苏打碱化土壤区地下水质的模糊综合评价

运用模糊数学方法,从农业灌溉角度,分别对该地区旱季、雨季的地下水质进行模糊综合评价。结果表明,无论是旱季还是雨季,该区30m深度以内的浅层地下水质均普遍较差,利用其灌溉会产生中等及较高程度的盐碱化危害;而60m深度以下地下水质较优,作为灌溉水源产生盐碱化的程度较低。浅层地下水受地表盐碱性水体和苏打碱化土壤影响,致使水质盐碱性较强;深层地下水由于埋藏较深,不受地表土壤和水体影响,因而水质稳定。     

土壤碱化与地下水质

土壤的碱化过程,除了和当地的气候、植被、地下水埋深等因素有关外,还和地下水中的离子组成和浓度具有直接关系。为了探求土壤碱化地区地下水质的淡化指标和确定灌溉水质的允许指标,我们在彰武县杨家     

锦屏一级水电站坝区右岸不同地质单元地下水流动特征的水化学分析

从水化学的角度出发,利用锦屏一级水电站坝区不同地质单元的水化学特征,分析查明了工程区地下水的流动特征。结果表明:F13断层以里,为地下水的强径流带。F13断层与F14断层之间,为中等径流区。F14断层以外,地下水体受上游江水的影响,由于江水在补给该区地下水时有一个较长的径流途径,导致受沿程表层风化裂隙中包气带水的影响较大。     

含水层对地下水热泵承载力数值评价及其实用化:以北京平原区为例

针对北京平原区的水文地质条件,运用地下热传递数值法评价了年内地下热量均衡、失衡两种状态下,各水文地质亚区单位面积含水层对地下水热泵的承载力,并利用多元线性回归方法阐明了承载力、抽灌井间距与含水层各参数之间的关系。研究表明:承载力仅与含水层厚度显著正相关,而抽灌井间距与含水层的渗透系数和厚度均显著正相关。研究结果为类似地区的地下水热泵定量规划提供了简捷的估算方法及参考依据。     

地膜棉田灌溉渗漏试验与节水灌溉初探

本文通过地中仪对不同地下水埋深种植地膜棉的灌水均衡试验,得出在棉花生长期内,其灌溉渗漏量及棉花利用地下水量的变化特征。在水量平衡分析的基础上,提出灌溉水的消耗主要为棉田蒸腾和深层渗漏。从节水灌溉出发,以试验中充分供水条件下的棉花为模型,建立棉花日耗水回归方程f（t）,并依据棉花根系利用土壤水的能力,确定最佳灌溉湿润深度,通过对回归方程积分计算,制订出棉花不同时期的灌水定额。     

地膜棉田灌溉渗试验与节水灌溉初探

本文通过地中仪对不同地下水埋深种植地膜棉的藻水均衡试验,得出在棉花生长期内,得出在棉花生长期内,其灌溉渗量及棉花利用地下水量的变化特征。在水量平衡分析的基础上,得出灌溉水的消耗主要为棉田蒸腾和深层渗漏。从节水灌溉出发,以试验中充分供水条件下的棉花为模型,建立棉花日耗水回归方程ｆ（ｔ）,并依据棉花根系利用土壤水的能力,确定最佳灌溉湿润深度,通过对回归方程积分计算,制订出棉花同时期的灌水定额。     

乌鲁木齐市山前砾质平原水文地质条件及地下水水质评价

随着新疆乌鲁木齐市社会经济高速发展,区域地下水资源的开发强度不断加剧,需要对乌鲁木齐市山前砾质平原含水层富水性特征以及地下水水位变幅情况进行研究。本文在对研究区水文地质详查的基础上,通过水文地质钻探、抽水试验、样品分析等手段,查明了区内含水层的结构及富水性特征、埋深以及流量等参数,探讨了地下水补径排情况和水化学特征,并对研究区内的地下水水质进行了评价,结果显示:研究区及其外围主要出露的地层为新生界第四系上更新统冲洪积层和第四系全新统冲洪积层,地下水的补给来源主要为南部河谷地下水侧向径流补给,其次为大气降水和灌溉水入渗补给,而区域地下水的排泄主要用于农业开采,剩余地下水由南向北以地下径流的方式排泄至北部;研究区内地下水具有锅垢很多,有硬沉淀物及半腐蚀性水的特点,需处理后可用作工业锅炉用水,而根据灌溉用水水质评价指标和灌溉用水危害类型的划分,研究区内地下水的灌溉系数为13.718,在潜水排水条件好时,适于灌溉。研究结果为后期该地区地下水资源开发利用提供理论基础和科学依据。     

