内蒙古查干哈达庙铜矿床硫铅同位素特征及其地质意义

内蒙古查干哈达庙铜矿床处于古亚洲成矿域。铜矿体呈层状、似层状,赋存于上石炭统本巴图组下部流纹质凝灰岩、凝灰质板岩中,产状与岩层产状一致。矿石具有条带状、层纹状构造,矿石中主成矿元素为Cu,伴生有益元素为Au、S、Pb、Zn。矿床矿石硫铅同位素分析显示,矿石金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT值分布范围为2.8‰～3.4‰,均值为3.1‰,变化范围较窄,硫具有上地幔(或地壳深部)来源特征,属深源硫。矿石铅同位素组成较为集中,206Pb/204Pb为18.085～18.132,207Pb/204Pb为15.507～15.534,208Pb/204Pb为37.883～37.982,具有上地幔及地壳深部(或壳幔混合)来源特征。硫、铅同位素分析结果进一步证实矿床类型属火山成因块状硫化物型(VMS型)铜矿床。     

地壳形变与地面温度异常及其关联分析:以汶川地震为例

地壳形变和地面温度异常是构造地震活动监测的两项重要指标,时间序列分析是提取地震活动异常信息的主要方法.该文以汶川地震为例,分析发现汶川震前位移、基线长度、应变分量时间序列出现显著的地壳形变动态异常,同震形变最为显著.分析地面温度增量时间序列,发现震前震中附近出现3次异常,持续时间为9～13 d,地面异常增温高达10°C,增温高值区主要沿龙门山断裂、鲜水河断裂、红河断裂展布,与活动断裂的空间分布具有很好的一致性.对同一像元应变与地面温度增量时间序列进行关联分析,发现地壳形变与地面温度异常特征具有一定的对应关系.     

西南极利文斯顿岛火山岩多种成因过程的地球化学证据

利文斯顿岛火山岩是南极南设得兰岩浆弧的一部分。对岩石的Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成以及８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ与１／Ｓｒ、Ｒｂ、Ｋ和ＳｉＯ２关系的研究表明,利文斯顿岛火山岩具有不同的源区特征。百耳斯半岛和史莱夫角的火山岩、西多斯角的粗玄岩和第三纪的英云闪长岩显示出同成因的特点,和依诺特角第四纪橄榄玄武岩一样,它们均具有原生地幔的同位素组分,源区岩浆可能直接来自上地幔。汉那角和中利文斯顿岛火山岩岩浆则受到地壳成分的混染。不相容元素对Ｌａ／Ｓｍ－Ｌａ和Ｃｅ／Ｙｂ－Ｃｅ的研究进一步显示出,上述不同产地的岩石分别为不同源岩浆不同程度部分熔融的产物。结合岩相学和岩石化学特征的研究,提出百耳斯半岛和史莱夫角的火山岩以及西多斯角的粗玄岩是上地幔发生部分熔融所生成的玄武岩岩浆从深部岩浆囊沿构造薄弱带直接喷出形成的。古生代基底岩系的存在对中利文斯顿岛和汉那角火山岩的成因过程有重要的影响,即来自深部岩浆囊的原始岩浆在上地壳中的浅部岩浆囊受到了壳源物质混染。更新世－现代火山岩的源区岩浆直接自上地幔部分熔融生成,火山作用与晚新生代时该区的拉张构造有关。     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘新生代断陷活动动力学成因机制初探

鄂尔多斯块体(下文简称块体)位于华北、华南和青藏板块的交接部位,其周缘边界上,均被新生代的剪切拉张断陷盆地或断裂围限。本文基于前人研究基础,系统归纳总结出块体及周缘断陷带新生代地质构造、火山活动和地壳结构的基本特征。进而,结合近年来获取的研究区GPS水平速度场和反映上地幔变形特征的SKS波分裂结果,提出了壳-幔耦合垂直贯通的变形模式,该模式能够很好的解释和吻合现今地质、地球物理和大地测量获取的结果。即青藏高原上地幔物质东向挤出在受到坚硬的鄂尔多斯地块西南部的阻挡后,沿着其周缘的构造薄弱带分叉横向流动,一支向北运动导致银川断陷带的形成;另一支则沿汾渭断陷带流动,从而导致了汾渭断陷带的形成和演化。     

