豫北沙地次生植被类型及其演替

沙地是豫北平原非耕作的次生植被最集中的土地类型。在固定沙地分布着人工林、天然灌丛和草丛群落,半固定——流沙为一年生植物和沙生植物为主的群聚,在低湿沙地以湿生和根茎型植物为主。基质条件和人为影响是豫北沙地植被演替的主要因素。主要的演替形式是由无植被向固定沙地稳定群落的进化型演替。酸枣、荆条灌丛是沙地次生植被演替中较高级并能长期稳定的群落类型。     

针阔混交林次生演替过程中的群落组成及元素迁移特征

针阔混交林次生演替过程中的群落组成及元素迁移特征具有重要的生态学意义。本文以吉林省左家自然保护区处不同演替阶段的红松针阔混交林群落为研究对象,采用野外定点调查和室内分析方法,对杂类草、榛子灌丛、蒙古栎林、蒙古栎－黑桦林、杂木林的群落组成、凋落物和土壤A、B层营养元素迁移特征进行对比分析。结果表明:群落由杂类草演替为杂木林群落,生境发生了由干热向温湿方向的变化;元素迁移由有机质的表聚为主过渡为有机质、粘粒和营养元素明显下移,pH值由偏中性转为弱酸性。     

河南沿黄沙区防护林类型对沙土的改良作用

重点探讨了黄淮海平原地区几种主要防护林为在型对沙土的改良作用，结果说明：各防护林类型在降低风速、减少沙土风蚀、增加沙土的营养物质积累量，改善沙土的理化性状、培肥地力方面均发挥着显著作用，万以刺槐固沙林和枣槐＋波兰杨混交固沙林对沙土的改良作用最为突出。     

不同类型防护林中樟子松的构型特征分析

 影响植物枝系构型的因素有各级分枝长度、各级分枝角度、枝径比、逐步分枝率和总体分枝率等。采用枝系构型的理论和方法,对甘肃民勤不同类型防护林中樟子松的分枝构型特征进行研究。结果表明：①不同类型防护林中的樟子松分枝格局有较大的差异,主要表现在分枝长度、分枝率等变化明显;②不同类型防护林中樟子松在不同部位处的分枝格局也存在一定的差异性,劣势类型Ⅰ的中下部枝条占优势,优势类型Ⅱ、中间类型Ⅲ以中上部枝条占优势,而劣势类型Ⅰ的基部分枝角度大于其他两种类型的;③优势类型防护林中樟子松在距地面不同高度处的分枝长度、分枝角度随高度呈规律性变化,在不同高度处的枝系构型指标以中上部占优势,基部较弱;④通过分枝构型特征研究认为在干旱区营造樟子松防护林以杨树和樟子松株间混交效果较好,杨树与樟子松行间混交效果较差,樟子松纯林居中。     

共和盆地不同类型防护林的改善小气候效应

防护林是荒漠生态系统中绿洲的生态屏障。本文在青藏高原共和盆地的沙丘和丘间地生境中,分别选择不同类型的防护林,在春季和夏季测量它们的风速、气温、相对湿度、土壤温度和土壤体积含水量,据此选择改善小气候效应较好的防护林类型。结果表明：与流动沙丘相比,沙丘上栽植柠条和沙蒿均能够明显降低风速和气温,增加相对湿度,降低土壤温度,并且增加土壤体积含水量;柠条改善小气候的效应优于沙蒿。与赖草草地相比,丘间地各种类型的防护林均能够降低风速和气温,增加相对湿度,降低土壤温度,但是大部分防护林会降低土壤体积含水量,仅小叶杨林带能够在7月增加土壤体积含水量;小叶杨+乌柳混交林和乌柳+沙柳混交林改善小气候的效应优于柽柳和乌柳。     