考虑水体面积变化的鄱阳湖平原区地表-地下水相互作用模拟

湖泊的水情变化会影响其与地下水之间的物理水文过程和生态行为,鄱阳湖独特的“河湖相”转换特征使得该地区地表-地下水交换过程更加复杂。采用Visual MODFLOW构建三维非稳定流地下水流数值模型,利用LAK3子程序模块,通过输入五河入湖以及鄱阳湖流入长江的水量,实现湖水面积的动态模拟。结果表明,2019年湖水位模拟值与实测值的均方根误差为0.225 m,地下水水位模拟值与实测值的均方根误差为0.571 m;模型模拟鄱阳湖水面积环比变幅-41%～83%,与遥感影像结论吻合。该模型减少了湖泊作为边界条件的约束,可以有效刻画鄱阳湖频繁变化的湖水位和水体面积,准确模拟地下水流场和地表-地下水相互作用关系对湖泊水体高度动态变化的响应。枯水期主要由地下水补给湖水,交换量为2.03×107～10.58×107 m3/mon;丰水期湖水补给地下水,交换量为2.04×107～16.53×107 m3/mon,湖区及周边地下水水位相比枯水期平均抬升2～3 m,地下水由湖区流向周边地区。本研究为地表水体剧烈变化地区提供了有效的数值模拟方法,研究结果可为鄱阳湖平原区未来水资源管理和环境评价提供基础。     

大安市地下水动态变化趋势及驱动因素研究

为研究大安市地下水位的变化特征及其主要控制因素,根据大安市气候因素、引水灌溉水量、地下水开采和地下水埋深等数据资料,分析了环境因素的变化规律及趋势,基于suffer软件利用克里格方法对地下水埋深进行插值,分析其时空演变规律及驱动因素。结果表明,降水量呈波动增加的趋势,平均年降水量增量为0.249mm/a;蒸发量呈波动下降的趋势,平均年蒸发量增量为-2.063mm/a;引水灌溉水量呈增加趋势,平均年灌溉水量增量为0.212×108m/a。潜水埋深呈小幅度减小趋势,年均倾斜率为-0.023m/a,承压水埋深呈波动上升趋势,年均倾斜率为0.146m/a。承压水动态变化的驱动因子由大到小依次为人工开采(主要是农业开采与生活用水)、引水灌溉、降水、蒸发,农业开采是最主要的影响因子。研究结果可为制定完善的水资源调控方案提供理论依据。     

基于氢氧同位素的陈家河流域地表水与地下水时空特征研究

2017年,松宜地区陈家河煤矿区发生了酸水污染事件,对当地环境产生了严重影响,生态环境部委托相关单位对该区展开了地下水污染调查工作,试图查明地下水污染程度及污染路径,为后期治理提供水文地质依据。通过分析陈家河流域地表水与地下水氢氧同位素组成特征及分布规律,探讨不同水体之间的补给关系,结果表明：(1)陈家河流域水体δ¹⁸O-δD关系图斜率与斜距均小于全球大气降水线,显示该区域水体主要由大气降水补给。(2)δD与δ¹⁸O上游至下游变负的趋势增大,表明下游地表水受到地下水与矿洞水补给。(3)δD与δ¹⁸O的数值关系表明,在陈家河流域下游可能存在地下水运移的优势通道,例如断层导水带,岩溶通道等。(4)流域范围内水体δ¹⁸O与Cl含量关系反映流域中下游地区地下水在一定程度上受到人类活动的影响。     