水热爆炸归因浅析

经对发生水热爆炸频率高、强度大的西藏、云南温泉进行研究，发现水热爆炸与温泉中硅浓度高有关。认为硅氢化物从地壳深部，通过深断裂系统，迁移至地壳浅部，被氧化、水解生成硅胶，逐渐将围岩和出口胶结形成一个相对封闭的系统，致使以后迁来的硅氢化物、硼氢化物、其它氢化物及热能逐渐积蓄，当温度、压力、氢化物浓度达一定限度时，冲破封闭层，氢化物迅速被氧化，产生大量热、气，发生水热爆炸。     

南海中沙群岛以北至陆坡表层沉积物碳酸钙含量的分布

对南海北部(16°―20°N、114°―116°E)区域、285～4 175 m水深范围内78个表层样进行了碳酸钙含量分析。表层样碳酸钙含量变化范围是1.3%～87.8%,平均约25.6%;碳酸钙含量具有随水深增大而减小的趋势,在北部陆坡和中沙北海岭,碳酸钙含量突然变小的界面分别位于水深约3 000 m、3 250 m处。中沙北海岭碳酸钙含量40%等值线水深变化介于2 500～3 900 m之间,北部陆坡碳酸钙含量20%等值线水深范围约为2 180～3 515 m;碳酸钙含量10%等值线水深变化相对较小,在16°～17.5°N和17.5°～20°N范围内平均水深分别约4 009 m、3 551 m。研究区碳酸钙溶跃面可能位于水深约3 000 m处。18°N以北区域比18°N以南区域的陆源物质稀释作用强,且二者间陆源物质稀释作用强度的差异随水深从2 000 m增至3 000 m而逐渐减小,在水深超过3 000 m后基本保持不变。     

山西省旅游业发展的空间错位分析

运用重力模型和二维组合矩阵对山西省旅游业发展的空间错位进行分析,并将结果进行可视化表达。研究发现:山西省11个地市的旅游业发展与旅游资源和区位可达性之间存在着不同程度的空间错位,旅游经济重心在112.2°E,37°N,旅游资源重心在112.3°E,37.4°N,区位几何重心在111.8°E,36.9°N;二维组合矩阵分析显示,晋中、忻州属于旅游业发展水平与旅游资源禀赋匹配的负错位区,临汾属于旅游业发展水平与区位条件匹配的负错位区,山西省旅游业发展水平、资源赋存及区位条件的错位主要是由其旅游资源赋存与区位条件发生错位引起的,据此提出了空间错位矫正的对策。     

汾河地堑湖盆第四纪地貌—沉积特征的构造控制

野外对临汾、太原盆地第四纪中晚期所发育的湖积地貌-沉积特征调查发现,湖盆在对应于S8、S5和S1古土壤开始发育时期(时代分别为0.77Ma BP、0.55Ma BP和0.13Ma BP)曾发生了三次强烈湖退,这三次湖退都是构造原因所致的;而在L11-S8、L8-S5、L5-S1黄土古土壤堆积发育期间(时代分别对应于0.96～0.77Ma BP、0.74～0.55Ma BP和0.47～0.13Ma BP)、以及S1古土壤发育以后的时期(时代为0.07Ma BP之后)出现的却是缓慢湖侵或盆地下沉。根据这些发现并结合地球物理学前期已获得的有关盆地深部上地幔结构及活动规律,本文提出了盆地湖侵-湖退过程的构造控制模式。在上地幔强烈上拱→减弱或渐趋稳定→再次强烈上拱的构造循环中,地表湖盆会以大幅快速湖退→缓慢湖侵→再大幅快速湖退这样的表现与之对应。盆地地表的地貌-沉积发育与地下的上地幔活动应具有因果关系。     

孟加拉湾风暴影响曲靖初夏降水的特征分析

2001～2007年初夏孟加拉湾共发生了6次风暴过程,结合风暴活动期间曲靖地区的降水概况,应用micaps常规气象资料和物理量场对这6次过程的环流背景及水汽、动力条件展开分析,结果表明:初夏孟湾风暴影响曲靖降水有3个较典型的环流类型,即与冷空气配合型、孟湾风暴云团北上引发强对流降水型以及孟湾风暴登陆减弱变性成南支东移影响型;孟湾风暴活动期间,90°E～120°E,15°N～30°N区域存在位置基本对应的东北-西南向强西南风速带、水汽通量大值带和强水汽通量辐合带,说明风暴的活动为云南降水提供了充足的水汽和动力条件。     