宁化县紫色土侵蚀区治理年限对不同治理模式植物多样性的影响

以宁化县紫色土侵蚀区4种主要治理模式的植物群落调查资料为基础,采用丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数对其进行分析。研究结果表明：1）与对照区相比,各治理样地植物群落物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均有不同程度提高,植物群落结构趋于复杂稳定。2）随着演替的进展,群落多样性指数在乔灌草混交及封禁治理模式增大,但在油茶园改造模式中变化不明显。3）经济林模式治理年限短,受人为干扰强烈,植物多样性差异较大,其随治理年限的变化有待于进一步观察。4）植物多样性与植物生长型的关系：物种丰富度和多样性指数在治理初期为草本层大于灌木层,随着群落演替的进展,灌木层逐渐大于草本层;均匀度指数的变化,在油茶园改造及乔灌草混交模式中草本层大于灌木层,而在经济林和封禁模式中,多表现为灌木层大于草本层。因此,后续治理应注意：侵蚀劣地的生态恢复必须进行科学的人为干预,生物措施应合理配置乔灌草物种数和个体数,对树种单一的群落需进行补植修复;针对不同治理阶段和治理模式,生态恢复侧重点要有差异。     

三江平原地区毛果苔草群落的研究

毛果苔草群落是三江平原地区沼泽植被的主要类型，分布广，面积大。毛果苔草不但是群落的优势种，而且是形成泥炭的最主要的造炭植物。本文主要探讨毛果苔草的基本特征：①生物学生态学特性；②毛果苔草和泥炭形成关系；③毛果苔草的养分和化学元素特性；④毛果苔草群落学特征。并对毛果苔草群落的演替过程和利用保护问题也进行了探讨。     

绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型防护林体系环境效益及其生态功能

 在塔里木河下游绿洲-荒漠过渡带,选取乔灌草结构（胡杨-柽柳-花花柴群落）、乔灌结构（胡杨-柽柳群落）和单一乔木结构（胡杨群落）三种典型防护林为研究对象,采用野外监测和室内分析相结合的方法,探讨了不同类型防护林对空气温湿度、土壤理化特性及防护效应等的作用,并分析了产生差异的原因及生态功能。结果表明：(1）干旱区绿洲-荒漠过渡带不同结构组成的防护林均可提高群落内温湿度的稳定性,改善土壤理化性质,其中乔灌草结构防护林较其它群落更有利于增加0~50 cm土壤有机质、[WTBX]全N、全P[WTBZ]和20~100 cm土壤全[WTBX]K[WTBZ]的积累;能更有效地增加0~30 cm土壤水分、抑制0~100 cm土壤盐分、稳定0~50 cm土壤温度;(2）单一胡杨林群落的有效防护高度为2~3 m,横向有效防护距离为40 m;胡杨-柽柳群落的有效防护高度为2～4 m,横向有效防护距离为60 m;胡杨-柽柳-花花柴群落的有效防护高度分别为小于1 m和2~4 m,高度超过1 m以上的横向有效防护距离为60 m,在1 m以下其横向有效防护距离可达100 m;(3)群落结构、植物密度和覆盖度是影响防护林环境特征和生态功能的主要原因。     

长春市不同土地利用生境土壤甲虫群落结构特征

在长春市郊区天然次生林、农田、防护林和市区公园绿地等典型土地利用生境共捕获土壤甲虫32科598只,其中幼虫13科312只,成虫25科286只。应用个体密度、类群数量、群落多样性、丰富度和均匀度等指数,研究土壤甲虫的群落生态结构特征,了解土地利用差异对土壤甲虫群落结构的影响。研究结果表明:长春市不同土地利用生境凋落物的移除对土壤甲虫群落结构没有产生显著影响;农田土壤甲虫群落类群数、个体密度和多样性的降低源于生境作物品种单一和周期性的农田生产活动,防护林在空间上起着相邻农田物种交流廊道的作用;提高生境土壤甲虫群落类群数、个体密度和多样性的关键之一是保持生境类型的复杂性。     

新疆塔里木河下游植物群落逆向演替分析

通过对塔里木河中下游沿河植物群落的调查分析及地下水位下降对地表植被生态过程影响的研究，探讨塔里木河下游近几十年来植被的逆向演替过程，并划分出不同的演替阶段。根据草、灌、乔植被对地下水位具有不同的适应能力，塔里木河下游植物群落退化顺序也不相同，首先是草本退化，其次是灌木退化，再者是乔木退化。经调查分析表明，塔里木河下游植物群落的逆向演替顺序为：矫灌草群落阶段→乔灌群落阶段→乔木或灌木少阶段，在逆向演替过程中，各阶段有规律地进行，群落结构特征、种类组成也都发生了明显的变化。     