A study of groundwater irrigation water quality in south-central Bangladesh: a geo-statistical model approach using GIS and multivariate statistics

Southern Bangladesh’s irrigation and drinking water is threatened by saline intrusion. This study aimed to establish an irrigation water quality index (IWQI) using a geostatistical model and multivariate indices in Gopalganj district, south-central Bangladesh. Groundwater samples were taken randomly (different depths) in two seasons (wet-monsoon and dry-monsoon). Hydrochemical analysis revealed groundwater in this area was neutral to slightly alkaline and dominating cations were Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ along with major anions Cl^? and HCO₃ ^?. Principal component analysis and Gibbs plot helped explain possible geochemical processes in the aquifer. The irrigation water evaluation indices showed: electrical conductivity (EC) >750 µS/cm, moderate to extreme saline; sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), excellent to doubtful; total hardness (TH), moderate to very hard; residual sodium bicarbonate, safe to marginal; Kelly’s ratio >1; soluble sodium percentage (SSP), fair to poor; magnesium adsorption ratio, harmful for soil; and IWQI, moderate to suitable. In addition, the best fitted semivariogram for IWQI, EC, SAR, SSP, and TH confirmed that most parameters had strong spatial dependence and others had moderate to weak spatial dependence. This variation might be due to the different origin/sources of major contributing ions along with the influence of variable river flow and small anthropogenic contributions. Furthermore, the spatial distribution maps for IWQI, EC, SSP, and TH during both seasons confirmed the influence of salinity from the sea; low-flow in the major river system was the driving factor of overall groundwater quality in the study area. These findings may contribute to management of irrigation and/or drinking water in regions with similar groundwater problems.     

A geochemical assessment of coastal groundwater quality in the Varahi river basin, Udupi District, Karnataka State, India

The Varahi Irrigation project site is located at 13°39′15″N (latitude) and 74°57′E (longitude) in Hole Shankaranarayana village, approximately 6 km from Siddapura, Kundapura taluk, Udupi district. A total of 59 groundwater samples were collected from dug and tube wells in November 2008 to evaluate hydrochemistry and suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. The physico-chemical parameters estimated include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), redox potential (Eh), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), temperature, major cations and anions, besides irrigation quality parameters like boron, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), % Na, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), chlorinity index, soluble sodium percentage (SSP), exchangeable sodium ratio (ESR), non-carbonate hardness, potential salinity (PS), permeability index (PI), Kelly index (KI), magnesium hazard (MH), magnesium ratio (MR), index of base exchange. Chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate concentrations classified the groundwater samples into normal chloride, normal sulphate and normal bicarbonate water types, respectively. The Salinity (Class I; 98.3%), Chlorinity (Class I; 100%) and Sodicity (Class 0; 96.6%) indices suggest the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The Wilcox diagram illustrates that 96.6% of the samples belongs to excellent to good category, while the US Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram indicates the low salinity/low sodium content in 86.44% of samples (C1S1). Positive index of base exchange in majority of the samples (91.52%) indicates direct base exchange reaction or chloro-alkaline equilibrium in the study area. The positive value of RSC in majority of samples signifying higher concentrations of HCO₃ over alkaline earths indicates that groundwater are base exchange-softened water as there is an exchange of alkaline earths for Na⁺ ions. Majority of water samples fall in the precipitation dominance field based on Gibbs’ ratio.     

Hydrochemical and bacteriological analyses of groundwater and its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses at Manfalut District,Assuit, Egypt