南水北调西线一期工程区地壳活动有关问题

南水北调西线一期工程位于川青地块及其南缘鲜水河断裂带,地质条件复杂。GPS监测表明,川青地块及其邻区的地壳运动水平速度,具有自西向东递变下降的顺时针涡旋转动的总趋势;鲜水河断裂带有较高的移动速率;工程区东、西两侧的测站之间有一定的水平速度矢量差。工程区为高地应力区,并可产生局部高应变能带。鲜水河断裂带为我国西部的强震带;川青地块内部已发生5级以上地震25次。与中强震有关的断裂带通过工程区,并表现出工程区地壳活动性。地壳活动性将对南水北调西线一期工程建设产生重大影响。     

Ivrea seismic array: a study of continental crust and upper mantle

A seismic-array study of the continental crust and upper mantle in the Ivrea-Yerbano and Strona-Ceneri zones (northwestern Italy) is presented. A short-period network is used to define crustal P - and S -wave velocity models from earthquakes. The analysis of the seismic-refraction profile LOND of the CROP-ECORS project provided independent information and control on the array-data interpretation.
Apparent-velocity measurements from both local and regional earthquakes, and time-term analysis are used to estimate the velocity in the lower crust and in the upper mantle. The geometry of the upper-lower crust and Moho boundaries is determined from the station delay times.
We have obtained a three-layer crustal seismic model. The P -wave velocity in the upper crust, lower crust and upper mantle is 6.1±0.2 km s⁻¹, 6.5±0.3 km s⁻¹ and 7.8±0.3 km s⁻¹ respectively. Pronounced low-velocity zones in the upper and lower crust are not observed. A clear change in the velocity structure between the upper and lower crust is documented, constraining the petrological interpretation of the Ivrea-type reflective lower continental crust derived from small-scale petrophysical data. Moreover, we found a V _P/ V _S ratio of 1.69±0.04 for the upper crust and 1.82±0.08 for the lower crust and upper mantle. This is consistent with the structural and petrophysical differences between a compositionally uniform and seismically transparent upper crust and a layered and reflective lower crust. The thickness of the lower crust ranges from about 8 km in front of the Ivrea body (ARVO, Arvonio station) in the northern part of the array to a maximum of about 15 km in the southern part of the array. The lower crust reaches a minimum depth of 5 km below the PROV (Provola) station.     

Upper mantle shear structure of North America

Summary. The waveforms and travel times of S and SS phases in the range 10°–60° have been used to derive upper mantle shear velocity structures for two distinct tectonic provinces in North America. Data from earthquakes on the East Pacific Rise recorded at stations in western North America were used to derive a tectonic upper mantle model. Events on the north-west coast of North America and earthquakes off the coast of Greenland provided the data to investigate the upper mantle under the Canadian shield. All branches from the triplications due to velocity jumps near 400 and 660 km were observed in both areas. Using synthetic seismograms to model these observations placed tight constraints on heterogeneity in the upper mantle and on the details of its structure. SS–S travel-time differences of 30 s along with consistent differences in waveforms between the two data sets require substantial heterogeneity to at least 350 km depth. Velocities in the upper 170 km of the shield are about 10 per cent higher than in the tectonic area. At 250 km depth the shield velocities are still greater by about 4.5 per cent and they gradually merge near 400 km. Below 400 km no evidence for heterogeneity was found. The two models both have first-order discontinuities of 4.5 per cent at 405 km and 7.5 per cent at 695 km. Both models also have lids with lower velocities beneath. In the western model the lid is very thin and of relatively low velocity. In the shield the lid is 170 km thick with very high elocity (4.78 km s^-1); below it the velocity decreases to about 4.65 km s^-1. Aside from these features the models are relatively smooth, the major difference between them being a larger gradient in the tectonic region from 200 to 400 km.     

Inverse problems for torsional modes

Summary. We consider a spherically symmétric, non-rotating earth consisting of an isotropic, perfect elastic material where the density and the S -wave velocity may have one or two discontinuities in the upper mantle. We show that given the velocity throughout the mantle and the crust and given the density in the lower mantle, then the frequencies of the torsional oscillations of one angular order (one torsional spectrum), determine the density in the upper mantle and in the crust uniquely. If the velocity is known only in the lower mantle, then the frequencies of the torsional oscillations of two angular orders uniquely determine both the density and the velocity in the upper mantle and in the crust. In particular, the position and size of the discontinuities in the density and velocity are uniquely determined by two torsional spectra.     

