在北京观赏植物开花期预测中的适用性

以北京地区玉渊潭公园杭州早樱 (1998—2012年)、密云农业气象试验站白玉兰 (1996—2012年) 及颐和园公园山桃 (1981—2012年) 物候观测资料和海淀、密云气象站的1981—2012年逐日平均气温观测资料为基础,分别应用国际通用的3种物候模型 (SW模型、UniChill模型和统计模型) 对以上植物的始花期和盛花期建模,并评估模型适用性。结果表明:SW模型在北京地区3种观赏植物开花期预测中适用性最高,其交叉检验的均方根误差仅为1.93~3.58 d, 其次为UniChill模型 (均方根误差为2.49~3.79 d),统计模型效果最差 (均方根误差为2.36~4.24 d)。因此,推荐在观赏植物开花期预测业务中采用SW模型。     

Assessment of the impact of climate change on the olive flowering in Calabria (southern Italy)

In phenological studies, plant development and its relationship with meteorological conditions are considered in order to investigate the influence of climatic changes on the characteristics of many crop species. In this work, the impact of climate change on the flowering of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) in Calabria, southern Italy, has been studied. Olive is one of the most important plant species in the Mediterranean area and, at the same time, Calabria is one of the most representative regions of this area, both geographically and climatically. The work is divided into two main research activities. First, the behaviour of olive tree in Calabria and the influence of temperature on phenological phases of this crop are investigated. An aerobiological method is used to determine the olive flowering dates through the analysis of pollen data collected in three experimental fields for an 11-year study period (1999–2009). Second, the study of climate change in Calabria at high spatial and temporal resolution is performed. A dynamical downscaling procedure is applied for the regionalization of large-scale climate analysis derived from general circulation models for two representative climatic periods (1981–2000 and 2081–2100); the A2 IPCC scenario is used for future climate projections. The final part of this work is the integration of the results of the two research activities to predict the olive flowering variation for the future climatic conditions. In agreement with our previous works, we found a significant correlation between the phenological phases and temperature. For the twenty-first century, an advance of pollen season in Calabria of about 9?days, on average, is expected for each degree of temperature rise. From phenological model results, on the basis of future climate predictions over Calabria, an anticipation of maximum olive flowering between 10 and 34?days is expected, depending on the area. The results of this work are useful for adaptation and mitigation strategies, and for making concrete assessments about biological and environmental changes.     

Using urban effect corrected temperature data and a tree phenology model to project geographical shift of cherry flowering date in South Korea

Temperate zone deciduous tree phenology may be vulnerable to projected temperature change, and associated geographical impact is of concern to ecologists. Although many phenology models have been introduced to evaluate climate change impact, there has been little attempt to show the spatial variation across a geographical region due to contamination by the urban heat island (UHI) effect as well as the insufficient spatial resolution of temperature data. We present a practical method for assessing climate change impact on tree phenology at spatial scales sufficient to accommodate the UHI effect. A thermal time-based two-step phenological model was adapted to simulate and project flowering dates of Japanese cherry (Prunus serrulata var. spontanea) in South Korea under the changing climates. The model consists of two sequential periods: the rest period described by chilling requirements and the forcing period described by heating requirements. Daily maximum and minimum temperature are used to calculate daily chill units until a pre-determined chilling requirement for rest release is met. After the projected rest release date, daily heat units (growing degree days) are accumulated until a pre-determined heating requirement for flowering is achieved. Model parameters were derived from the observed bud-burst and flowering dates of cherry tree at the Seoul station of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), along with daily temperature data for 1923–1948. The model was validated using the observed data at 18 locations across South Korea during 1955–2004 with a root mean square error of 5.1 days. This model was used to project flowering dates of Japanese cherry in South Korea from 1941 to 2100. Gridded data sets of daily maximum and minimum temperature with a 270 m grid spacing were prepared for the climatological normal years 1941–1970 and 1971–2000 based on observations at 56 KMA stations and a geospatial interpolation scheme for correcting urban heat island effect as well as elevation effect. We obtained a 25 km-resolution, 2011–2100 temperature projection data set covering peninsular Korea under the auspices of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change—Special Report on Emission Scenarios A2 from the Meteorological Research Institute of KMA. The data set was converted to 270 m gridded data for the climatological years 2011–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100. The phenology model was run by the gridded daily maximum and minimum temperature data sets, each representing climatological normal years for 1941–1970, 1971–2000, 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100. According to the model calculation, the spatially averaged flowering date for the 1971–2000 normal is earlier than that for 1941–1970 by 5.2 days. Compared with the current normal (1971–2000), flowering of Japanese cherry is expected to be earlier by 9, 21, and 29 days in the future normal years 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100, respectively. Southern coastal areas might experience springs with incomplete or even no flowering caused by insufficient chilling required for breaking bud dormancy.     