The present work focuses on the evaluation of the groundwater quality by chemical and bacteriological analyses to ensure its suitability for drinking and irrigation. Twenty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Manfalut district, Assiut, Egypt. Several water quality parameters were determined; the results show higher concentration of total dissolved solids (50 %), electrical conductivity (55 %), chloride (20 %), total hardness (20 %), and bicarbonate (55 %). This indicates signs of deterioration regarding drinking and domestic uses. Salinity hazard, sodium absorption ratio, sodium (Na) percentage, and residual Na carbonate were used to evaluate groundwater quality for irrigation. The values of electrical conductivity and SAR of groundwater samples were estimated illustrating that the most dominant classes are C2S1 (45 %; medium-salinity-low SAR), C3S1 (50 %; high-salinity-low SAR), and C4S1 (5 %; very high-salinity-low SAR). Bacteriological analysis was also conducted for 20 groundwater wells from December 2011 to May 2012. Seven samples (35 %) are contaminated by bacteria (total and fecal coliforms); these wells are not suitable for drinking. The analysis exhibits that bacterial contamination was the maximum in wells located at the center of the study area; this may be due to using the residential septic tanks. It was also discovered that the quality of groundwater is suitable for irrigation in the target aquifer except in a few locations. As for drinking, about 55 % of the samples are not suitable. However, the groundwater wells which are located in the center of the study area are suitable for drinking according to the hydochemical analysis. It was found that some of these wells are not suitable based on bacteriological analysis.     

Suitability assessment of deep groundwater for drinking and irrigation use in the Djeffara aquifers (Northern Gabes,south-eastern Tunisia)

The multilayered Djeffara aquifer system, south-eastern Tunisia, has been intensively used as a primary source to meet the growing needs of the various sectors (drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes). The analysis of groundwater chemical characteristics provides much important information useful in water resources management. Detailed knowledge of the geochemical evolution of groundwater and assessing the water quality status for special use are the main objective of any water monitoring study. An attempt has been made for the first time in this region to characterize aquifer behavior and appreciate the quality and/or the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. In order to attend this objective, a total of 54 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed during January 2008 for the major cations (sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium), anions (chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate), trace elements (boron, strontium and fluoride), and physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, total dissolved salts and electrical conductivity). The evolution of chemical composition of groundwater from recharge areas to discharge areas is characterized by increasing sodium, chloride and sulfate contents as a result of leaching of evaporite rock. In this study, three distinct chemical trends in groundwater were identified. The major reactions responsible for the chemical evolution of groundwater in the investigated area fall into three categories: (1) calcite precipitation, (2) gypsum and halite dissolution, and (3) ion exchange. Based on the physicochemical analyses, irrigation quality parameters such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), percentage of sodium, residual sodium carbonate, residual sodium bicarbonate, and permeability index (PI) were calculated. In addition, groundwater quality maps were elabortaed using the geographic information system to delineate spatial variation in physico-chemical characteristics of the groundwater samples. The integration of various dataset indicates that the groundwater of the Djeffara aquifers of the northern Gabes is generally very hard, brackish and high to very high saline and alkaline in nature. The water suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes was evaluated by comparing the values of different water quality parameters with World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values for drinking water. Piper trilinear diagram was constructed to identify groundwater groups where the relative major anionic and cationic concentrations are expressed in percentage of the milliequivalent per liter (meq/l), and it was demonstrated that the majority of the samples belongs to SO₄–Cl–Ca–Na, Cl–SO₄–Na–Ca and Na–Cl hydrochemical facies. As a whole, all the analyzed waters from this groundwater have revealed that this water is unsuitable for drinking purposes when comparing to the drinking water standards. Salinity, high electric conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio and sodium percentages indicate that most of the groundwater samples are inappropriate for irrigation. The SAR vary from medium (S2) to very high (S4) sodicity. Therefore, the water of the Djeffara aquifers of the northern Gabes is dominantly of the C4–S2 class representing 61.23 % of the total wells followed by C4–S3 and C4–S4 classes at 27.27 and 11.5 % of the wells, respectively. Based on the US Salinity Classification, most of the groundwater is unsuitable for irrigation due to its high salt content, unless certain measures for salinity control are undertaken.     