Seismic tomographic imaging of P- and S-waves velocity perturbations in the upper mantle beneath Iran

The inverse tomography method has been used to study the P - and S -waves velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle underneath Iran. The method, based on the principle of source–receiver reciprocity, allows for tomographic studies of regions with sparse distribution of seismic stations if the region has sufficient seismicity. The arrival times of body waves from earthquakes in the study area as reported in the ISC catalogue (1964–1996) at all available epicentral distances are used for calculation of residual arrival times. Prior to inversion we have relocated hypocentres based on a 1-D spherical earth's model taking into account variable crustal thickness and surface topography. During the inversion seismic sources are further relocated simultaneously with the calculation of velocity perturbations. With a series of synthetic tests we demonstrate the power of the algorithm and the data to reconstruct introduced anomalies using the ray paths of the real data set and taking into account the measurement errors and outliers. The velocity anomalies show that the crust and upper mantle beneath the Iranian Plateau comprises a low velocity domain between the Arabian Plate and the Caspian Block. This is in agreement with global tomographic models, and also tectonic models, in which active Iranian plateau is trapped between the stable Turan plate in the north and the Arabian shield in the south. Our results show clear evidence of the mainly aseismic subduction of the oceanic crust of the Oman Sea underneath the Iranian Plateau. However, along the Zagros suture zone, the subduction pattern is more complex than at Makran where the collision of the two plates is highly seismic.     

Deep seismic reflection studies in Israel - an update

Summary. The results of three deep crustal reflection lines are presently available from Israel. A 90 km line from near the Dead Sea rift to the Mediterranean coast was carried out for deep study. Two other lines in the Mediterranean coastal area were derived by recorrelation of oil exploration lines. The data shows a division between continental inner Israel and the coastal plain. In the first area a reflective lower crust is apparent with transparent upper crust and almost transparent upper mantle. Near the coast, in an area which was previously suggested as underlain by an ancient fossil oceanic crust, strong reflections characterize the uppermost mantle. Comparison between the reflection pattern and previous deep refraction and MT data indicates some agreement away from the coast and lack of correlation in the area of possible fossil oceanic crust near the coast.     

Three-dimensional seismic structure beneath the Australasian region from refracted wave observations

The earthquakes in the seismicity belt extending through Indonesia, New Guinea, Vanuatu and Fiji to the Tonga–Kermadec subduction zone recorded at the 65 portable broad-band stations deployed during the Skippy experiment from 1993–1996 provide good coverage of the lithosphere and mantle under the Australian continent, Coral Sea and Tasman Sea.
The variation in structure in the upper part of the mantle is characterized by deter-mining a suite of 1-D structures from stacked record sections utilizing clear P and S arrivals, prepared for all propagation paths lying within a 10° azimuth band. The azimuth of these bands is rotated by 20° steps with four parallel corridors for each azimuth. This gives 26 separate azimuthal corridors for which 15 independent 1-D seismic velocity structures have been derived, which show significant variation in P and S structure.
The set of 1-D structures is combined to produce a 3-D representation by projecting the velocity values along the ray path using a turning point approximation and stacking into 3-D cells (5° by 50 km in depth). Even though this procedure will tend to underestimate wave-speed perturbations, S -velocity deviations from the ak135 reference model exceed 6 per cent in the lithosphere.
In the uppermost mantle the results display complex features and very high S -wave speeds beneath the Precambrian shields with a significant low-velocity zone beneath. High velocities are also found towards the base of the transition zone, with high S -wave speeds beneath the continent and high P -wave speeds beneath the ocean. The wave-speed patterns agree well with independent surface wave studies and delay time tomography studies in the zones of common coverage.     

East African earthquakes below 20 km depth and their implications for crustal structure

We report source parameters for eight earthquakes in East Africa obtained using a number of techniques, including (1) inversion of long-period P and SH waves for moment tensors and source-time functions, (2) forward modelling of first-motion polarities and P and pP amplitudes on short-period seismograms, and (3) determination of pP-P and sP-P differential traveltimes from short-period records. The foci of these earthquakes lie between depths of 24 and 34 km in Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere, and all but one fault-plane solution indicates normal faulting (primarily E-W extension), consistent with the regional stress regime in East Africa. Because many of these earthquakes occurred in areas where the crust may have been thinned by rifting, it is difficult to ascertain whether or not their foci lie within the lower crust or upper mantle. Some of them, however, occurred away from rift structures in Proterozoic crust that is possibly 35–40 km thick or thicker, and thus they probably nucleated within the lower crust. Strength profile calculations suggest that in order to account for seismogenic (i.e. brittle) behaviour at sufficient depths to explain lower crustal earthquakes in East Africa, the lower crust must not only be composed of mafic lithologies, as suggested by previous investigators, but also that significantly more heat (∼100 per cent) must come from the upper crust than predicted by the crustal heat source distribution obtained from a 1-D interpretation of the linear relationship between heat flow and heat production observed in Proterozoic terrains within eastern and southern Africa. Precambrian mafic dike swarms throughout East Africa provide evidence for magmatic events which could have delivered large amounts of mafic material to the lower crust over a very broad area, thus explaining why the lower crust in East Africa might be mafic away from the volcanogenic rift valleys.     