Variations in cereal crop phenology in Spain over the last twenty-six years (1986–2012)

Over recent years, the Iberian Peninsula has witnessed an increase both in temperature and in rainfall intensity, especially in the Mediterranean climate area. Plant phenology is modulated by climate, and closely governed by water availability and air temperature. Over the period 1986–2012, the effects of climate change on phenology were analyzed in five crops at 26 sites growing in Spain (southern Europe): oats, wheat, rye, barley and maize. The phenophases studied were: sowing date, emergence, flag leaf sheath swollen, flowering, seed ripening and harvest. Trends in phenological response over time were detected using linear regression. Trends in air temperature and rainfall over the period prior to each phenophase were also charted. Correlations between phenological features, biogeographical area and weather trends were examined using a Generalized Lineal Mixed Model approach. A generalized advance in most winter-cereal phenophases was observed, mainly during the spring. Trend patterns differed between species and phenophases. The most noticeable advance in spring phenology was recorded for wheat and oats, the “Flag leaf sheath swollen” and “Flowering date” phenophases being brought forward by around 3 days/year and 1 day/year, respectively. Temperature changes during the period prior to phenophase onset were identified as the cause of these phenological trends. Climate changes are clearly prompting variations in cereal crop phenology; their consequences could be even more marked if climate change persists into the next century. Changes in phenology could in turn impact crop yield; fortunately, human intervention in crop systems is likely to minimize the negative impact.     

BP神经网络在油菜花期预报中的应用

建立花期预报模型,发布观赏性植物的精准花期预报,为旅游活动提供重要参考依据,已经成为气象服务领域一个新的发展方向。为了解高淳旅游区油菜花期的变化规律,探索其预报方法,指导高淳油菜花节旅游活动,根据1985—2010年高淳站日最高气温、日最低气温、日平均气温、日降水量、日日照时数、日平均5 cm地温、日平均相对湿度和日小型蒸发量等气象观测数据,利用主成分分析法,得到其与油菜花期相关系数较大的3个主成分,即温度因子、天气因子和辐射因子,以此为输入因子,建立基于BP神经网络的油菜花期预报模型,探讨BP神经网络在花期预报领域的应用。结果表明,传统的有效积温方法预报结果与实际开花期平均相差4.25天,BP神经网络方法预报结果与实际开花期平均相差1.5天,与有效积温预报油菜花期的方法相比,BP神经网络技术具有预测结果准确率高和操作简单等特点,在花期预报领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

Relationship between olive flowering and latitude in two Mediterranean countries (Italy and Tunisia)

In phenological studies, the plant developments are analysed considering their relationships with seasonal meteorological conditions; moreover, the influences of geographical features on biological responses have to be also considered. Different studies analysed the influence of latitude on phenological phases to investigate the possible different magnitude of biological response. In our experience, this type of geographic evaluation was conducted considering one of the more important plant species of Mediterranean shrub, the olive (Olea europaea L.) in fifteen olive monitoring stations, four located in Tunisia and eleven in Italy, from the southern Zarzis area at 33° to the northern Perugia area at 43° of latitude. The olive flowering phenomenon was studied, utilising an aerobiological monitoring method through appropriate pollen traps located inside olive groves from 1999 to 2008. The olive monitored pollen grains were recognised and evaluated to obtain daily pollen concentrations to define the flowering dates in the different study areas. The biometeorological statistical analysis showed the 7°C threshold temperature and the single triangle method for growing degree days (GDD) yearly computing as the better ones in comparison to others. Moreover, the regression analysis between the dates of full flowering and the GDD amounts at the different monitoring latitudes permitted us to evidence the biological response of olive species in geographic regions with different climate patterns. The specific biological response at different latitude was investigated, the slope results, as flowering days per heat amounts, evidenced that olive species behaviours are very constant in consequence to similar meteorological conditions independently to latitude variations. Averagely, the relationships between plant’s phenology, temperature trends and geographical features are very close, even if the yearly mesoscale meteorological variations force to consider, year by year, phenological advances or delays as local events.     