Variation in groundwater levels and water quality in Chhatna Block, Bankura district, West Bengal — a GIS approach

Ground water levels and quality in Chhatna Block of West Bengal were studied based on different indices for irrigation and drinking purposes. A detailed hydrogeological investigation was carried out to have an overall idea of the aquifer system of the area. The ground water occurs under shallow to moderately deep water table condition. The groundwater is stored mostly in the weathered residuum and fractured — hard rock. Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium bi-carbonate (RSBC), electrical conductance (EC), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) Kelly’s ratio (KR), total hardness (TH), permeability index (PI) were calculated as derived parameters, to investigate the ionic toxicity. From the results of chemical analysis, it was revealed that the values of Sodium Adsorption Ratio indicate that, ground water of the area falls under the category of low sodium hazard. So, there was neither salinity nor toxicity problem of irrigation water, and hence the ground water can safely be used for long-term irrigation. Plotting of analytical results of the groundwater collected from different areas in Piper’s trilinear diagram (1944) indicate that, the waters of the study area fall under fresh and sulphate rich region of the rhombus.     

Artificial neural network prediction of sulfate and SAR in an unconfined aquifer in southeastern Turkey

In many rural communities, groundwater is used to meet the water demand of the community and for the irrigation of cultivating areas. The quality of groundwater can be adversely affected by agricultural activities and finally groundwater quality may become unsuitable for human consumption and irrigation, as in the Harran Plain. Hence, monitoring groundwater quality by cost-effective techniques is necessary, as especially unconfined aquifers are vulnerable to contamination. This study presents an artificial neural network model predicting sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sulfate concentration in the unconfined aquifer of the Harran Plain. Samples from 24 observation wells were analyzed monthly for 1?year. Electrical conductivity, pH, groundwater level, temperature, total hardness and chloride were used as input parameters in the predictions. The best back-propagation (BP) algorithm and neuron numbers were determined for the optimization of the model architecture. The Levenberg?CMarquardt algorithm was selected as the best of 12 BP algorithms and optimal neuron number was determined as 20 for both parameters. The model tracked the experimental data very closely both for SAR (R?=?0.96) and sulfate (R?=?0.98). Hence, it is possible to manage groundwater resources in a more cost-effective and easier way with the proposed model application.     

内蒙古河套灌区浅层地下水化学特征和灌溉适宜性分析

随着黄河流域水资源供需矛盾加剧,我国特大型灌区——内蒙古河套灌区开始采用黄河水与地下水相结合的方式进行农业灌溉。本研究采集河套灌区内499组地下水样品和1组黄河水样品,在分析地下水和黄河水样品的水化学特征基础上,运用钠吸附比(SAR)、渗透指数(PI)、钠含量(SC)和残余碳酸钠(RSC)以及《农田灌溉水质标准(GB 5084—2021)》对地下水和黄河水的灌溉适宜性进行对比分析。结果表明,地下水与黄河水均为弱碱性水,Ca²⁺和HC0₃^-为优势离子,Gibbs图显示地下水受到岩石风化淋溶和蒸发浓缩的双重影响,对灌溉适宜性影响较大的钠盐主要来自岩盐溶解。灌溉适宜性分析结果表明,从SAR、PI和RSC指标来看,地下水的灌溉适宜性较好,从SC指标来看,不适宜灌溉的地下水主要分布在灌区北部总排干和灌区南部黄河沿岸;根据农田灌溉水质标准分析,除总砷和氯化物两项指标外,其余指标适宜灌溉样品占比均高于90%,综合评价全区共231组地下水样品适宜灌溉。地下水与黄河水灌溉适宜性对比表明,黄河水的SAR和SC指标灌溉适宜性分析结果较好,地下水的PI和RSC指标灌溉适宜性分析结果较好,根据灌溉水质标准显示黄河水所有指标均适宜灌溉。本研究为日后内蒙古河套灌区合理选用灌溉水源提供数据支撑,为该区域地下水的治理与防控提供科学依据。     