Women,Politics, Elections,and Citizenship

Abstract

Significantly more women than men are registered voters in the United States, and a higher proportion of women voters actually cast ballots on election day. Yet the 106th Congress (1999-2001) includes only 56 women members, 12% of the total membership of the House and Senate. Likewise, women hold only 22% of the total seats in state legislatures. The purpose of this article is to examine this paradox. It first examines the history of the women's movement in the United States. It then turns to an evaluation of women's progress in gaining elected office. Finally it considers three primary obstacles to women gaining equitable representation: solidarity among women, political culture, and the single-member district system now employed in the United States.     

Elevation, Age, Soil Development, and Chemical Weathering at Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway

Chemical weathering and associated soil development trends on glacial forelands are commonly assumed to exhibit increases with time elapsed since glaciation. However, this gross trend is complicated by several other factors including elevation, aspect, and microtopography. This paper demonstrates that on the glacial foreland at Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway, chemical weathering and associated soil development trends show significant elevational influences. We sampled soils at shallow depths (0–1, 1–5, and 15–20 cm) at two sites on a moraine dated to 1750 at its elevational extremes of 1155 m (site L) and 1385 m (site H). The two moraine sites also differed developmentally from an adjacent 9000-year-old surface (site T) at an intermediate elevation, 1205 m. Analyses were conducted on the fine-earth fractions. Extractable elemental composition exhibited detectable differences between the same-age soils at different elevations with the lower site L tending to have measured parameters intermediate between the high site H and the older site T. Weathering, as indicated by mineralogy, was more pronounced at the 9000-year-old site T and least evident at the high elevation site H. In addition, elevation under the conditions of the field research may inhibit pedogenesis as indicated by the chemical data. Site H, for example, showed little variation with depth and had in general, less organic matter accumulation, smaller C:N ratio, greater pH, and lesser amounts of the measured extractable elements than the soil at site L. Site T generally had smaller pH and larger levels of the measured elements than the other sites. It was concluded that elevation has a significant control on weathering and pedogenesis that may mask the effects of age in this cold and wet environment.     

FANTASY,GEOGRAPHY, WAGNER,AND OPERA*

ABSTRACT. Wilhelm Richard Wagner fused fantasy based on epic and lore with seamless scores, using landscapes and urban images to forge spatial order on stage. As a footloose composer-conductor, Wagner was considered a globetrotter for his time, and from trans-European tours he drew inspiration for numerous stagings. Nine of his operas have rustic pastoral settings, with actors silhouetted against geological formations, forests, vistas of undulating terrain for pilgrimages, or raging seas, all visually believable scenery. Rienzi and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg are urban in setting, whereas Die Feen and Das Liebesverbot are set in a castle-like format.     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

Time,Action, Space

Postmetropolis deepens Edward Soja's engagement with the sociospatial dialectic, one of his major contributions to urban theory. It also represents an uncharacteristic foray into history. The objectives of my contribution are to probe his treatment of time and to extend his sociospatial dialectic into the realm of actor-network theory, thereby further situating the materiality of the city at the theoretical center of social thought.     

Urban resilience for whom,what, when,where, and why?

ABSTRACT

In academic and policy discourse, the concept of urban resilience is proliferating. Social theorists, especially human geographers, have rightfully criticized that the underlying politics of resilience have been ignored and stress the importance of asking “resilience of what, to what, and for whom?” This paper calls for careful consideration of not just resilience for whom and what, but also where, when, and why. A three-phase process is introduced to enable these “five Ws” to be negotiated collectively and to engender critical reflection on the politics of urban resilience as plans, initiatives, and projects are conceived, discussed, and implemented. Deployed through the hypothetical case of green infrastructure in Los Angeles, the paper concludes by illustrating how resilience planning trade-offs and decisions affect outcomes over space and time, often with significant implications for equity.