Olive flowering phenology variation between different cultivars in Spain and Italy: modeling analysis

Phenology data are sensitive data to identify how plants are adapted to local climate and how they respond to climatic changes. Modeling flowering phenology allows us to identify the meteorological variables determining the reproductive cycle. Phenology of temperate of woody plants is assumed to be locally adapted to climate. Nevertheless, recent research shows that local adaptation may not be an important constraint in predicting phenological responses. We analyzed variations in flowering dates of Olea europaea L. at different sites of Spain and Italy, testing for a genetic differentiation of flowering phenology among olive varieties to estimate whether local modeling is necessary for olive or not. We build models for the onset and peak dates flowering in different sites of Andalusia and Puglia. Process-based phenological models using temperature as input variable and photoperiod as the threshold date to start temperature accumulation were developed to predict both dates. Our results confirm and update previous results that indicated an advance in olive onset dates. The results indicate that both internal and external validity were higher in the models that used the photoperiod as an indicator to start to cumulate temperature. The use of the unified model for modeling the start and peak dates in the different localities provides standardized results for the comparative study. The use of regional models grouping localities by varieties and climate similarities indicate that local adaptation would not be an important factor in predicting olive phenological responses face to the global temperature increase.     

若尔盖生态区旅游气候资源及空气清新度分析

利用1980~2019年若尔盖生态区内及周边共5个国家气象站逐日的气温、降水、风速、日照时数、相对湿度观测资料,以及2018~2019年葵花-8卫星AOD数据、MODIS卫星NDVI数据,对若尔盖生态区旅游气候资源和空气清新度进行了综合分析。结果表明:若尔盖生态区光能资源丰富,年平均日照时数达2128.2h;气温偏低,年均气温为5.5℃,各站月均气温为?9.3℃~22.6℃;平均年降雨量为685.6mm,干雨季分明,4~10月降水量占全年总降水量80%;年均相对湿度为65.7%,年均适宜湿度日数为287d;年均风速为1.9m/s,年均适宜风速日数为358d;若尔盖生态区空气清新指数RSAI全年均维持在较高水平,7月RASI值最高达到24.16,平均空气清新度全年皆在“较清新”及以上级别。该地区4~10月旅游气候资源相对最优,空气清新度达“非常清新”级,温度、湿度、风速适宜且日照充沛。夏季体感凉爽舒适、空气清新度高、最适宜开展避暑旅游活动。春秋偏凉,但大部分人仍可进行户外旅行,适逢开花季和红叶季前后,有利于挖掘物候景观资源。      

Trends of spring time frost events and phenological dates in Central Europe

Summary ?Over large parts of the Northern Hemisphere’s continents temperature has been increasing during the last century. Particularly minimum temperatures show a more pronounced increase than maximum temperatures. Not only the phenological seasons, but also the potentially plant damaging late frost events are governed by the atmosphere. In case of a rise of minimum temperatures one would expect phenological phases and spring late frost events to occur earlier. In this work the question is elucidated whether plant phenology shifts at a higher or lower rate towards earlier occurrences than potential plant damaging events, like spring late frost events. Frost events based on the last occurrence of daily minimum temperatures below a certain threshold have been moving faster to earlier occurrence dates than phenological phases during the last decades at 50 climate stations in Central Europe. Trend values of frost time series range around −0.2 days/year and of phenological time series are between −0.2 and 0.0 days/year over the period from 1951–1997. ‘Corylus avellana beginning of pollination’ is the only one of the 13 phases considered here with a lower trend value of −0.28 days/year. Early phases are more adapted to below zero temperatures and therefore follow more closely the temperature variability. Later phases seem to have more reason to be concerned about possible late frost events and react more cautiously towards higher spring temperatures and earlier last frost dates. The risk of late frost damage for plants should have been lower during the last decade as compared to the previous decades. Received June 28, 2002; accepted July 18, 2002     

Large-scale climate variability and its effects on mean temperature and flowering time of Prunus and Betula in Denmark