Nitrate contamination in irrigation groundwater,Isfahan, Iran

Groundwater is one of the major sources of water in Isfahan. Efficient management of these resources requires a good understanding of its status. This paper focuses on the hydrochemistry and also it wants to assess the nitrate concentration in irrigation groundwater of Isfahan suburb. All the groundwater samples are grouped into three categories, including Na-Cl + Ca-Cl (63 %), Na-SO₄ + Ca-SO₄ (23 %) and Ca-HCO₃ (14 %). According to the EC and SAR, the most dominant classes are C3S1, C4S2 and C4S3. 55 % of samples indicate very high salinity and medium to very high alkalinity that is not suitable for irrigation. 84 % of the groundwater samples show nitrate contents higher than HAV (13 mg l^?), while more than 25 % exceeded the maximum contamination level (44.27 mg l^?) according to EPA regulations. The horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of nitrate in groundwater samples show a surficial origin for nitrate contamination. The high nitrate content can be attributed to the agricultural activities along with domestic sewage and industrial wastewaters in populated area. Based on results, using high nitrate groundwater for irrigation can minimize the requirement for inorganic fertilizers and reduce the cost of cultivation and nitrate contamination.     

Suitability assessment of shallow and deep groundwaters for drinking and irrigation use in the El Khairat aquifer (Enfidha, Tunisian Sahel)

The El Khairat aquifer is an important groundwater aquiferous system, which is considered a major source for drinking and irrigation water in Enfidha in Tunisian Sahel. The analysis of groundwater chemical characteristics provides much important information useful in water resources management. Assessing the water quality status for special use is the main objective of any water monitoring studies. An attempt has been made for the first time in this region to appreciate the quality and/or the suitability of shallow and deep groundwater for drinking and irrigation. In order to attend this objective, a total of 35 representative water samples were collected during February 2007 from both boreholes (17) and wells (18); and analyzed for the major cations (sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium) and anions (chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, and nitrate) along with various physical and chemical parameters (temperature, pH, total dissolved salts, and electrical conductivity). Based on the physico-chemical analyses, irrigation quality parameters like sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), percentage of sodium (Na%), and permeability index (PI) were calculated. In addition to this, iso-concentration maps were constructed using the geographic information system to delineate spatial variation of qualitative parameters of groundwater samples. The correlation of the analytical data has been attempted by plotting different graphical representations such as Piper, Wilcox, and US Salinity Laboratory for the classification of water. The suitability of the water from the groundwater sources for drinking and irrigation purposes was evaluated by comparing the values of different water quality parameters with World Health Organization guideline values for drinking water. A preliminary hydrochemical characterization shows that most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of calcium–magnesium–chloride–sulphate type of water. Majority of the samples are not suitable for drinking purposes and far from drinking water standards. The high EC value and the percentage of Na in most of the groundwater render it unsuitable for irrigation. Wilcox classification suggested that around 50% of both deep and shallow groundwater samples are unsuitable for irrigation. According to the US Salinity Classification, most of the groundwater is unsuitable for irrigation unless special measures are adopted.     

A GIS mapping assessment of the suitability of the Oued Rmel aquifer for irrigation in the Zaghouan district (north-eastern Tunisia)

A total of twenty-three water samples were collected in winter 2013 to assess groundwater quality in the Oued Rmel aquifer in the Zaghouan governate in Tunisia. These samples were subject to in-field measurements of some physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, and salinity), and laboratory analysis of major elements. Several parameters were used to assess the quality of water destined for irrigation, including electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). As part of this work, GIS was used to study spatial distributions of SAR, EC, residual sodium carbonate, sodium percentage (%Na), Doneen’s permeability index, Kelly’s ratio, and magnesium hazard and, therefore, evaluated the water quality of Oued Rmel (good, fair, or poor) regarding irrigation. The major ions most abundantly found in the waters of Oued Rmel were in the following order: Na⁺?>?Ca²⁺?>?Mg²⁺?>?K⁺ and Cl^??>?SO₄^2??>?HCO₃. 56% of water samples from the Oued Rmel aquifer showed a low alkalinization risk, where SAR was lower than 10, 39% have a medium soil destabilization risks (10?<?SAR?<?18), and just 5% indicated high alkalinity hazards (SAR?>?26). Samples of water intended for irrigation showed a medium to high sodicity and alkalinization risk. It is expected that output may help in assessing the impacts of water quality of the Oued Rmel aquifer used for irrigation.