Upper-crustal structure of the Benevento area (southern Italy): fault heterogeneities and potential for large earthquakes

The Benevento region is part of the southern Apennines seismogenic belt, which experienced large destructive seismic events both in historical and in recent times. The study area lies at the northern end of the Irpinia fault, which ruptured in 1980 with a M_s = 6.9 normal faulting event, which caused about 3000 casualties. The aims of this paper are to image lateral heterogeneities in the upper crust of the Benevento region, and to try to identify the fault segments that are expected to generate such large earthquakes. This work is motivated by the recognition that lithological heterogeneities along major fault zones, inferred from velocity anomalies, reflect the presence of fault patches that behave differently during large rupture episodes. In this paper, we define the crustal structure of the Benevento region by using the background seismicity recorded during 1991 and 1992 by a local seismic array. These data offer a unique opportunity to investigate the presence of structural discontinuities of a major seismogenic zone before the occurrence of the next large earthquake. The main result that we obtained is the delineation of two NW-trending high-velocity zones (HVZs) in the upper crust beneath the Matese limestone massif. These high velocities are interpreted as high-strength regions that extend for 30-40 km down to at least 12 km depth. The correspondence of these HVZs with the maximum intensity regions of historical earthquakes (1688 AD, 1805 AD) suggests that these anomalies delineate the extent of two fault segments of the southern Apenninic belt capable of generating M = 6.5⁻⁷ earthquakes. The lateral offset observed between the two segments from tomographic results and isoseismal areas is possibly related to transverse right-lateral faults.     

Three-dimensional VP and VP /VS models of the upper crust in the Friuli area (northeastern Italy)

3-D images of P velocity and P - to S -velocity ratio have been produced for the upper crust of the Friuli area (northeastern Italy) using local earthquake tomography. The data consist of 2565 P and 930 S arrival times of high quality. The best-fitting V _P and V _P / V _S 1-D models were computed before the 3-D inversion. V _P was measured on two rock samples representative of the investigated upper layers of the Friuli crust. The tomographic V _P model was used for modelling the gravity anomalies, by converting the velocity values into densities along three vertical cross-sections. The computed gravity anomalies were optimized with respect to the observed gravity anomalies. The crust investigated is characterized by sharp lateral and deep V _P and V _P / V _S anomalies that are associated with the complex geological structure. High V _P / V _S values are associated with highly fractured zones related to the main faulting pattern. The relocated seismicity is generally associated with sharp variations in the V _P / V _S anomalies. The V _P images show a high-velocity body below 6 km depth in the central part of the Friuli area, marked also by strong V _P / V _S heterogeneities, and this is interpreted as a tectonic wedge. Comparison with the distribution of earthquakes supports the hypothesis that the tectonic wedge controls most of the seismicity and can be considered to be the main seismogenic zone in the Friuli area.     

Finite-frequency traveltime tomography of San Francisco Bay region crustal velocity structure

Seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay region crust is derived using measurements of finite-frequency traveltimes. A total of 57 801 relative traveltimes are measured by cross-correlation over the frequency range 0.5–1.5 Hz. From these are derived 4862 'summary' traveltimes, which are used to derive 3-D P -wave velocity structure over a 341 × 140 km² area from the surface to 25 km depth. The seismic tomography is based on sensitivity kernels calculated on a spherically symmetric reference model. Robust elements of the derived P -wave velocity structure are: a pronounced velocity contrast across the San Andreas fault in the south Bay region (west side faster); a moderate velocity contrast across the Hayward fault (west side faster); moderately low velocity crust around the Quien Sabe volcanic field and the Sacramento River delta; very low velocity crust around Lake Berryessa. These features are generally explicable with surface rock types being extrapolated to depth ∼10 km in the upper crust. Generally high mid-lower crust velocity and high inferred Poisson's ratio suggest a mafic lower crust.