Summary Large-scale climate variability largely affects average climatic conditions and therefore is likely to influence the phenology of plants. In NW-Europe, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) particularly influences winter climate and, through climate interactions on plants, flowering time of all tree species. In Denmark, like in many other NW-European countries, flowering of most tree species has become earlier since the end of the 1980’s. To quantify a possible relation between NAO and flowering time of tree species, two sources of phenological information from the Copenhagen area (Denmark) were analysed, i.e. pollen counts of the genus Betula and observed first bloom dates of Prunus avium. The Winter NAO explained 29 and 37% of the variation of monthly mean temperature for February and March, respectively. The influence of temperature on flowering time was up to 56% to 60% for the February–April mean. A direct correlation of Winter NAO-index and flowering time also revealed a clear relation but the time of influence was earlier (December to February). This was shown to be the likely result of a combination of direct and time-lagged effects of the NAO on air and sea surface temperature. The NAO signal is apparently stored in the North Sea and then influences temperature east up to the Baltic States. It is shown that Denmark is right in the centre of direct and time-lagged effects of the NAO. This offers the possibility of using the NAO-index for predicting flowering time of Prunus avium. The beginning of pollen flow appears to be influenced too much by short-term perturbations of the climate system decreasing the value of the NAO-index for prediction. However, it indicates a close relationship between natural climate variability, measured by the NAO index, and flowering time of tree species for Denmark.     

Effects of climate change on the phenology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Osmia cornifrons</Emphasis>: implications for population management

The phenology of many ecological processes including pollination service is modulated by surface air temperature, making them potentially sensitive to climatic change. The Japanese hornfaced bee, Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), was introduced into the USA in the 1970s and has been used as a key pollinator of spring blooming fruit crops such as apple and blueberry. This study examined the effects of future climate change on three key phenological events of O. cornifrons: date for adult emergence (female and male) in spring, date for completion of egg and larval development, and duration for the development in the Eastern USA. We used daily temperature data obtained from 21 models in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 for 2006–2100 under the two future climate scenarios of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). We estimated the Julian dates (JDs) of spring emergence and development of O. cornifrons using the phenological parameters derived from temperature-dependent biophysical models. The JDs for the bee emergence and development are projected to be significantly advanced in the Eastern USA under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The number of days for bee development is projected to be longer in the southern region (+?0.57 days/decade) and shorter in the central (??0.27 days/decade) and northern (??0.65 days/decade) regions of the Eastern USA (all the p values <?0.01). The significantly longer duration of bee development under future climate change could pose a risk to the bee due to the longer period of being exposed to its pests. Implications for management of O. cornifrons population were discussed in this article.     

1960-2010年中国华北东北地区热量资源时空变化

利用1960-2010年华北、东北地区165个气象站日平均气温资料,运用线性倾向估计等方法,对近51 a来≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温及其持续天数和起止日期的时、空分布特征进行分析,以了解气候变暖对华北、东北地区热量资源分布的影响。结果表明：近51 a来华北、东北地区气温增暖趋势明显,气候倾向率达0.32 ℃/10 a（P<0.001）,且与各项热量资源指标相关显著。随着气候变暖,≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温及持续天数普遍显著增加,其气候倾向率分别在（30 ℃·d）/10 a和2 d/10 a以上;2000年以后亚热带北界和暖温带北界在华北、东北地区均出现了北移,以亚热带北界移动幅度更大;20世纪90年代以后,一年两熟制种植北界在山西和辽宁两省明显北抬,平均移动幅度超过1.5个纬距。华北、东北地区≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温及持续天数普遍增加是受起始日期提前和终止日期延后共同影响,≥0 ℃前者比后者的影响更明显,≥10 ℃两者作用相当。     

Scenarios of extreme temperature events

Based on the principles of the probability theory a statistical model has been developed assessing the likelihood of occurrence of extreme temperature events from the knowledge of the statistical characteristics of the daily temperature extremes. It is demonstrated that the probability of such events is more sensitive to changes in the variability of climate than to changes in its average. Further, this sensitivity increases at a nonlinear rate the more extreme the event. The applicability of the model has been verified by comparing the simulated frequencies of a large spectrum of temperature events with the observed numbers derived from a long time series of daily temperature extremes at Potsdam. Accordingly, the relative simulation errors increase significantly as the events become more extreme. A correction is possible, because most of these errors are systematic rather than random. Moreover, in accordance with the climate observations the simulations reveal statistically significant linear trends in the number of extreme events since the end of the last century. Local scenarios of extreme temperature events have been derived for the city of Berlin by considering both hypothetical new climate states and climate changes simulated by a General Circulation Model (GCM). As a consequence of an increase in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases up to the end of the next century according to the IPCC Scenario A the repetition rate of extreme events in summer (e.g., hot days) is expected to rise considerably relative to the current climate. Moreover, in the winter season cold days will become extremely rare.     

基于水热因子的玉米物候模拟

对锦州14 a玉米各生育期特征及其与气候因子的关系分析表明：同品种玉米的物候期相近,变化在2 d左右,而吐丝期到成熟期所需天数变化较大,为6 d或以上;玉米各生育期的影响因子不同,气温与湿度对玉米出苗期、三叶期和七叶期的影响显著,播种期到七叶期的积温占整个生育期积温的20%,并与同期的空气湿度累积量显著二次曲线相关（R 2=0.91）。积温与空气湿度累积可较好地模拟玉米播种期至七叶期和玉米的总生育期。     

洞庭湖生态经济区热量资源变化特征

基于洞庭湖生态经济区25个地面气象观测站1961-2013年的逐日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温观测资料,组合成100项热量特征指标,利用统计方法系统性分析该区域的热量资源变化特征,并采用贡献率探讨了最高、最低气温在年平均气温变化中的作用。结果表明：洞庭湖生态经济区不同气温要素的空间分布形态不同,日平均气温≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃、≥15℃、≥20℃的积温空间分布形态一致,均呈西低东高分布;稳定通过0℃、5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃的初、终日期在区域内相对集中。年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均呈显著或极显著上升趋势,但存在升温的不均匀性,气候变暖以最低气温升高为主要特征,最高气温在春季起到升温加速作用,导致洞庭湖区春季气温上升速率较其他季节大。气候变暖带动日平均气温≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃、≥15℃、≥20℃的积温呈极显著上升趋势,但升温的不均匀性直接关联到稳定通过一定界限日平均温度初、终日期的变化及积温突变时间的变化,5℃、15℃初日呈显著提前趋势,≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃积温增加突变时间与最低气温相近,≥15℃、≥20℃积温增加突变时间与最高气温相近。     

石家庄近53a冬季气温变化特征

利用石家庄1955年1月至2008年4月逐日气温观测资料,分析讨论了石家庄冬季平均气温、寒冷日数、冷积温的变化特征以及冬季气温的突变和周期;研究了冬季变暖的背景下,石家庄冬季时间尺度的演变、冬季极端冷(暖)日的变化特征和严重冷(暖)冬的分布.结果表明:石家庄近53 a冬季气温明显上升,最低气温的上升对冬季增温的贡献较大,寒冷日数与冷积温均呈明显减少趋势;冬季气温在20世纪90年代发生突变,存在15 a和3 a左右的周期;近53 a冬季缩短了近4个候,主要体现在冬季结束时间的提前;冬季极端冷日日数呈显著减少趋势,极端暖日日数年际变化加大;严重冷冬均出现在20世纪80年代之前,而严重暖冬均出现在上世纪末到本世纪初.     

丹东地区沿海和山区降雪气候特征

利用丹东地区4个观测站1955—2010年逐年10月至翌年4月逐日降水量、天气现象、雪深等资料,对丹东地区南部沿海和北部山区降雪气候特征进行了分析,结果表明:丹东地区沿海和山区降雪初日、终日及初终日间隔日数、年降雪日数、年降雪量、降水相态、日最大降雪量、日最大积雪深度等平均特征不同。与山区相比,沿海降雪初期较晚,终期较早,初、终日间日数较短,年降雪日数和年降雪量相对较少。在丹东地区1955—2010年降雪时段平均气温升高趋势显著背景下,丹东地区降雪初期推迟、终期提前、初终日间隔日数缩短;降雪日数减少,其中雨夹雪日数所占百分比显著增多;降雪量减少,其中主要是纯雪量减少;日最大降雪量和积雪深度呈减小趋势;沿海和山区变化幅度不同。     

盘锦湿地芦苇物候特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于1987～1993年盘锦湿地芦苇(Phragmites communis)物候数据,分析了芦苇的萌动期、展叶期、开花期和枯黄期的物候特征,探讨了芦苇物候期与气候因子的关系,并利用2种积温模型模拟了芦苇的展叶期和开花期。结果表明:芦苇的展叶期和开花期具有相同的变化趋势,芦苇的枯黄期变化较小;3月和4月平均气温与芦苇展叶呈显著相关,年平均气温与芦苇展叶盛期和开花盛期呈显著相关,芦苇枯黄盛期与年降水量显著相关;积温模型可有效地预测芦苇的展叶期。